Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in rural and urban Chinese population in Qingdao

The burden of metabolic syndrome in patients living with HIV/AIDS receiving care at referral hospitals of Northwest Ethiopia: A hospital-based cross-sectional study, 2019

INTRODUCTION

There is a growing concern about metabolic syndrome among HIV-infected patients. Therefore, this study aims to determine the burden of metabolic syndrome among patients living with HIV/AIDS at referral hospitals of Northwest Ethiopia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

a hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at referral hospitals of Northwest Ethiopia between February 2019 and April 2019. Using the WHO stepwise approach, sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical data were collected from 407 adult patients. Lipid profiles, fasting blood sugar, as well as anthropometric indicators, were also measured. In addition, multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was performed.

RESULTS

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was found to be 24.6% (95 CI: 20.42,28.78). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age [AOR (95% CI) 1.04 (1.003,1.074), p < 0.05]; female gender [AOR (95% CI) 9.66 (4.40, 21.22), p < 0.05]; marital status, single referent, separated [AOR (95% CI) 4.77 (1.83, 12.41), p < 0.05] and widowed [AOR (95% CI) 3.868(1.375, 10.883), p < 0.05]; monthly income (<2000 Ethiopian Birr referent) > 5000 ETB [AOR (95% CI) 3.543 (1.299, 9.664), p < 0.05]; and urban residence [AOR (95% CI) 2.118 (1.089, 4.119), p < 0.05] have shown statistically significant association with odds of metabolic syndrome.

CONCLUSION

The burden of metabolic syndrome was notably higher. Age, gender, marital status, monthly income, residence, waist circumference, and hypertension of patients were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome.

Comparison of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and risk factors in urban and rural Mexican Tarahumara-foot runners

OBJECTIVES

To determine and compare the prevalence and risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MS) among Tarahumara Indians living in rural and urban communities.

METHODS

Conducted in 2010, this cross-sectional study included 204 Tarahumara (100 urban and 104 rural individuals 18-75 years old [yo]). Data obtained includes: Anthropometric, lifestyle, blood pressure (BP) and fasting blood tests. Analyses were stratified by gender and age.

RESULTS

The total prevalence of MS in rural and urban Tarahumara were 41% and 28% (p = 0.04), respectively. In urban cohorts, the prevalence of MS increased linearly with age. Women presented with a higher MS prevalence than men in urban (44.6% vs. 34.3%, p = 0.4) and rural (50% vs. 12.5%, p = 0.0001) cohorts. In men, urban residents presented with a higher MS prevalence vs. rural subjects; The same was not true for women. Age-related increment in waist circumference was linear and significantly higher in urban men compared to their rural counterpart (urban 6.5 [95% CI 4.24-8.79] vs. rural 2.7 [95% CI 1.19-4.24] centimeters/decade, p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between urban residency and MS in men, but not in women.

CONCLUSION

The overall prevalence of MS is higher in women than men, but the latter are more susceptible to the urbanization-associated worsening of cardiometabolic health.

Vitamin D Status of Residents in Taiyuan, China and Influencing Factors

High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has been reported worldwide. Residents of Taiyuan, China, were predicted to be at high risk of vitamin D deficiency due to its high latitude, heavy air pollution, and cultural sun avoidance. This study investigated the vitamin D status of office workers, and explored the potential determinants of capillary 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration as well as the relationship between 25(OH)D and metabolic syndrome. Two hundred participants, aged 20 to 80 years, were recruited. Capillary dried blood spot (DBS) 25(OH)D was measured; together with anthropometric (height, weight, and waist circumference), biochemical (serum lipid profile and fasting glucose) measures and a lifestyle questionnaire. Thirty-four percent of participants had 25(OH)D concentrations below 30 nmol/L, indicating deficient vitamin D status. Women’s 25(OH)D (median; 32.7 nmol/L (upper and lower quartile; 25.8, 43.8)) was significantly lower than men (44.0 nmol/L (32.3, 55.4)) (p < 0.01). Female gender, higher fasting glucose, and increased smoking (p < 0.05) were negatively associated with 25(OH)D concentration. However, there was no association found between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and 25(OH)D concentration and no significant difference in vitamin D status between men or women with MetS compared to healthy individuals. Vitamin D deficiency was common in urban residents of Taiyuan in winter and more so in women than men.

Rural-Urban Differences of Dietary Patterns, Overweight, and Bone Mineral Status in Chinese Students

China is an urban and rural social model country. In the past three decades, the developing speed of rural areas has been much slower than urban areas, which may lead to the differences in dietary patterns. This study aimed to investigate the disparities of dietary structures from urban and rural children, and to analyze the effects of different dietary patterns on their adverse outcome. Among 1590 students, aged 11 years to 17 years, from primary and middle schools, a cross-sectional study was conducted. There were three dietary patterns recognized: Westernization structure, meat diet structure, and Western and Chinese structure. Compared with rural students, more urban students were in the highest categories of the whole dietary patterns (p < 0.001). Overweight/obesity and central adiposity were more prevailing among urban students, while rural students had a more prevailing risk of bone fracture (p < 0.05). Through the adjustment for all confounding factors, the Westernization structure could increase the risk of overweight/obesity and central adiposity, the meat structure could increase the risk of elevated blood pressure/hypertension, while the risk of low bone mineral quality could be reduced by the Chinese and Western structure. In conclusion, a rural-urban disparity in dietary patterns was found in our study, and different dietary patterns were associated with the risk of some adverse outcomes. Therefore, there were different prevalences of the adverse outcomes between rural and urban students.

The nine-year changes of the incidence and characteristics of metabolic syndrome in China: longitudinal comparisons of the two cross-sectional surveys in a newly formed urban community

Background

To assess the 9-year changes of the incidence and characteristics of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Chinese community under the background of dramatically changed environment.

Methods

Two cross-sectional surveys of the general population were carried out in 2005 and 2014 in Dengmin and Hongnan villages of Fengcheng community, a newly formed urban community from rural area 10 years ago. All permanent adult residents aged 18–80 without active malignant tumors and pregnancy were invited to attend the study. They participated in clinical examinations for anthropometric and blood pressure measurements. Fasting blood samples were drawn for analysis of lipids and glucose. Presence of MetS was defined based on the IDF/AHA harmonized criteria. MetS z-score was calculated to evaluate the degree of total metabolic disorder.

Results

A total of 1042 subjects in 2005 and 1053 subjects in 2014 were included in the final analysis. The participants were stratified by gender. The incidence of MetS was higher in 2014 than 2005 in both genders (female, 48.28 vs 31.61 %; male, 41.12 vs 26.30 %; p value, both <0.001). Of the five MetS components, the FBG and TG levels were higher in 2014 than 2005 in both gender, however, the SBP and DBP values were even lower in 2014 than 2005. The differences of FBG, blood pressure and lipid levels between 2005 and 2014 still exist after ruling out recognized diabetic, hypertensive and dyslipidemic subjects, individually. In MetS subjects, MetS z-score showed the whole metabolic profile get worse in 2014 than 2005 in both sex (female, 1.97 ± 2.53 vs 1.74 ± 2.29; male, 2.51 ± 2.79 vs 1.01 ± 2.38. both P < 0.001). Using 3 abnormal components as a combination, we found the frequency of different kinds of combination also changed in MetS subjects. In female, the combination of WC + BP + HDL disorder decreased from 29.7 % (2005) to 11.0 % (2014) and WC + FBG + BP disorder became the most popular phenotype (18.8 %) in 2014.

Conclusions

The dramatically changed environments have extensive influence on metabolic parameters of local residents. More targeted measures need to be taken to meet the serious challenges of metabolic diseases.

Trial registration ChiCTR-ECS-14005052, http://www.chictr.org, Survey on Prevalence in East China for Metabolic Diseases and Risk Factors (SPECT-China)

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12933-016-0402-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Mainland China: a meta-analysis of published studies

Background

Metabolic syndrome (MS) comprises a set of conditions that are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Numerous epidemiological studies on MS have been conducted, but there has not been a systematic analysis of the prevalence of MS in the Chinese population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the pooled prevalence of MS among subjects in Mainland China.

Methods

We performed a systematic review by searching both English and Chinese literature databases. Random or fixed effects models were used to summarize the prevalence of MS according to statistical tests for heterogeneity. Subgroup, sensitivity, and meta-regression analyses were performed to address heterogeneity. Publication bias was evaluated using Egger’s test.

Results

Thirty-five papers were included in the meta-analysis, with a total population of 226,653 Chinese subjects. Among subjects aged 15 years and older, the pooled prevalence was 24.5 % (95 % CI: 22.0–26.9 %). By sex, the prevalences were 19.2 % (95 % CI: 16.9–21.6 %) in males and 27.0 % (95 % CI: 23.5–30.5 %) in females. The pooled prevalence of MS increased with age (15–39 years: 13.9 %; 40–59 years: 26.4 %; and ≥60 years: 32.4 %). Individuals living in urban areas (24.9 %, 95 % CI: 18.5–31.3 %) were more likely to suffer from MS than those living in rural areas (19.2 %, 95 % CI: 14.8–23.7 %). Hypertension was the most prevalent component of MS in males (52.8 %), while the most prevalent component of MS for females was central obesity (46.1 %).

Conclusions

Our systematic review suggested a high prevalence of MS among subjects in Mainland China, indicating that MS is a serious public health problem. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the prevention and control of MS.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2870-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The famine exposure in early life and metabolic syndrome in adulthood

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Epidemiologic studies have revealed that early-life conditions influence later risk of chronic diseases. We aimed to explore whether exposure to Chinese famine between 1959 and 1962 during fetal and childhood period was related with metabolic syndrome (MS) in adulthood.

METHODS

6445 subjects from SPECT-China study were divided into fetal-exposed (1959-1962), childhood-exposed (1949-1958), adolescence/young adult-exposed (1921-1948), non-exposed (1963-1974) and non-exposed (after 1975). MS was defined by the International Diabetes Federation criteria.

RESULTS

The prevalences of MS in the non-exposed (1963-1974), fetal and childhood-exposed were 16.4%, 20.1% and 19.1% in men and 13.5%, 23.7% and 33.5% in women, respectively. After adjustment for age, compared with non-exposed (1963-1974), fetal and childhood-exposed women had significantly higher prevalences of MS (P < 0.05), but not in men. Famine exposure during the fetal period (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.05, 2.07) and childhood (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.22, 2.67) was associated with higher risk of MS in women after adjusting for age (both P < 0.05). Further adjustments for age, smoking, rural/urban residence and economic status did not significantly attenuate this association.

CONCLUSIONS

Exposure to famine in early life had sex-specific association with MS. It also suggests the adverse effects of malnutrition might extend beyond the 'first 1000 days' and last 9 years.

Urban, semi-urban and rural difference in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Shaanxi province, northwestern China: a population-based survey

BACKGROUND

The ongoing rapid urbanization in China offers rural population opportunities not only for economic improvement but also for substantial health risks. Albeit some researches related to rural-urban difference of metabolic syndrome (MS), there lacks studies focusing on this point in undeveloped provinces in China.

METHODS

The survey, as part of China National Diabetes and Metabolic disorders Study, was conducted in Shaanxi province from June 2007 to May 2008. A total of 3,297 adults aged 20 years or older were included, of which 1,467 individuals were from urban areas, 839 from semi-urban areas, and 890 from rural areas. The MS was defined according to the 2009 Joint Interim Statement.

RESULTS

The age-standardized prevalence of MS was significant higher in rural residents than in urban counterparts (29.0% vs. 25.9%, P = 0.017), in particular among females (30.2% vs. 24.4%, P = 0.003). After adjusted for the listed risk factors, rural residents had a 27.6% increased risk of having MS than urban residents. With respect to MS components, the crude prevalence of raised fasting glucose and raised blood pressure was significantly greater in rural than in urban participants. However, no significant difference in the prevalence of MS was observed between semi-urban and urban participants.

CONCLUSIONS

Rural residents in Shaanxi province, northwest China, were at increased risk of MS, which could be partly explained by sociodemographic and lifestyle differences. In addition, the gap between urban and semi-urban areas seemed to be minimized in related to MS prevalence. Much more attention should be paid to and intervention strategies were needed to address the rural-urban disparities in China.

Increasing Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in a Chinese Elderly Population: 2001-2010

OBJECTIVE

The information on the changes of prevalence of MetS in China is limited. Our objective was to assess a 10-year's change of the prevalence of MetS in a Chinese elderly population between 2001 and 2010.

METHODS

We conducted two cross-sectional surveys in a representative sample of elderly population aged 60 to 95 years in Beijing in 2001 and 2010 respectively. MetS was defined according to the 2009 harmonizing definition.

RESULTS

A total of 2,334 participants (943 male, 1,391 female) in 2001 and 2,102 participants (848 male, 1,254 female) in 2010 completed the survey. The prevalence of MetS was 50.4% (95%CI: 48.4%-52.4%) in 2001 and 58.1% (95%CI: 56.0%-60.2%) in 2010. The absolute change of prevalence of MetS was 7.7% over the 10-year's period (p<0.001). The syndrome was more common in female than male in both survey years. Among the five components, hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C had increased most, with an increase of 14.8% (from 29.4% to 44.2%) and 9.9% (from 28.3% to 38.2%) respectively. The adjusted ORs of MetS for CHD, stroke and CVD were 1.67(95%CI: 1.39-1.99), 1.50(95%CI: 1.19-1.88) and 1.70(95%CI: 1.43-2.01) respectively in 2001, and were 1.74(95%CI: 1.40-2.17), 1.25(95%CI: 0.95-1.63) and 1.52(95%CI: 1.25-1.86) respectively in 2010.

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of MetS is high and increasing rapidly in this Chinese elderly population. Participants with Mets and its individual components are at significantly elevated ORs for CVD. Urgent public health actions are needed to control MetS and its components, especially for dislipidemia.