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Bajetto A, Pattarozzi A, Sirito R, Barbieri F, Florio T. Metformin potentiates immunosuppressant activity and adipogenic differentiation of human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:111078. [PMID: 37844465 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Metformin, a first-line drug for type-2 diabetes, displays pleiotropic effects on inflammation, aging, and cancer. Obesity triggers a low-grade chronic inflammation leading to insulin resistance, characterized by increased pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by adipocytes and infiltrated immune cells, which contributes to metabolic syndrome. We investigated metformin's differentiation and immunoregulatory properties of human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSC), as cellular basis of its beneficial role in metabolic dysfunctions. Isolation, characterization and multilineage differentiation of UC-MSC were performed using standard protocols and flow-cytometry. Metformin effects on UC-MSC growth was assessed by colony formation and MTT assay, gene and protein expression by qRT-PCR, and western blot analysis. Proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) co-cultured with metformin-treated UC-MSC-conditioned media was evaluated by dye dilution assay. We show that metformin decreases proliferation and colony formation of UC-MSCs and enhances their adipogenic lineage commitment. Metformin (3 mM) increases PPARγ and downregulates FABP4 mRNA both in basal and in adipogenic culture conditions; however, the modulation of PPARγ expression is unrelated to the antiproliferative effects. Moreover, metformin inhibits UC-MSC inflammatory activity reducing the expression of IL-6, MCP-1, and COX-2. Conditioned media, collected from metformin-treated UC-MSCs, down-regulate CD3+ T lymphocyte growth in stimulated PBMCs and, in particular, reduce the CD8+ T cell population. These results indicate that metformin may favor new adipocyte formation and potentiate immune suppressive properties of UC-MSCs. Thus, adipose tissue regeneration and anti-inflammatory activity may represent possible mechanisms by which metformin exerts its positive effect on lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Bajetto
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pattarozzi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Sirito
- Section of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, International Evangelical Hospital, 16122 Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Barbieri
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
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2
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Huang M, Claussnitzer M, Saadat A, Coral DE, Kalamajski S, Franks PW. Engineered allele substitution at PPARGC1A rs8192678 alters human white adipocyte differentiation, lipogenesis, and PGC-1α content and turnover. Diabetologia 2023; 66:1289-1305. [PMID: 37171500 PMCID: PMC10244287 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS PPARGC1A encodes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α), a central regulator of energy metabolism and mitochondrial function. A common polymorphism in PPARGC1A (rs8192678, C/T, Gly482Ser) has been associated with obesity and related metabolic disorders, but no published functional studies have investigated direct allele-specific effects in adipocyte biology. We examined whether rs8192678 is a causal variant and reveal its biological function in human white adipose cells. METHODS We used CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to perform an allelic switch (C-to-T or T-to-C) at rs8192678 in an isogenic human pre-adipocyte white adipose tissue (hWAs) cell line. Allele-edited single-cell clones were expanded and screened to obtain homozygous T/T (Ser482Ser), C/C (Gly482Gly) and heterozygous C/T (Gly482Ser) isogenic cell populations, followed by functional studies of the allele-dependent effects on white adipocyte differentiation and mitochondrial function. RESULTS After differentiation, the C/C adipocytes were visibly less BODIPY-positive than T/T and C/T adipocytes, and had significantly lower triacylglycerol content. The C allele presented a dose-dependent lowering effect on lipogenesis, as well as lower expression of genes critical for adipogenesis, lipid catabolism, lipogenesis and lipolysis. Moreover, C/C adipocytes had decreased oxygen consumption rate (OCR) at basal and maximal respiration, and lower ATP-linked OCR. We determined that these effects were a consequence of a C-allele-driven dysregulation of PGC-1α protein content, turnover rate and transcriptional coactivator activity. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our data show allele-specific causal effects of the rs8192678 variant on adipogenic differentiation. The C allele confers lower levels of PPARGC1A mRNA and PGC-1α protein, as well as disrupted dynamics of PGC-1α turnover and activity, with downstream effects on cellular differentiation and mitochondrial function. Our study provides the first experimentally deduced insights on the effects of rs8192678 on adipocyte phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Huang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Melina Claussnitzer
- Metabolism Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Alham Saadat
- Metabolism Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Daniel E Coral
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Kalamajski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Kwak JG, Lee J. Bone Marrow Adipocytes Contribute to Tumor Microenvironment-Driven Chemoresistance via Sequestration of Doxorubicin. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2737. [PMID: 37345073 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is a significant problem in the effective treatment of bone metastasis. Adipocytes are a major stromal cell type in the bone marrow and may play a crucial role in developing microenvironment-driven chemoresistance. However, detailed investigation remains challenging due to the anatomical inaccessibility and intrinsic tissue complexity of the bone marrow microenvironment. In this study, we developed 2D and 3D in vitro models of bone marrow adipocytes to examine the mechanisms underlying adipocyte-induced chemoresistance. We first established a protocol for the rapid and robust differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) into mature adipocytes in 2D tissue culture plastic using rosiglitazone (10 μM), a PPARγ agonist. Next, we created a 3D adipocyte culture model by inducing aggregation of hBMSCs and adipogenesis to create adipocyte spheroids in porous hydrogel scaffolds that mimic bone marrow sinusoids. Simulated chemotherapy treatment with doxorubicin (2.5 μM) demonstrated that mature adipocytes sequester doxorubicin in lipid droplets, resulting in reduced cytotoxicity. Lastly, we performed direct coculture of human multiple myeloma cells (MM1.S) with the established 3D adipocyte model in the presence of doxorubicin. This resulted in significantly accelerated multiple myeloma proliferation following doxorubicin treatment. Our findings suggest that the sequestration of hydrophobic chemotherapeutics by mature adipocytes represents a potent mechanism of bone marrow microenvironment-driven chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Goo Kwak
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jungwoo Lee
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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4
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Coulter AA, Greenway FL, Zhang D, Ghosh S, Coulter CR, James SL, He Y, Cusimano LA, Rebello CJ. Naringenin and β-carotene convert human white adipocytes to a beige phenotype and elevate hormone- stimulated lipolysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1148954. [PMID: 37143734 PMCID: PMC10153092 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1148954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Naringenin, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) activator found in citrus fruits, upregulates markers of thermogenesis and insulin sensitivity in human adipose tissue. Our pharmacokinetics clinical trial demonstrated that naringenin is safe and bioavailable, and our case report showed that naringenin causes weight loss and improves insulin sensitivity. PPARs form heterodimers with retinoic-X-receptors (RXRs) at promoter elements of target genes. Retinoic acid is an RXR ligand metabolized from dietary carotenoids. The carotenoid β-carotene reduces adiposity and insulin resistance in clinical trials. Our goal was to examine if carotenoids strengthen the beneficial effects of naringenin on human adipocyte metabolism. Methods Human preadipocytes from donors with obesity were differentiated in culture and treated with 8µM naringenin + 2µM β-carotene (NRBC) for seven days. Candidate genes involved in thermogenesis and glucose metabolism were measured as well as hormone-stimulated lipolysis. Results We found that β-carotene acts synergistically with naringenin to boost UCP1 and glucose metabolism genes including GLUT4 and adiponectin, compared to naringenin alone. Protein levels of PPARα, PPARγ and PPARγ-coactivator-1α, key modulators of thermogenesis and insulin sensitivity, were also upregulated after treatment with NRBC. Transcriptome sequencing was conducted and the bioinformatics analyses of the data revealed that NRBC induced enzymes for several non-UCP1 pathways for energy expenditure including triglyceride cycling, creatine kinases, and Peptidase M20 Domain Containing 1 (PM20D1). A comprehensive analysis of changes in receptor expression showed that NRBC upregulated eight receptors that have been linked to lipolysis or thermogenesis including the β1-adrenergic receptor and the parathyroid hormone receptor. NRBC increased levels of triglyceride lipases and agonist-stimulated lipolysis in adipocytes. We observed that expression of RXRγ, an isoform of unknown function, was induced ten-fold after treatment with NRBC. We show that RXRγ is a coactivator bound to the immunoprecipitated PPARγ protein complex from white and beige human adipocytes. Discussion There is a need for obesity treatments that can be administered long-term without side effects. NRBC increases the abundance and lipolytic response of multiple receptors for hormones released after exercise and cold exposure. Lipolysis provides the fuel for thermogenesis, and these observations suggest that NRBC has therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann A. Coulter
- Computational Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Frank L. Greenway
- Clinical Trials, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Dachuan Zhang
- Biostatistics, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Adjunct Faculty, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Cathryn R. Coulter
- Computational Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Sarah L. James
- Computational Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Yanlin He
- Brain Glycemic and Metabolism Control, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Luke A. Cusimano
- Cusimano Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Candida J. Rebello
- Nutrition and Chronic Disease, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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Sheu A, Greenfield JR, White CP, Center JR. Contributors to impaired bone health in type 2 diabetes. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:34-48. [PMID: 36435679 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with numerous complications, including increased risk of fragility fractures, despite seemingly protective factors [e.g., normal bone mineral density and increased body mass index(BMI)]. However, fracture risk in T2D is underestimated by current fracture risk calculators. Importantly, post-fracture mortality is worse in T2D following any fracture, highlighting the importance of identifying high-risk patients that may benefit from targeted management. Several diabetes-related factors are associated with increased fracture risk, including exogenous insulin therapy, vascular complications, and poor glycaemic control, although detailed comprehensive studies to identify the independent contributions of these factors are lacking. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are complex and multifactorial, with different factors contributing during the course of T2D disease. These include obesity, hyperinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia, accumulation of advanced glycation end products, and vascular supply affecting bone-cell function and survival and bone-matrix composition. This review summarises the current understanding of the contributors to impaired bone health in T2D, and proposes an updated approach to managing these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Sheu
- Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; Clinical School, St Vincent's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Jerry R Greenfield
- Clinical School, St Vincent's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Diabetes and Metabolism, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher P White
- Clinical School, Prince of Wales Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jacqueline R Center
- Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; Clinical School, St Vincent's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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6
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Corona G, Vena W, Pizzocaro A, Giagulli VA, Francomano D, Rastrelli G, Mazziotti G, Aversa A, Isidori AM, Pivonello R, Vignozzi L, Mannucci E, Maggi M, Ferlin A. Testosterone supplementation and bone parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis study. J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 45:911-926. [PMID: 35041193 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of testosterone (T) replacement therapy (TRT) in subjects with late onset hypogonadism is still the object of an intense debate. METHODS All observational studies and placebo-controlled or -uncontrolled randomized trials (RCTs) comparing the effect of TRT on different bone parameters were considered. RESULTS Out of 349 articles, 36 were considered, including 3103 individuals with a mean trial duration of 66.6 weeks. TRT improves areal bone mineral density (aBMD) at the spine and femoral neck levels in observational studies, whereas placebo-controlled RTCs showed a positive effect of TRT only at lumber spine and when trials included only hypogonadal patients at baseline (total testosterone < 12 nM). The effects on aBMD were more evident in subjects with lower T levels at baseline and increased as a function of trial duration and a higher prevalence of diabetic subjects. Either T or estradiol increase at endpoint contributed to aBMD improvement. TRT was associated with a significant reduction of bone resorption markers in observational but not in controlled studies. CONCLUSION TRT is able to inhibit bone resorption and increase bone mass, particularly at the lumbar spine level and when the duration is long enough to allow the anabolic effect of T and estrogens on bone metabolism to take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Corona
- Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department, Azienda Usl, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - W Vena
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Medical Andrology, IRCSS, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - A Pizzocaro
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Medical Andrology, IRCSS, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - V A Giagulli
- Santa Maria Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Bari, Italy
| | - D Francomano
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Madonna Delle Grazie Hospital, Velletri, Rome, Italy
| | - G Rastrelli
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Mario Serio Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - G Mazziotti
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Medical Andrology, IRCSS, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - A Aversa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - A M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome-Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - R Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Unità di Andrologia e Medicina della Riproduzione e della Sessualità Maschile e Femminile, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - L Vignozzi
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Mario Serio Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - E Mannucci
- Department of Diabetology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi and University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M Maggi
- Endocrinology Unit, Mario Serio Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
| | - A Ferlin
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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7
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Mannucci E. Which antidiabetic drug indications are recommended for geriatric DM patients? JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY AND GERIATRICS 2021. [DOI: 10.36150/2499-6564-n458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Wakeman M. A Literature Review of the Potential Impact of Medication on Vitamin D Status. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:3357-3381. [PMID: 34421316 PMCID: PMC8373308 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s316897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in media coverage of the putative actions of vitamin D as well as the possible health benefits that supplementation might deliver. However, the potential effect that medications may have on the vitamin D status is rarely taken into consideration. This literature review was undertaken to assess the degree to which vitamin D status may be affected by medication. Electronic databases were searched to identify literature relating to this subject, and study characteristics and conclusions were scrutinized for evidence of potential associations. The following groups of drugs were identified in one or more studies to affect vitamin D status in some way: anti-epileptics, laxatives, metformin, loop diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, thiazide diuretics, statins, calcium channel blockers, antagonists of vitamin K, platelet aggregation inhibitors, digoxin, potassium-sparing diuretics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, proton pump inhibitors, histamine H2-receptor antagonists, bile acid sequestrants, corticosteroids, antimicrobials, sulphonamides and urea derivatives, lipase inhibitors, hydroxychloroquine, highly active antiretroviral agents, and certain chemotherapeutic agents. Given that the quality of the data is heterogeneous, newer, more robustly designed studies are required to better define likely interactions between vitamin D and medications. This is especially so for cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme (CYP3A4)-metabolized medications. Nevertheless, this review suggests that providers of health care ought to be alert to the potential of vitamin D depletions induced by medications, especially in elderly people exposed to multiple-drug therapy, and to provide supplementation if required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wakeman
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, SR1 3SD, UK
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Ha J, Lim Y, Kim MK, Kwon HS, Song KH, Ko SH, Kang MI, Moon SD, Baek KH. Comparison of the Effects of Various Antidiabetic Medication on Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2021; 36:895-903. [PMID: 34365776 PMCID: PMC8419604 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2021.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective comparative studies on the effects of various antidiabetic agents on bone metabolism are limited. This study aimed to assess changes in bone mass and biochemical bone markers in postmenopausal patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS This prospective, multicenter, open-label, comparative trial included 264 patients with T2DM. Patients who had received a metformin, or sulfonylurea/metformin combination (Group 1); a thiazolidinedione combination (Group 2); a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (gemigliptin) combination (Group 3); or an sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (empagliflozin) combination (Group 4) were prospectively treated for 12 months; bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover marker (BTM) changes were evaluated. RESULTS The femoral neck BMD percentage changes were -0.79%±2.86% (Group 1), -2.50%±3.08% (Group 2), -1.05%±2.74% (Group 3), and -1.24%±2.91% (Group 4) (P<0.05). The total hip BMD percentage changes were -0.57%±1.79% (Group 1), -1.74%±1.48% (Group 2), -0.75%±1.87% (Group 3), and -1.27%±1.72% (Group 4) (P<0.05). Mean serum BTM (C-terminal type 1 collagen telopeptide and procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide) levels measured during the study period did not change over time or differ between groups. CONCLUSION Significant bone loss in the femoral neck and total hip was associated with thiazolidinedione combination regimens. However, bone loss was not significantly associated with combination regimens including gemigliptin or empagliflozin. Caution should be exercised during treatment with antidiabetic medications that adversely affect the bone in patients with diabetes at a high risk of bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghoon Ha
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Yejee Lim
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Mee Kyoung Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Hyuk-Sang Kwon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Ki-Ho Song
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Ko
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Moo Il Kang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Sung Dae Moon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon,
Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Baek
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Seoul,
Korea
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10
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Guo Y, Jia X, Cui Y, Song Y, Wang S, Geng Y, Li R, Gao W, Fu D. Sirt3-mediated mitophagy regulates AGEs-induced BMSCs senescence and senile osteoporosis. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101915. [PMID: 33662874 PMCID: PMC7930642 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Senile osteoporosis (SOP) is widely regarded as one of the typical aging-related diseases due to a decrease in bone mass and the destruction in microarchitecture. The inhibition of mitophagy can promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) senescence, and increasing studies have shown that interventions targeting BMSCs senescence can ameliorate osteoporosis, exhibiting their potential for use as therapeutic strategies. Sirtuin-3 (Sirt3) is an essential mitochondria metabolic regulatory enzyme that plays an important role in mitochondrial homeostasis, but its role in bone homeostasis remains largely unknown. This study seeks to investigate whether advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulation aggravated BMSCs senescence and SOP, and explored the mechanisms underlying these effects. We observed that AGEs significantly aggravated BMSCs senescence, as well as promoted mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibited mitophagy in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, this effect could be further strengthened by Sirt3 silencing. Importantly, we identified that the reduction of Sirt3 expression and the mitophagy were vital mechanisms in AGEs-induced BMSCs senescence. Furthermore, overexpression of Sirt3 by intravenously injection with recombinant adeno-associated virus 9 carrying Sirt3 plasmids (rAAV-Sirt3) significantly alleviated BMSCs senescence and the formation of SOP in SAMP6. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that Sirt3 protects against AGEs-induced BMSCs senescence and SOP. Targeting Sirt3 to improve mitophagy may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for attenuating AGEs-associated SOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Xiong Jia
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Yongzhi Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Yongtao Geng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Weihang Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Dehao Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
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Ito Y, Yamamoto M, Furukawa S, Fukui M, Morishita K, Kitao T, Shirahase H. Effects of KY-903, a Novel Tetrazole-Based Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Modulator, in Male Diabetic Mice and Female Ovariectomized Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:659-668. [PMID: 33952822 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) modulators are expected to exert anti-diabetic effects without PPARγ-related adverse effects, such as fluid retention, weight gain, and bone loss. The present study showed that the novel tetrazole derivative KY-903 exerted similar selective PPARγ partial agonist properties to INT-131, a known PPARγ modulator, in transactivation assays, and decreased plasma glucose and triglyceride levels with increases in adiponectin levels in diabetic KK-Ay mice. These effects were similar to those of pioglitazone. Pioglitazone, but not KY-903, increased adipose tissue and heart weights. In pre-adipocytes (3T3-L1), KY-903, in contrast to pioglitazone, increased adiponectin mRNA levels without adipocyte differentiation, indicating anti-diabetic effects via adiponectin without adipogenesis. In ovariectomized rats fed a high-fat diet (OVX/HFD), KY-903 and pioglitazone decreased plasma triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid levels and increased adiponectin levels, indicating insulin sensitization via adiponectin. KY-903 reduced body weight gain and adipose tissue weight, while pioglitazone increased heart weight and markedly reduced bone mineral density. In mesenchymal stem cell-like ST2 cells, KY-903 slightly reduced osteoblast differentiation without adipocyte differentiation, while pioglitazone markedly reduced it with adipocyte differentiation. In conclusion, KY-903 is a novel PPARγ modulator that exerts anti-diabetic effects without body weight gain or cardiac hypertrophy in diabetic mice and anti-obesity effects with minor bone loss in OVX/HFD, possibly due to increases in adiponectin levels without adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Ito
- R&D Division, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd
| | | | | | - Masaki Fukui
- R&D Division, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd
| | - Ko Morishita
- R&D Division, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd
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12
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Reinhold S, Blankesteijn WM, Foulquier S. The Interplay of WNT and PPARγ Signaling in Vascular Calcification. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122658. [PMID: 33322009 PMCID: PMC7763279 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC), the ectopic deposition of calcium phosphate crystals in the vessel wall, is one of the primary contributors to cardiovascular death. The pathology of VC is determined by vascular topography, pre-existing diseases, and our genetic heritage. VC evolves from inflammation, mediated by macrophages, and from the osteochondrogenic transition of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in the atherosclerotic plaque. This pathologic transition partly resembles endochondral ossification, involving the chronologically ordered activation of the β-catenin-independent and -dependent Wingless and Int-1 (WNT) pathways and the termination of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) signal transduction. Several atherosclerotic plaque studies confirmed the differential activity of PPARγ and the WNT signaling pathways in VC. Notably, the actively regulated β-catenin-dependent and -independent WNT signals increase the osteochondrogenic transformation of VSMC through the up-regulation of the osteochondrogenic transcription factors SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). In addition, we have reported studies showing that WNT signaling pathways may be antagonized by PPARγ activation via the expression of different families of WNT inhibitors and through its direct interaction with β-catenin. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge on WNT and PPARγ signaling and their interplay during the osteochondrogenic differentiation of VSMC in VC. Finally, we discuss knowledge gaps on this interplay and its possible clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Reinhold
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.R.); (W.M.B.)
| | - W. Matthijs Blankesteijn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.R.); (W.M.B.)
| | - Sébastien Foulquier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.R.); (W.M.B.)
- Department of Neurology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-433881409
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Hildreth K, Kodani SD, Hammock BD, Zhao L. Cytochrome P450-derived linoleic acid metabolites EpOMEs and DiHOMEs: a review of recent studies. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 86:108484. [PMID: 32827665 PMCID: PMC7606796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Linoleic acid (LA) is the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid found in the Western diet. Cytochrome P450-derived LA metabolites 9,10-epoxyoctadecenoic acid (9,10-EpOME), 12,13-epoxyoctadecenoic acid (12,13-EpOME), 9,10-dihydroxy-12Z-octadecenoic acid (9,10-DiHOME) and 12,13-dihydroxy-9Z-octadecenoic acid (12,13-DiHOME) have been studied for their association with various disease states and biological functions. Previous studies of the EpOMEs and DiHOMEs have focused on their roles in cytotoxic processes, primarily in the inhibition of the neutrophil respiratory burst. More recent research has suggested the DiHOMEs may be important lipid mediators in pain perception, altered immune response and brown adipose tissue activation by cold and exercise. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological roles and modes of action of the EpOMEs and DiHOMEs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Hildreth
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Sean D Kodani
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.
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14
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Ahluwalia A, Hoa N, Ge L, Blumberg B, Levin ER. Mechanisms by Which Membrane and Nuclear ER Alpha Inhibit Adipogenesis in Cells Isolated From Female Mice. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5911730. [PMID: 32976570 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into mature chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and adipocytes. Excessive and dysfunctional visceral adipocytes increase upon menopause and importantly contribute to altered metabolism in postmenopausal women. We previously showed both plasma membrane and nuclear estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) with endogenous estrogen are required to suppress adipogenesis in vivo. Here we determined mechanisms by which these liganded ER pools collaborate to inhibit the peroxisome proliferator-activated gamma (PPARγ) gene and subsequent progenitor differentiation. In 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC), membrane ERα signaled through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT) to enhance ERα nuclear localization, importantly at the PPARγ gene promoter. AKT also increased overall abundance and recruitment of co-repressors GATA3, β-catenin, and TCF4 to the PPARγ promoter. Membrane ERα signaling additionally enhanced wingless-integrated (Wnt)1 and 10b expression. The components of the repressor complex were required for estrogen to inhibit rosiglitazone-induced differentiation of ADSC and 3T3-L1 cells to mature adipocytes. These mechanisms whereby ER cellular pools collaborate to inhibit gene expression limit progenitor differentiation to mature adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Ahluwalia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Neil Hoa
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Lisheng Ge
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ellis R Levin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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15
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Optimization of Co-Culture Conditions for a Human Vascularized Adipose Tissue Model. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:bioengineering7030114. [PMID: 32957541 PMCID: PMC7552791 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7030114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro adipose tissue models can be used to provide insight into fundamental aspects of adipose physiology. These systems may serve as replacements for animal models, which are often poor predictors of obesity and metabolic diseases in humans. Adipose tissue consists of a rich vasculature that is essential to its function. However, the study of endothelial cell–adipocyte interactions has been challenging due to differences in culture conditions required for the survival and function of each cell type. To address this issue, we performed an extensive evaluation of the cell culture media composition to identify the conditions optimal for the co-culture of endothelial cells and adipocytes. The effects of individual media factors on cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation were systematically explored. Several media factors were determined to disrupt the co-culture system. Optimized culture conditions were identified and used to generate a vascularized human adipose microtissue. An interconnected vascular network was established within an adipose micro-tissue, and the networks were anastomosed with perfused channels to form a functional network. In conclusion, media conditions were identified that enabled endothelial cell–adipocyte co-culture and were used to support the formation of a vascularized adipose tissue within a microfluidic device.
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16
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Variya BC, Bakrania AK, Patel SS. Antidiabetic potential of gallic acid from Emblica officinalis: Improved glucose transporters and insulin sensitivity through PPAR-γ and Akt signaling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 73:152906. [PMID: 31064680 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nature has gifted a variety of vital phytochemicals having potential therapeutic application against various ailments. Emblica officinalis (E. officinalis), an ancient plant, has long been used as a remedy for diabetes and cardiovascular complications, and presence of abundant amount of gallic acid could be accountable for its medicinal potential. PURPOSE The study was aimed to determine the in-vivo and in-vitro anti-diabetic potential of gallic acid and fruit juice of E. officinalis. Molecular mechanism of gallic acid as well as fruit juice of E. officinalis for anti-diabetic potential has also been revealed. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY DESIGN Anti-diabetic potential of E. officinalis and gallic acid was evaluated in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and various animal models like db/db mice and fructose administered rats. PPAR-γ expression and glucose translocation were observed using western blot and PCR techniques. RESULTS Treatment of E. officinalis fruit juice and gallic acid facilitated their glucose homeostasis; improved insulin sensitivity; reduced obesity; abridged elevated blood pressure and declined cholesterol level, and also induced adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mechanistically, treatment increased expression of PPAR-γ through activation of C/EBPs and simultaneously increased Glut4 translocation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Moreover, gallic acid treatment increased insulin sensitivity through activation of Akt rather than AMPK signaling pathway while fruit juice of E. officinalis showed dual activation, Akt and AMPK as well. CONCLUSION These findings reveal the role of gallic acid in E. officinalis mediated antidiabetic potential, and delineate the upregulation of pAkt, PPAR-γ and Glut4 in gallic acid mediated antidiabetic activity, thus providing potential therapy for diabetes and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavesh C Variya
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Anita K Bakrania
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Snehal S Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India.
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17
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Kalaitzoglou E, Fowlkes JL, Popescu I, Thrailkill KM. Diabetes pharmacotherapy and effects on the musculoskeletal system. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3100. [PMID: 30467957 PMCID: PMC6358500 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Persons with type 1 or type 2 diabetes have a significantly higher fracture risk than age-matched persons without diabetes, attributed to disease-specific deficits in the microarchitecture and material properties of bone tissue. Therefore, independent effects of diabetes drugs on skeletal integrity are vitally important. Studies of incretin-based therapies have shown divergent effects of different agents on fracture risk, including detrimental, beneficial, and neutral effects. The sulfonylurea class of drugs, owing to its hypoglycemic potential, is thought to amplify the risk of fall-related fractures, particularly in the elderly. Other agents such as the biguanides may, in fact, be osteo-anabolic. In contrast, despite similarly expected anabolic properties of insulin, data suggests that insulin pharmacotherapy itself, particularly in type 2 diabetes, may be a risk factor for fracture, negatively associated with determinants of bone quality and bone strength. Finally, sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors have been associated with an increased risk of atypical fractures in select populations, and possibly with an increase in lower extremity amputation with specific SGLT2I drugs. The role of skeletal muscle, as a potential mediator and determinant of bone quality, is also a relevant area of exploration. Currently, data regarding the impact of glucose lowering medications on diabetes-related muscle atrophy is more limited, although preclinical studies suggest that various hypoglycemic agents may have either aggravating (sulfonylureas, glinides) or repairing (thiazolidinediones, biguanides, incretins) effects on skeletal muscle atrophy, thereby influencing bone quality. Hence, the therapeutic efficacy of each hypoglycemic agent must also be evaluated in light of its impact, alone or in combination, on musculoskeletal health, when determining an individualized treatment approach. Moreover, the effect of newer medications (potentially seeking expanded clinical indication into the pediatric age range) on the growing skeleton is largely unknown. Herein, we review the available literature regarding effects of diabetes pharmacotherapy, by drug class and/or by clinical indication, on the musculoskeletal health of persons with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Kalaitzoglou
- University of Kentucky Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - John L Fowlkes
- University of Kentucky Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Iuliana Popescu
- University of Kentucky Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kathryn M Thrailkill
- University of Kentucky Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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18
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Prevention of perinatal nicotine-induced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell myofibroblast differentiation by augmenting the lipofibroblast phenotype. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:2357-2368. [PMID: 30309879 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal nicotine exposure drives the differentiation of alveolar lipofibroblasts (LIFs), which are critical for lung injury repair, to myofibroblasts (MYFs), which are the hallmark of chronic lung disease. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are important players in lung injury repair; however, how these cells are affected with perinatal nicotine exposure and whether these can be preferentially driven to a lipofibroblastic phenotype are not known. We hypothesized that perinatal nicotine exposure would block offspring BMSCs lipogenic differentiation, driving these cells toward a MYF phenotype. Since peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists can prevent nicotine-induced MYF differentiation of LIFs, we further hypothesized that the modulation of PPARγ expression would inhibit nicotine's myogenic effect on BMSCs. Sprague Dawley dams were perinatally administered nicotine (1 mg/kg bodyweight) with or without the potent PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone (RGZ), both administered subcutaneously. At postnatal day 21, BMSCs were isolated and characterized morphologically, molecularly, and functionally for their lipogenic and myogenic potentials. Perinatal nicotine exposure resulted in decreased oil red O staining, triolein uptake, expression of PPARγ, and its downstream target gene adipocyte differentiation-related protein by BMSCs, but enhanced α-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin expression, and activated Wnt signaling, all features indicative of their inhibited lipogenic, but enhanced myogenic potential. Importantly, concomitant treatment with RGZ virtually blocked all of these nicotine-induced morphologic, molecular, and functional changes. Based on these data, we conclude that BMSCs can be directionally induced to differentiate into the lipofibroblastic phenotype, and PPARγ agonists can effectively block perinatal nicotine-induced MYF transdifferentiation, suggesting a possible molecular therapeutic approach to augment BMSC's lung injury/repair potential.
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He X, Yao MW, Zhu M, Liang DL, Guo W, Yang Y, Zhao RS, Ren TT, Ao X, Wang W, Zeng CY, Liang HP, Jiang DP, Yu J, Xu X. Metformin induces apoptosis in mesenchymal stromal cells and dampens their therapeutic efficacy in infarcted myocardium. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:306. [PMID: 30409193 PMCID: PMC6225675 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular complications, especially myocardial infarctions (MIs), are the leading mortality cause in diabetic patients. The transplantation of stem cells into damaged hearts has had considerable success as a treatment for MI, although whether antidiabetic drugs affect the therapeutic efficacy of stem cell transplantation is still unknown. This study aims to understand whether and how metformin, one of the first-line drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), induces mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) apoptosis and dampens their cardioprotective effect after transplantation into infarcted hearts. Methods A mouse MI model was generated via permanent ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. MSCs with or without metformin treatment were transplanted after MI in diabetic mice. Echocardiography was used to assess cardiac function and determine cardiac remodeling, and TTC staining was performed to evaluate infarction size. A mouse gavage model was performed to evaluate bone marrow MSCs for flow cytometry assay. Results Metformin dampened MSC therapeutic efficacy, which increased infarct size and restricted functional cardiac recovery. Specifically, metformin induced the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated apoptosis through the inhibition of S6K1-Bad-Bcl-xL cell survival signaling, resulting in the upregulated expression of apoptosis-associated proteins and increased MSC apoptosis. Accordingly, counteracting AMPK attenuated metformin-induced apoptosis in MSCs and partially restored their cardioprotective effects in diabetic mice with MI. Furthermore, a decrease in peripheral blood MSCs was found in patients with T2DM who had a metformin medication history. Conclusions Our results highlight an unexpected adverse effect of metformin-induced MSC apoptosis through AMPK-mediated mTOR suppression, which is attenuated by an AMPK inhibitor. Moreover, AMPK inhibition may be a novel strategy for enhancing the effectiveness of stem cell therapy after MI in diabetes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-1057-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao He
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,First Department, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Wei Yao
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,First Department, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,First Department, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Lan Liang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,First Department, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,First Department, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,First Department, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Seng Zhao
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,First Department, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Ting Ren
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,First Department, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Ao
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,First Department, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Ping Liang
- First Department, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Po Jiang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Pathology of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China. .,First Department, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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20
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VCE-004.8, A Multitarget Cannabinoquinone, Attenuates Adipogenesis and Prevents Diet-Induced Obesity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16092. [PMID: 30382123 PMCID: PMC6208444 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, the endocannabinoid system (ECs) has emerged as a crucial player for the regulation of food intake and energy metabolism, and its pharmacological manipulation represents a novel strategy for the management of metabolic diseases. The discovery that VCE-004.8, a dual PPARγ and CB2 receptor agonist, also inhibits prolyl-hydroxylases (PHDs) and activates the HIF pathway provided a rationale to investigate its effect in in vitro models of adipogenesis and in a murine model of metabolic syndrome, all processes critically regulated by these targets of VCE-004.8. In accordance with its different binding mode to PPARγ compared to rosiglitazone (RGZ), VCE-004.8 neither induced adipogenic differentiation, nor affected osteoblastogenesis. Daily administration of VCE-004.8 (20 mg/kg) to HFD mice for 3-wks induced a significant reduction in body weight gain, total fat mass, adipocyte volume and plasma triglycerides levels. VCE-004.8 could also significantly ameliorate glucose tolerance, reduce leptin levels (a marker of adiposity) and increase adiponectin and incretins (GLP-1 and GIP) levels. Remarkably, VCE-004.8 increased the FGF21 mRNA expression in white and brown adipose, as well as in a BAT cell line, qualifying cannabinoaminoquinones as a class of novel therapeutic candidates for the management of obesity and its common metabolic co-morbidities.
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21
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Diedrich JD, Herroon MK, Rajagurubandara E, Podgorski I. The Lipid Side of Bone Marrow Adipocytes: How Tumor Cells Adapt and Survive in Bone. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2018; 16:443-457. [PMID: 29869753 PMCID: PMC6853185 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-018-0453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bone marrow adipocytes have emerged in recent years as key contributors to metastatic progression in bone. In this review, we focus specifically on their role as the suppliers of lipids and discuss pro-survival pathways that are closely linked to lipid metabolism, affected by the adipocyte-tumor cell interactions, and likely impacting the ability of the tumor cell to thrive in bone marrow space and evade therapy. RECENT FINDINGS The combined in silico, pre-clinical, and clinical evidence shows that in adipocyte-rich tissues such as bone marrow, tumor cells rely on exogenous lipids for regulation of cellular energetics and adaptation to harsh metabolic conditions of the metastatic niche. Adipocyte-supplied lipids have a potential to alter the cell's metabolic decisions by regulating glycolysis and respiration, fatty acid oxidation, lipid desaturation, and PPAR signaling. The downstream effects of lipid signaling on mitochondrial homeostasis ultimately control life vs. death decisions, providing a mechanism for gaining survival advantage and reduced sensitivity to treatment. There is a need for future research directed towards identifying the key metabolic and signaling pathways that regulate tumor dependence on exogenous lipids and consequently drive the pro-survival behavior in the bone marrow niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Diedrich
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Rm 6304, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mackenzie K Herroon
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Rm 6304, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Erandi Rajagurubandara
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Rm 6304, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Rm 6304, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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22
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Sayeed M, Gautam S, Verma DP, Afshan T, Kumari T, Srivastava AK, Ghosh JK. A collagen domain-derived short adiponectin peptide activates APPL1 and AMPK signaling pathways and improves glucose and fatty acid metabolisms. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13509-13523. [PMID: 29991592 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin is a fat tissue-derived adipokine with beneficial effects against diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Accordingly, adiponectin-mimetic molecules possess significant pharmacological potential. Oligomeric states of adiponectin appear to determine its biological activity. We identified a highly conserved, 13-residue segment (ADP-1) from adiponectin's collagen domain, which comprises GXXG motifs and has one asparagine and two histidine residues that assist in oligomeric protein assembly. We therefore hypothesized that ADP-1 promotes oligomeric assembly and thereby mediates potential metabolic effects. We observed here that ADP-1 is stable in human serum and oligomerizes in aqueous environments. We also found that ADP-1 activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in an adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 1 (APPL1)-dependent pathway and stimulates glucose uptake in rat skeletal muscle cells (L6 myotubes). ADP-1-induced glucose transport coincided with ADP-1-induced biosynthesis of glucose transporter 4 and its translocation to the plasma membrane. ADP-1 induced an interaction between APPL1 and the small GTPase Rab5, resulting in AMPK phosphorylation, in turn leading to phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α. Similar to adiponectin, ADP-1 increased the expression of the adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) gene. Of note, ADP-1 decreased blood glucose levels and enhanced insulin production in pancreatic β cells in db/db mice. Further, ADP-1 beneficially affected lipid metabolism by enhancing lipid globule formation in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. To our knowledge, this is the first report on identification of a short peptide from adiponectin with positive effects on glucose or fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Sayeed
- From the Molecular and Structural Biology Division and
| | - Sudeep Gautam
- the Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow-226 031, India
| | | | | | - Tripti Kumari
- From the Molecular and Structural Biology Division and
| | - Arvind Kumar Srivastava
- the Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow-226 031, India
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23
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Luciani P, Fibbi B, Mazzanti B, Deledda C, Ballerini L, Aldinucci A, Benvenuti S, Saccardi R, Peri A. The effects of Exendin-4 on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells. Endocrine 2018; 60:423-434. [PMID: 29094257 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1430-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE GLP-1 receptor agonists are antidiabetic drugs currently used in the therapy of type 2 diabetes. Despite several in vitro and in vivo animal studies suggesting a beneficial effect of GLP-1 analogues on bone, in humans their skeletal effects are not clear and clinical studies report conflicting results. METHODS We differentiated human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) toward the adipogenic and the osteoblastic lineages, analysing the effect of Exendin-4 (EXE) before, during and after specific differentiations. RESULTS We showed EXE ability to act selectively on a sub-population of hMSC characterised by a more stem potential, shifting them from G1 to S/M phase of cell cycle. We observed that EXE pre-treatment promotes both adipogenic and osteoblastic differentiations, possibly determined by an increased number of uncommitted progenitors. In fully differentiated cells, EXE affects mature adipocytes by increasing lipolysis, otherwise not altering osteoblasts metabolic activity. Moreover, the increased expression of osteoprotegerin, a modulator of the RANK/RANKL system, observed during osteogenic induction in presence of EXE, could negatively modulate osteoclastogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a complex action of EXE on bone, targeting the proliferation of mesenchymal progenitors, the metabolism of mature adipocytes and the modulation of osteoclastogenesis. Thus, an overall positive effect of this molecule on bone quality might be hypothesised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Luciani
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Fibbi
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mazzanti
- Haematology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cristiana Deledda
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lara Ballerini
- Haematology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Susanna Benvenuti
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Riccardo Saccardi
- Haematology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Peri
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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24
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Mohn ES, Kern HJ, Saltzman E, Mitmesser SH, McKay DL. Evidence of Drug-Nutrient Interactions with Chronic Use of Commonly Prescribed Medications: An Update. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E36. [PMID: 29558445 PMCID: PMC5874849 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term use of prescription and over-the-counter drugs can induce subclinical and clinically relevant micronutrient deficiencies, which may develop gradually over months or even years. Given the large number of medications currently available, the number of research studies examining potential drug-nutrient interactions is quite limited. A comprehensive, updated review of the potential drug-nutrient interactions with chronic use of the most often prescribed medications for commonly diagnosed conditions among the general U.S. adult population is presented. For the majority of the interactions described in this paper, more high-quality intervention trials are needed to better understand their clinical importance and potential consequences. A number of these studies have identified potential risk factors that may make certain populations more susceptible, but guidelines on how to best manage and/or prevent drug-induced nutrient inadequacies are lacking. Although widespread supplementation is not currently recommended, it is important to ensure at-risk patients reach their recommended intakes for vitamins and minerals. In conjunction with an overall healthy diet, appropriate dietary supplementation may be a practical and efficacious way to maintain or improve micronutrient status in patients at risk of deficiencies, such as those taking medications known to compromise nutritional status. The summary evidence presented in this review will help inform future research efforts and, ultimately, guide recommendations for patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Mohn
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Hua J Kern
- Nutrition & Scientific Affairs, Nature's Bounty Co., Ronkonkoma, NY 11779, USA.
| | - Edward Saltzman
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Susan H Mitmesser
- Nutrition & Scientific Affairs, Nature's Bounty Co., Ronkonkoma, NY 11779, USA.
| | - Diane L McKay
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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25
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Ribeiro Filho HV, Bernardi Videira N, Bridi AV, Tittanegro TH, Helena Batista FA, de Carvalho Pereira JG, de Oliveira PSL, Bajgelman MC, Le Maire A, Figueira ACM. Screening for PPAR Non-Agonist Ligands Followed by Characterization of a Hit, AM-879, with Additional No-Adipogenic and cdk5-Mediated Phosphorylation Inhibition Properties. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:11. [PMID: 29449830 PMCID: PMC5799700 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a member of a nuclear receptor superfamily and acts as a ligand-dependent transcription factor, playing key roles in maintenance of adipose tissue and in regulation of glucose and lipid homeostasis. This receptor is the target of thiazolidinediones, a class of antidiabetic drugs, which improve insulin sensitization and regulate glycemia in type 2 diabetes. Despite the beneficial effects of drugs, such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, their use is associated with several side effects, including weight gain, heart failure, and liver disease, since these drugs induce full activation of the receptor. By contrast, a promising activation-independent mechanism that involves the inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5)-mediated PPARγ phosphorylation has been related to the insulin-sensitizing effects induced by these drugs. Thus, we aimed to identify novel PPARγ ligands that do not possess agonist properties by conducting a mini-trial with 80 compounds using the sequential steps of thermal shift assay, 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid fluorescence quenching, and a cell-based transactivation assay. We identified two non-agonist PPARγ ligands, AM-879 and P11, and one partial-agonist, R32. Using fluorescence anisotropy, we show that AM-879 does not dissociate the NCOR corepressor in vitro, and it has only a small effect on TRAP coactivator recruitment. In cells, AM-879 could not induce adipocyte differentiation or positively regulate the expression of genes associated with adipogenesis. In addition, AM-879 inhibited CDK5-mediated phosphorylation of PPARγ in vitro. Taken together, these findings supported an interaction between AM-879 and PPARγ; this interaction was identified by the analysis of the crystal structure of the PPARγ:AM-879 complex and evidenced by AM-879's mechanism of action as a putative PPARγ non-agonist with antidiabetic properties. Moreover, we present an optimized assay pipeline capable of detecting ligands that physically bind to PPARγ but do not cause its activation as a new strategy to identify ligands for this nuclear receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helder Veras Ribeiro Filho
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
- Post Graduation Program in Biosciences and Technology of Bioactive Products, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Natália Bernardi Videira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
- Post Graduation Program in Biosciences and Technology of Bioactive Products, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Aline Villanova Bridi
- Post Graduation Program in Biosciences and Technology of Bioactive Products, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thais Helena Tittanegro
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
- Post Graduation Program in Biosciences and Technology of Bioactive Products, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - José Geraldo de Carvalho Pereira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Lopes de Oliveira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcio Chaim Bajgelman
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Albane Le Maire
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ana Carolina Migliorini Figueira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
- Post Graduation Program in Biosciences and Technology of Bioactive Products, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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26
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Paschou SA, Dede AD, Anagnostis PG, Vryonidou A, Morganstein D, Goulis DG. Type 2 Diabetes and Osteoporosis: A Guide to Optimal Management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3621-3634. [PMID: 28938433 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Both type 2 diabetes (T2D) and osteoporosis are affected by aging and quite often coexist. Furthermore, the fracture risk in patients with T2D is increased. The aim of this article is to review updated information on osteoporosis and fracture risk in patients with T2D, to discuss the effects of diabetes treatment on bone metabolism, as well as the effect of antiosteoporotic medications on the incidence and control of T2D, and to provide a personalized guide to the optimal management. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A systematic literature search for human studies was conducted in three electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane, and EMBASE) until March 2017. Regarding recommendations, we adopted the grading system introduced by the American College of Physicians. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The results are presented in systematic tables. Healthy diet and physical exercise are very important for the prevention and treatment of both entities. Metformin, sulfonylureas, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists should be preferred for the treatment of T2D in these patients, whereas strict targets should be avoided for the fear of hypoglycemia, falls, and fractures. Insulin should be used with caution and with careful measures to avoid hypoglycemia. Thiazolidinediones and canagliflozin should be avoided, whereas other sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 inhibitors are less well-validated options. Insulin therapy is the preferred method for achieving glycemic control in hospitalized patients with T2D and fractures. The treatment and monitoring of osteoporosis should be continued without important amendments because of the presence of T2D. CONCLUSIONS Patients with coexisting T2D and osteoporosis should be managed in an optimal way according to scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula A Paschou
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Aghia Sophia Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia D Dede
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis G Anagnostis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andromachi Vryonidou
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, 11526 Athens, Greece
| | - Daniel Morganstein
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitrios G Goulis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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27
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Lin HF, Liao KF, Chang CM, Lin CL, Lin CH, Lai SW. Use of thiazolidinediones and risk of hip fracture in old people in a case-control study in Taiwan. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7712. [PMID: 28885328 PMCID: PMC6392959 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Little research is available on the association between use of thiazolidinediones and hip fracture in old people in Taiwan. We conducted a population-based case-control study to examine this issue.Using the database of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Program, we identified 603 type 2 diabetic subjects 65 years or older in age with newly diagnosed hip fracture in 2000 to 2013 as cases. We randomly selected 603 type 2 diabetic subjects 65 years or older without hip fracture as the controls. Both cases and controls were matched with sex, age, comorbidities, and index year of diagnosing hip fracture. Current use of thiazolidinediones was defined as subjects whose last remaining one tablet of thiazolidinediones was noted ≤30 days before the date of diagnosing hip fracture. Never use of thiazolidinediones was defined as subjects who never had a prescription of thiazolidinediones. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for hip fracture associated with thiazolidinediones use was estimated by the multivariable unconditional logistic regression analysis.After adjustment for covariables, the multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the adjusted OR of hip fracture was 1.64 for subjects with current use of thiazolidinediones (95% CI 1.01, 2.67), when compared with subjects with never use of thiazolidinediones.Our findings suggest that current use of thiazolidinediones is associated with a 64% higher risk of hip fracture in type 2 diabetic old people in Taiwan. Clinicians should consider the possibility of thiazolidinediones-associated hip fracture among type 2 diabetic old people currently using thiazolidinediones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Feng Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung
| | - Kuan-Fu Liao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taichung
- College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung
| | - Ching-Mei Chang
- Department of Nursing, Tungs’ Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung
| | - Cheng-Li Lin
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsueh Lin
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Shih-Wei Lai
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
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28
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Davidson MA, Mattison DR, Azoulay L, Krewski D. Thiazolidinedione drugs in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: past, present and future. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 48:52-108. [PMID: 28816105 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1351420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thiazolidinedione (TZD) drugs used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have proven effective in improving insulin sensitivity, hyperglycemia, and lipid metabolism. Though well tolerated by some patients, their mechanism of action as ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) results in the activation of several pathways in addition to those responsible for glycemic control and lipid homeostasis. These pathways, which include those related to inflammation, bone formation, and cell proliferation, may lead to adverse health outcomes. As treatment with TZDs has been associated with adverse hepatic, cardiovascular, osteological, and carcinogenic events in some studies, the role of TZDs in the treatment of T2DM continues to be debated. At the same time, new therapeutic roles for TZDs are being investigated, with new forms and isoforms currently in the pre-clinical phase for use in the prevention and treatment of some cancers, inflammatory diseases, and other conditions. The aims of this review are to provide an overview of the mechanism(s) of action of TZDs, a review of their safety for use in the treatment of T2DM, and a perspective on their current and future therapeutic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Davidson
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada.,b McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Donald R Mattison
- b McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment , Ottawa , Canada.,c Risk Sciences International , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Laurent Azoulay
- d Center for Clinical Epidemiology , Lady Davis Research Institute, Jewish General Hospital , Montreal , Canada.,e Department of Oncology , McGill University , Montreal , Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada.,b McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment , Ottawa , Canada.,c Risk Sciences International , Ottawa , Canada.,f Faculty of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada
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29
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Zhong J, Yang HC, Fogo AB. A perspective on chronic kidney disease progression. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 312:F375-F384. [PMID: 27974318 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00266.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) will progress to end stage without treatment, but the decline of renal function may not be linear. Compared with glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria, new surrogate markers, such as kidney injury molecule-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated protein, apolipoprotein A-IV, and soluble urokinase receptor, may allow potential intervention and treatment in the earlier stages of CKD, which could be useful for clinical trials. New omic-based technologies reveal potential new genomic and epigenomic mechanisms that appear different from those causing the initial disease. Various clinical studies also suggest that acute kidney injury is a major risk for progressive CKD. To ameliorate the progression of CKD, the first step is optimizing renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade. New drugs targeting endothelin, transforming growth factor-β, oxidative stress, and inflammatory- and cell-based regenerative therapy may have add-on benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Hai-Chun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Agnes B Fogo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; .,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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30
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Blevins TC, Farooki A. Bone effects of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Postgrad Med 2016; 129:159-168. [DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2017.1256747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Azeez Farooki
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Luo G, Liu H, Lu H. Glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1) receptor agonists: potential to reduce fracture risk in diabetic patients? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 81:78-88. [PMID: 27099876 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes current knowledge about glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) and their effects on bone metabolism and fracture risk. Recent in vivo and in vitro experiments indicated that GLP-1 RA could improve bone metabolism. GLP-1 could affect the fat-bone axis by promoting osteogenic differentiation and inhibiting adipogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal precursor cells (BMSCs), which express the GLP-1 receptor. GLP-1 RA may also influence the balance between osteoclasts and osteoblasts, thus leading to more bone formation and less bone resorption. Wnt/β-catenin signalling is involved in this process. Mature osteocytes, which also express the GLP-1 receptor, produce sclerostin which inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signalling by binding to low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) 5 and preventing the binding of Wnt. GLP-1 RA also decreases the expression of sclerostin (SOST) and circulating levels of SOST. In addition, GLP-1 receptors are expressed in thyroid C cells, where GLP-1 induces calcitonin release and thus indirectly inhibits bone resorption. Furthermore, GLP-1 RA influences the osteoprotegerin(OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) system by increasing OPG gene expression, and thus reverses the decreased bone mass in rats models. However, a recent meta-analysis and a cohort study did not show a significant relationship between GLP-RA use and fracture risk. Future clinical trials will be necessary to investigate thoroughly the relationship between GLP-1 RA use and fracture risk in diabetic patients.
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VCE-003.2, a novel cannabigerol derivative, enhances neuronal progenitor cell survival and alleviates symptomatology in murine models of Huntington's disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29789. [PMID: 27430371 PMCID: PMC4949444 DOI: 10.1038/srep29789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids have shown to exert neuroprotective actions in animal models by acting at different targets including canonical cannabinoid receptors and PPARγ. We previously showed that VCE-003, a cannabigerol (CBG) quinone derivative, is a novel neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory cannabinoid acting through PPARγ. We have now generated a non-thiophilic VCE-003 derivative named VCE-003.2 that preserves the ability to activate PPARγ and analyzed its neuroprotective activity. This compound exerted a prosurvival action in progenitor cells during neuronal differentiation, which was prevented by a PPARγ antagonist, without affecting neural progenitor cell proliferation. In addition, VCE-003.2 attenuated quinolinic acid (QA)-induced cell death and caspase-3 activation and also reduced mutant huntingtin aggregates in striatal cells. The neuroprotective profile of VCE-003.2 was analyzed using in vivo models of striatal neurodegeneration induced by QA and 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP) administration. VCE-003.2 prevented medium spiny DARPP32+ neuronal loss in these Huntington’s-like disease mice models improving motor deficits, reactive astrogliosis and microglial activation. In the 3NP model VCE-003.2 inhibited the upregulation of proinflammatory markers and improved antioxidant defenses in the brain. These data lead us to consider VCE-003.2 to have high potential for the treatment of Huntington’s disease (HD) and other neurodegenerative diseases with neuroinflammatory traits.
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33
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Fibbi B, Benvenuti S, Giuliani C, Deledda C, Luciani P, Monici M, Mazzanti B, Ballerini C, Peri A. Low extracellular sodium promotes adipogenic commitment of human mesenchymal stromal cells: a novel mechanism for chronic hyponatremia-induced bone loss. Endocrine 2016; 52:73-85. [PMID: 26093848 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0663-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hyponatremia represents an independent risk factor for osteoporosis and fractures, affecting both bone density and quality. A direct stimulation of bone resorption in the presence of reduced extracellular sodium concentrations ([Na(+)]) has been shown, but the effects of low [Na(+)] on osteoblasts have not been elucidated. We investigated the effects of a chronic reduction of extracellular [Na(+)], independently of osmotic stress, on human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) from bone marrow, the common progenitor for osteoblasts and adipocytes. hMSC adhesion and viability were significantly inhibited by reduced [Na(+)], but their surface antigen profile and immuno-modulatory properties were not altered. In low [Na(+)], hMSC were able to commit toward both the osteogenic and the adipogenic phenotypes, as demonstrated by differentiation markers analysis. However, the dose-dependent increase in the number of adipocytes as a function of reduced [Na(+)] suggested a preferential commitment toward the adipogenic phenotype at the expense of osteogenesis. The amplified inhibitory effect on the expression of osteoblastic markers exerted by adipocytes-derived conditioned media in low [Na(+)] further supported this observation. The analysis of cytoskeleton showed that low [Na(+)] were associated with disruption of tubulin organization in hMSC-derived osteoblasts, thus suggesting a negative effect on bone quality. Finally, hMSC-derived osteoblasts increased their expression of factors stimulating osteoclast recruitment and activity. These findings confirm that hyponatremia should be carefully taken into account because of its negative effects on bone, in addition to the known neurological effects, and indicate for the first time that impaired osteogenesis may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fibbi
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - S Benvenuti
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - C Giuliani
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - C Deledda
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - P Luciani
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - M Monici
- ASAcampus Joint Laboratory, ASA Research Division, "Center for Research, Transfer and High Education on Chronic, Inflammatory, Degenerative and Neoplastic Disorders for the Development of Novel Therapies" (DENOThe), Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - B Mazzanti
- Haematology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - C Ballerini
- Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - A Peri
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
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Challenges and opportunities for stem cell therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2016; 89:767-78. [PMID: 26924058 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health care burden affecting billions of individuals worldwide. The kidney has limited regenerative capacity from chronic insults, and for the most common causes of CKD, no effective treatment exists to prevent progression to end-stage kidney failure. Therefore, novel interventions, such as regenerative cell-based therapies, need to be developed for CKD. Given the risk of allosensitization, autologous transplantation of cells to boost regenerative potential is preferred. Therefore, verification of cell function and vitality in CKD patients is imperative. Two cell types have been most commonly applied in regenerative medicine. Endothelial progenitor cells contribute to neovasculogenesis primarily through paracrine angiogenic activity and partly by differentiation into mature endothelial cells in situ. Mesenchymal stem cells also exert paracrine effects, including proangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic activity. However, in CKD, multiple factors may contribute to reduced cell function, including older age, coexisting cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic inflammatory states, and uremia, which may limit the effectiveness of an autologous cell-based therapy approach. This Review highlights current knowledge on stem and progenitor cell function and vitality, aspects of the uremic milieu that may serve as a barrier to therapy, and novel methods to improve stem cell function for potential transplantation.
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Mannucci E, Dicembrini I. Drugs for type 2 diabetes: role in the regulation of bone metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 12:130-4. [PMID: 26604937 DOI: 10.11138/ccmbm/2015.12.2.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Until a few years ago, the possibility that glucose-lowering drugs affect glucose metabolism and fracture risk was not even considered. The increased incidence of fractures with thiazolidinediones in women was a causal finding. This phenomenon, which has been demonstrated by large-scale clinical trials, is associated with a reduction in bone density. Thiazolidinediones stimulate adipocyte differentiation, and inhibit osteoblast differentiation, from bone marrow stromal cells; other mechanisms could also be involved in the thiazolidinedione-induced reduction of bone density. Insulin has an anabolic effect on the bone, but it is nonetheless associated with an increased incidence of fractures in observational studies. Although this finding could be partly due to unaccounted confounders, it is likely that insulin-induced hypoglycemia, and consequent falls, produce a higher risk for fractures, at least in the elderly. Among older drugs, metformin and sulfonylureas do not appear to produce any beneficial or detrimental effects on the bone. Of newer agents, DPP4 inhibitors have been associated with a possible protective effect in earlier trials, but this result has not been confirmed in larger scale studies on patients with a higher level of comorbidities. Considering that the increase in active incretin levels determined by DPP4 inhibitors could theoretically improve bone density, further clinical studies are needed to assess more clearly the effect of this class of drugs. GLP-1 receptor agonists also increase bone density in experimental models, but human data are still insufficient to draw any conclusion.
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Billington EO, Grey A, Bolland MJ. The effect of thiazolidinediones on bone mineral density and bone turnover: systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2015; 58:2238-46. [PMID: 26109213 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3660-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are associated with an increased risk of fracture but the mechanism is unclear. We sought to determine the effect of TZDs on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover markers. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were searched from inception until January 2015 for randomised controlled trials comparing TZDs with metformin, sulfonylureas or placebo, and those reporting changes in BMD and/or bone turnover markers. The primary outcome was percentage change in BMD from baseline and results were pooled with random effects meta-analyses. RESULTS In all, 18 trials were included in the primary analyses and another two were included in the sensitivity analyses (n = 3,743, 50% women, mean age 56 years, median trial duration 48 weeks). TZDs decreased BMD at the lumbar spine (difference -1.1% [95% CI -1.6, -0.7]; p < 0.0001), total hip (-1.0% [-1.4, -0.6]; p < 0.0001) and forearm (-0.9% [-1.6, -0.3]; p = 0.007). There were statistically non-significant decreases in BMD at the femoral neck (-0.7% [-1.4, 0.0]; p = 0.06) and total body (-0.3% [-0.5, 0.0]; p = 0.08). Five trials (n = 450) showed no statistically significant difference in percentage change in BMD between the TZD group and controls up to 1 year following TZD withdrawal. In 14 trials, the effect of TZD treatment on turnover markers varied considerably between individual studies. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Treatment with TZDs results in modest bone loss that may not be reversed 1 year after cessation of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma O Billington
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
- Bone & Joint Research Group, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew Grey
- Bone & Joint Research Group, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Mark J Bolland
- Bone & Joint Research Group, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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Starup-Linde J, Vestergaard P. Management of endocrine disease: Diabetes and osteoporosis: cause for concern? Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173:R93-9. [PMID: 26243638 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes and osteoporosis are both frequent conditions, and they may thus occur simultaneously by chance. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that hyperglycemia may impair bone matrix formation and biochemical competence. Decreased biomechanical competence may be present even in a setting of increased bone mineral density, as assessed by traditional dual energy X-ray absorptiometry or normal structural parameters by quantitative computed tomography. Also, the absence of endogenous insulin secretion in type 1 diabetes (T1D) and insulin resistance or, in some cases, frank hyperinsulinemia in T2D may play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Starup-Linde
- Department of Clinical MedicineAalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, DK-9100 Aalborg, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, DenmarkDepartment of EndocrinologyMedicinerhuset, Aalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, DK-9100 Aalborg, Denmark Department of Clinical MedicineAalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, DK-9100 Aalborg, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, DenmarkDepartment of EndocrinologyMedicinerhuset, Aalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, DK-9100 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Peter Vestergaard
- Department of Clinical MedicineAalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, DK-9100 Aalborg, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, DenmarkDepartment of EndocrinologyMedicinerhuset, Aalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, DK-9100 Aalborg, Denmark Department of Clinical MedicineAalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, DK-9100 Aalborg, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, DenmarkDepartment of EndocrinologyMedicinerhuset, Aalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, DK-9100 Aalborg, Denmark
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Palermo A, D'Onofrio L, Eastell R, Schwartz AV, Pozzilli P, Napoli N. Oral anti-diabetic drugs and fracture risk, cut to the bone: safe or dangerous? A narrative review. Osteoporos Int 2015; 26:2073-89. [PMID: 25910746 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fracture risk is higher in older adults with type 2 diabetes and may be influenced by treatments for diabetes. Oral anti-diabetic drugs have different effects on bone metabolism. The purpose of this review is to describe the effects of these drugs on bone metabolism and fracture risk. Osteoporosis is a progressive skeletal disorder that is characterized by compromised bone strength and increased risk of fracture. This condition has become an important global health problem, affecting approximately 200 million people worldwide. Another chronic and highly prevalent condition is diabetes mellitus, which affects more than 380 million people; both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are risk factors for fracture. Type 2 diabetes, in particular, is associated with impaired bone strength, although it is characterized by normal or elevated bone mineral density. Several therapeutic strategies are available to achieve the best outcomes in the management of diabetes mellitus but these have different effects on bone metabolism. The purpose of this narrative review is to describe the effects of oral hypoglycemic agents (metformin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, meglitinides, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 inhibitors) on bone metabolism and on the risk of developing fragility fractures in patients with type 2 diabetes. Both diabetes and osteoporosis represent a significant burden in terms of healthcare costs and quality of life. It is very important to choose therapies for diabetes that ensure good metabolic control whilst preserving skeletal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Palermo
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21-00128, Rome, Italy
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Camptothecin and topotecan inhibit adipocyte differentiation by inducing degradation of PPARγ. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:1122-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Bottlenecks in the Efficient Use of Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products Based on Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:895714. [PMID: 26273307 PMCID: PMC4530293 DOI: 10.1155/2015/895714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been established as promising candidate sources of universal donor cells for cell therapy due to their contributions to tissue and organ homeostasis, repair, and support by self-renewal and multidifferentiation, as well as by their anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, immunomodulatory, trophic, and proangiogenic properties. Various diseases have been treated by MSCs in animal models. Additionally, hundreds of clinical trials related to the potential benefits of MSCs are in progress. However, although all MSCs are considered suitable to exert these functions, dissimilarities have been found among MSCs derived from different tissues. The same levels of efficacy and desired outcomes have not always been achieved in the diverse studies that have been performed thus far. Moreover, autologous MSCs can be affected by the disease status of patients, compromising their use. Therefore, collecting information regarding the characteristics of MSCs obtained from different sources and the influence of the host (patient) medical conditions on MSCs is important for assuring the safety and efficacy of cell-based therapies. This review provides relevant information regarding factors to consider for the clinical application of MSCs.
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Baker AH, Watt J, Huang CK, Gerstenfeld LC, Schlezinger JJ. Tributyltin engages multiple nuclear receptor pathways and suppresses osteogenesis in bone marrow multipotent stromal cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1156-66. [PMID: 25932594 DOI: 10.1021/tx500433r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organotins are members of the environmental obesogen class of contaminants because they activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), the essential regulator of adipogenesis. Exposure to thiazolidinediones (PPARγ ligands used to treat type 2 diabetes) is associated with increased fractures. Diminished bone quality likely results from PPARγ's role in promoting adipogenesis while suppressing osteogenesis of bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSC). We hypothesized that tributyltin (TBT) would be a potent modifier of BM-MSC differentiation and a negative regulator of bone formation. Organotins interact with both PPARγ and retinoid X receptors (RXR), suggesting that they activate multiple nuclear receptor pathways. To investigate the role of RXR in the actions of TBT, the effects of PPARγ (rosiglitazone) and RXR (bexarotene, LG100268) agonists were compared to the effects of TBT in BMS2 cells and primary mouse BM-MSC cultures. In BMS2 cells, TBT induced the expression of Fabp4, Abca1, and Tgm2 in an RXR-dependent manner. All agonists suppressed osteogenesis in primary mouse BM-MSC cultures, based on decreased alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralization, and expression of osteoblast-related genes. While rosiglitazone and TBT strongly activated adipogenesis, based on lipid accumulation and expression of adipocyte-related genes, the RXR agonists did not. Extending these analyses to other RXR heterodimers showed that TBT and the RXR agonists activated the liver X receptor pathway, whereas rosiglitazone did not. Application of either a PPARγ antagonist (T0070907) or an RXR antagonist (HX531) significantly reduced rosiglitazone-induced suppression of bone nodule formation. Only the RXR antagonist significantly reduced LG100268- and TBT-induced bone suppression. The RXR antagonist also inhibited LG100268- and TBT-induced expression of Abca1, an LXR target gene, in primary BM-MSC cultures. These results provide novel evidence that TBT activates multiple nuclear receptor pathways in BM-MSCs, activation of RXR is sufficient to suppress osteogenesis, and TBT suppresses osteogenesis largely through its direct interaction with RXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia H Baker
- †Department of Medicine and §Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, ‡Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - James Watt
- †Department of Medicine and §Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, ‡Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Cassie K Huang
- †Department of Medicine and §Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, ‡Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Louis C Gerstenfeld
- †Department of Medicine and §Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, ‡Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Jennifer J Schlezinger
- †Department of Medicine and §Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, ‡Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
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Schlaefli P, Bertolo A, Malonzo C, Poetzel T, Baur M, Steffen F, Stoyanov J. An enzymatic method to rescue mesenchymal stem cells from clotted bone marrow samples. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 25938767 DOI: 10.3791/52694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) - usually obtained from bone marrow - often require expansion culture. Our protocol uses clinical grade urokinase to degrade clots in the bone marrow and release MSCs for further use. This protocol provides a rapid and inexpensive alternative to bone marrow resampling. Bone marrow is a major source of MSCs, which are interesting for tissue engineering and autologous stem cell therapies. Upon withdrawal bone marrow may clot, as it comprises all of the hematopoietic system. The resulting clots contain also MSCs that are lost for expansion culture or direct stem cell therapy. We experienced that 74% of canine bone marrow samples contained clots and yielded less than half of the stem cell number expected from unclotted samples. Thus, we developed a protocol for enzymatic digestion of those clots to avoid labor-intense and costly bone marrow resampling. Urokinase - a clinically approved and readily available thrombolytic drug - clears away the bone marrow clots almost completely. As a consequence, treated bone marrow aspirates yield similar numbers of MSCs as unclotted samples. Also, after urokinase treatment the cells kept their metabolic activity and the ability to differentiate into chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. Our protocol salvages clotted blood and bone marrow samples without affecting the quality of the cells. This obsoletes resampling, considerably reduces sampling costs and enables the use of clotted samples for research or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tobias Poetzel
- Orthopaedics and Spinal Surgery, Swiss Paraplegic Centre
| | - Martin Baur
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lucerne Cantonal Hospital (LUKS)
| | - Frank Steffen
- Section of Small Animal Surgery/Neurology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich
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Teoh JYC, Chiu PKF, Chan SYS, Poon DMC, Cheung HY, Hou SSM, Ng CF. Androgen deprivation therapy, diabetes and poor physical performance status increase fracture risk in Chinese men treated for prostate cancer. Aging Male 2015; 18:180-5. [PMID: 26004988 DOI: 10.3109/13685538.2015.1046043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the fracture risk after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer in the Chinese population. All Chinese prostate cancer patients who were treated primarily by radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy, with or without further ADT, from year 2000 to 2009 were reviewed. We compared the fracture risk in patients who were given ADT (ADT group) with those who were not given any ADT (non-ADT group). Potential risk factors including age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, ischemic heart disease and performance status were reviewed. The fracture risk was analyzed with Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Our cohort consisted of 200 patients in the non-ADT group and 252 patients in the ADT group. The ADT group was shown to have higher fracture risk (p = 0.036) upon Kaplan-Meier analysis. Upon multivariate Cox regression analyses, diabetes mellitus (HR 4.39, 95% CI 1.08-17.83, p = 0.039), poor performance status (HR 3.14, 95% CI 1.24-8.00, p = 0.016) and the use of ADT (HR 4.89, 95% CI 1.03-23.17, p = 0.045) were associated with increased fracture risk. In conclusion, the fracture risk should be considered while deciding on ADT in Chinese men, especially in diabetic patients with poor performance status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Darren Ming Chun Poon
- b Department of Clinical Oncology , Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, Hong Kong , China
| | - Ho-Yuen Cheung
- c Division of Urology, Department of Surgery , North District Hospital , Hong Kong , China , and
| | | | - Chi-Fai Ng
- a Division of Urology, Department of Surgery and
- d SH Ho Urology Centre , Department of Surgery , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, Hong Kong , China
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Nallamshetty S, Le PT, Wang H, Issacsohn MJ, Reeder DJ, Rhee EJ, Kiefer FW, Brown JD, Rosen CJ, Plutzky J. Retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 deficiency inhibits PPARγ-mediated bone loss and marrow adiposity. Bone 2014; 67:281-91. [PMID: 25064526 PMCID: PMC4209126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PPARγ, a ligand-activated nuclear receptor, regulates fundamental aspects of bone homeostasis and skeletal remodeling. PPARγ-activating anti-diabetic thiazolidinediones in clinical use promote marrow adiposity, bone loss, and skeletal fractures. As such, delineating novel regulatory pathways that modulate the action of PPARγ, and its obligate heterodimeric partner RXR, may have important implications for our understanding and treatment of disorders of low bone mineral density. We present data here establishing retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (Aldh1a1) and its substrate retinaldehyde (Rald) as novel determinants of PPARγ-RXR actions in the skeleton. When compared to wild type (WT) controls, retinaldehyde dehydrogenase-deficient (Aldh1a1(-/-)) mice were protected against bone loss and marrow adiposity induced by either the thiazolidinedione rosiglitazone or a high fat diet, both of which potently activate the PPARγ-RXR complex. Consistent with these results, Rald, which accumulates in vivo in Aldh1a1(-/-) mice, protects against rosiglitazone-mediated inhibition of osteoblastogenesis in vitro. In addition, Rald potently inhibits in vitro adipogenesis and osteoclastogenesis in WT mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) respectively. Primary Aldh1a1(-/-) HSCs also demonstrate impaired osteoclastogenesis in vitro compared to WT controls. Collectively, these findings identify Rald and retinoid metabolism through Aldh1a1 as important novel modulators of PPARγ-RXR transactivation in the marrow niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shriram Nallamshetty
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Phuong T. Le
- Center for Clinical & Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maya J. Issacsohn
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David J. Reeder
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eun-Jung Rhee
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Florian W. Kiefer
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan D. Brown
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Clifford J. Rosen
- Center for Clinical & Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
- Corresponding authors. Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Jorge Plutzky, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave. Louis Pasteur, NRB 742, Boston, Massachusetts 02115. Telephone: 617-525-4360 Fax: 617-525-4366
| | - Jorge Plutzky
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Corresponding authors. Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Jorge Plutzky, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave. Louis Pasteur, NRB 742, Boston, Massachusetts 02115. Telephone: 617-525-4360 Fax: 617-525-4366
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Piccinin MA, Khan ZA. Pathophysiological role of enhanced bone marrow adipogenesis in diabetic complications. Adipocyte 2014; 3:263-72. [PMID: 26317050 DOI: 10.4161/adip.32215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes leads to complications in select organ systems primarily by disrupting the vasculature of the target organs. These complications include both micro- (cardiomyopathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy) and macro-(atherosclerosis) angiopathies. Bone marrow angiopathy is also evident in both experimental models of the disease as well as in human diabetes. In addition to vascular disruption, bone loss and increased marrow adiposity have become hallmarks of the diabetic bone phenotype. Emerging evidence now implicates enhanced marrow adipogenesis and changes to cellular makeup of the marrow in a novel mechanistic link between various secondary complications of diabetes. In this review, we explore the mechanisms of enhanced marrow adipogenesis in diabetes and the link between changes to marrow cellular composition, and disruption and depletion of reparative stem cells.
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46
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Vestergaard P. Diabetes and bone fracture: risk factors for old and young. Diabetologia 2014; 57:2007-8. [PMID: 25063275 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus may affect bone turnover in a number of ways, thus leading to impaired bone quality and a consequent increase in fracture risk. These factors are summarised in this commentary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vestergaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital and Aalborg University, Mølleparkvej 4, DK-9100, Aalborg, Denmark,
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47
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Khanmohammadi M, Khanjani S, Edalatkhah H, Zarnani AH, Heidari-Vala H, Soleimani M, Alimoghaddam K, Kazemnejad S. Modified protocol for improvement of differentiation potential of menstrual blood-derived stem cells into adipogenic lineage. Cell Prolif 2014; 47:615-23. [PMID: 25252214 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize potency of menstrual blood-derived stem cells (MenSCs) for future cell therapies, we examined differentiation potential of MenSCs into adipocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Differentiation potential of MenSCs in comparison to bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) was assessed in conventional culture medium. Differentiation potential of MenSCs into adipocytes was improved using different combinations of growth factors and hormones. RESULTS First, we demonstrated that MenSCs preserve their appearance and karyotypic stability during passages. Although these cells express mesenchymal stem cells markers, they cannot simply be classified as mesenchymal stem cells due to expression of embryonic stem cells marker, OCT-4. Oil red O staining showed that differentiated MenSCs in conventional medium with/without retinoic acid (protocols 1 and 2) did not attain adipocyte characteristics, whereas differentiated BMSCs in conventional medium accumulated oil vacuoles typically. Nevertheless, real-time RT-PCR results showed that LPL gene expression was up-regulated in both protocols 1 and 2, whereas LEPR was up-regulated only in protocol 2 (fortified with retinoic acid). Surprisingly, protocol 3 (including rosiglitazone) had odd influence on mRNA expression of all genes (LEPR, LPL and PPAR-γ). Oil red O staining confirmed fat-producing ability of MenSCs under protocol 3. CONCLUSIONS Presented data suggest an efficient differentiation protocol for in vitro production of MenSC-derived adipocytes. These cells are suggested to be an apt alternative to BMSCs for future stem cell therapy of soft tissue injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khanmohammadi
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, 19615-1177, Iran
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Saben J, Thakali KM, Lindsey FE, Zhong Y, Badger TM, Andres A, Shankar K. Distinct adipogenic differentiation phenotypes of human umbilical cord mesenchymal cells dependent on adipogenic conditions. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1340-51. [PMID: 24951473 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214539225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The umbilical cord (UC) matrix is a source of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that have adipogenic potential and thus can be a model to study adipogenesis. However, existing variability in adipocytic differentiation outcomes may be due to discrepancies in methods utilized for adipogenic differentiation. Additionally, functional characterization of UCMSCs as adipocytes has not been described. We tested the potential of three well-established adipogenic cocktails containing IBMX, dexamethasone, and insulin (MDI) plus indomethacin (MDI-I) or rosiglitazone (MDI-R) to stimulate adipocyte differentiation in UCMSCs. MDI, MDI-I, and MDI-R treatment significantly increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT-enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) mRNA and induced lipid droplet formation. However, MDI-I had the greatest impact on mRNA expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα, FABP4, GPD1, PLIN1, PLIN2, and ADIPOQ and lipid accumulation, whereas MDI showed the least. Interestingly, there were no treatment group differences in the amount of PPARγ protein. However, MDI-I treated cells had significantly more C/EBPα protein compared to MDI or MDI-R, suggesting that indomethacin-dependent increased C/EBPα may contribute to the adipogenesis-inducing potency of MDI-I. Additionally, bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) treatment of UCMSCs did not enhance responsiveness to MDI-induced differentiation. Finally to characterize adipocyte function, differentiated UCMSCs were stimulated with insulin and downstream signaling was assessed. Differentiated UCMSCs were responsive to insulin at two weeks but showed decreased sensitivity by five weeks following differentiation, suggesting that long-term differentiation may induce insulin resistance. Together, these data indicate that UCMSCs undergo adipogenesis when differentiated in MDI, MDI-I, and MDI-R, however the presence of indomethacin greatly enhances their adipogenic potential beyond that of rosiglitazone. Furthermore, our results suggest that insulin signaling pathways of differentiated UCMSCs are functionally similar to adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Saben
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Keshari M Thakali
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Forrest E Lindsey
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Ying Zhong
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Thomas M Badger
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Aline Andres
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
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Franconi F, Campesi I. Sex and gender influences on pharmacological response: an overview. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 7:469-85. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2014.922866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kumar S, Hoffman SJ, Samadfam R, Mansell P, Jolette J, Smith SY, Guldberg RE, Fitzpatrick LA. The effect of rosiglitazone on bone mass and fragility is reversible and can be attenuated with alendronate. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:1653-65. [PMID: 23456892 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone (RSG) is an antidiabetic drug that has been associated with increased peripheral fractures, primarily in postmenopausal women. In this report, we investigated the underlying mechanisms of RSG-associated bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) rats and determined whether changes in bone parameters associated with RSG administration are reversible on treatment cessation or preventable by coadministration with an antiresorptive agent. Nine-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats underwent OVX or sham operation. Sham-operated rats received oral vehicle only; OVX animals were randomized to receive vehicle, RSG, alendronate (ALN), or RSG plus ALN for 12 weeks. All treatment started the day after ovariectomy. After the 12-week treatment period, the OVX and RSG groups also underwent an 8-week treatment-free recovery period. Bone densitometry measurements, bone turnover markers, biomechanical testing, and histomorphometric analysis were conducted. Microcomputed tomography was also used to investigate changes in microarchitecture. RSG significantly increased deoxypyridinoline levels compared with OVX. Significant exacerbation of OVX-induced loss of bone mass, strength, and microarchitectural deterioration was observed in RSG-treated OVX animals compared with OVX controls. These effects were observed predominantly at sites rich in trabecular bone, with less pronounced effects in cortical bone. Coadministration of RSG and ALN prevented the bone loss associated with RSG treatment. Following cessation of RSG treatment, effects on bone mass and strength showed evidence of reversal. Thus, treatment of OVX rats with RSG results in loss of bone mass and strength, primarily at sites rich in trabecular bone, mainly due to increased bone resorption. These effects can be prevented by concomitant treatment with ALN and may be reversed following discontinuation of RSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- Musculoskeletal Diseases, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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