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Emerging Mechanisms of Skeletal Muscle Homeostasis and Cachexia: The SUMO Perspective. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040644. [PMID: 36831310 PMCID: PMC9953977 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobility is an intrinsic feature of the animal kingdom that stimulates evolutionary processes and determines the biological success of animals. Skeletal muscle is the primary driver of voluntary movements. Besides, skeletal muscles have an immense impact on regulating glucose, amino acid, and lipid homeostasis. Muscle atrophy/wasting conditions are accompanied by a drastic effect on muscle function and disrupt steady-state muscle physiology. Cachexia is a complex multifactorial muscle wasting syndrome characterized by extreme loss of skeletal muscle mass, resulting in a dramatic decrease in life quality and reported mortality in more than 30% of patients with advanced cancers. The lack of directed treatments to prevent or relieve muscle loss indicates our inadequate knowledge of molecular mechanisms involved in muscle cell organization and the molecular etiology of cancer-induced cachexia (CIC). This review highlights the latest knowledge of regulatory mechanisms involved in maintaining muscle function and their deregulation in wasting syndromes, particularly in cachexia. Recently, protein posttranslational modification by the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) has emerged as a key regulatory mechanism of protein function with implications for different aspects of cell physiology and diseases. We also review an atypical association of SUMO-mediated pathways in this context and deliberate on potential treatment strategies to alleviate muscle atrophy.
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2
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Zhang Y, Beketaev I, Ma Y, Wang J. Sumoylation-deficient phosphoglycerate mutase 2 impairs myogenic differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1052363. [PMID: 36589741 PMCID: PMC9795042 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1052363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoglycerate mutase 2 (PGAM2) is a critical glycolytic enzyme that is highly expressed in skeletal muscle. In humans, naturally occurring mutations in Phosphoglycerate mutase 2 have been etiologically linked to glycogen storage disease X (GSDX). Phosphoglycerate mutase 2 activity is regulated by several posttranslational modifications such as ubiquitination and acetylation. Here, we report that Phosphoglycerate mutase 2 activity is regulated by sumoylation-a covalent conjugation involved in a wide spectrum of cellular events. We found that Phosphoglycerate mutase 2 contains two primary SUMO acceptor sites, lysine (K)49 and K176, and that the mutation of either K to arginine (R) abolished Phosphoglycerate mutase 2 sumoylation. Given that K176 is more highly evolutionarily conserved across paralogs and orthologs than K49 is, we used the CRISPR-mediated homologous recombination technique in myogenic C2C12 cells to generate homozygous K176R knock-in cells (PGAM2K176R/K176R). Compared with wild-type (WT) C2C12 cells, PGAM2K176R/K176R C2C12 cells exhibited impaired myogenic differentiation, as indicated by decreased differentiation and fusion indexes. Furthermore, the results of glycolytic and mitochondrial stress assays with the XF96 Extracellular Flux analyzer revealed a reduced proton efflux rate (PER), glycolytic PER (glycoPER), extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in PGAM2K176R/K176R C2C12 cells, both at baseline and in response to stress. Impaired mitochondrial function was also observed in PGAM2K176R/K176R P19 cells, a carcinoma cell line. These findings indicate that the PGAM2-K176R mutation impaired glycolysis and mitochondrial function. Gene ontology term analysis of RNA sequencing data further revealed that several downregulated genes in PGAM2K176R/K176R C2C12 cells were associated with muscle differentiation/development/contraction programs. Finally, PGAM2 with either of two naturally occurring missense mutations linked to GSDX, E89A (conversion of glutamic acid 89 to alanine) or R90W (conversion of arginine 90 to tryptophan), exhibited reduced Phosphoglycerate mutase 2 sumoylation. Thus, sumoylation is an important mechanism that mediates Phosphoglycerate mutase 2 activity and is potentially implicated in Phosphoglycerate mutase 2 mutation-linked disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Research, Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China,Stem Cell Engineering, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ilimbek Beketaev
- Stem Cell Engineering, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yanlin Ma
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Research, Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China,*Correspondence: Yanlin Ma, ; Jun Wang,
| | - Jun Wang
- Stem Cell Engineering, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States,*Correspondence: Yanlin Ma, ; Jun Wang,
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3
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García-Gutiérrez P, García-Domínguez M. SUMO control of nervous system development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 132:203-212. [PMID: 34848148 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, the post-translational modification system by covalent attachment of the SUMO polypeptide to proteins has emerged as an essential mechanism controlling virtually all the physiological processes in the eukaryotic cell. This includes vertebrate development. In the nervous system, SUMO plays crucial roles in synapse establishment and it has also been linked to a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. However, to date, the involvement of the modification of specific targets in key aspects of nervous system development, like patterning and differentiation, has remained largely elusive. A number of recent works confirm the participation of target-specific SUMO modification in critical aspects of nervous system development. Here, we review pioneering and new findings demonstrating the essential role SUMO plays in neurogenesis and other facets of neurodevelopment, which will help to precisely understand the variety of mechanisms SUMO utilizes to control most fundamental processes in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo García-Gutiérrez
- Andalusian Centre for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Av. Américo Vespucio 24, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Mario García-Domínguez
- Andalusian Centre for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Av. Américo Vespucio 24, 41092 Seville, Spain.
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4
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Leathers TA, Rogers CD. Time to go: neural crest cell epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Development 2022; 149:276152. [PMID: 35905012 PMCID: PMC9440755 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a dynamic, multipotent, vertebrate-specific population of embryonic stem cells. These ectodermally-derived cells contribute to diverse tissue types in developing embryos including craniofacial bone and cartilage, the peripheral and enteric nervous systems and pigment cells, among a host of other cell types. Due to their contribution to a significant number of adult tissue types, the mechanisms that drive their formation, migration and differentiation are highly studied. NCCs have a unique ability to transition from tightly adherent epithelial cells to mesenchymal and migratory cells by altering their polarity, expression of cell-cell adhesion molecules and gaining invasive abilities. In this Review, we discuss classical and emerging factors driving NCC epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and migration, highlighting the role of signaling and transcription factors, as well as novel modifying factors including chromatin remodelers, small RNAs and post-translational regulators, which control the availability and longevity of major NCC players.
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Li J, Lim RG, Kaye JA, Dardov V, Coyne AN, Wu J, Milani P, Cheng A, Thompson TG, Ornelas L, Frank A, Adam M, Banuelos MG, Casale M, Cox V, Escalante-Chong R, Daigle JG, Gomez E, Hayes L, Holewenski R, Lei S, Lenail A, Lima L, Mandefro B, Matlock A, Panther L, Patel-Murray NL, Pham J, Ramamoorthy D, Sachs K, Shelley B, Stocksdale J, Trost H, Wilhelm M, Venkatraman V, Wassie BT, Wyman S, Yang S, Van Eyk JE, Lloyd TE, Finkbeiner S, Fraenkel E, Rothstein JD, Sareen D, Svendsen CN, Thompson LM. An integrated multi-omic analysis of iPSC-derived motor neurons from C9ORF72 ALS patients. iScience 2021; 24:103221. [PMID: 34746695 PMCID: PMC8554488 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are challenging for systems biology because of the lack of reliable animal models or patient samples at early disease stages. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could address these challenges. We investigated DNA, RNA, epigenetics, and proteins in iPSC-derived motor neurons from patients with ALS carrying hexanucleotide expansions in C9ORF72. Using integrative computational methods combining all omics datasets, we identified novel and known dysregulated pathways. We used a C9ORF72 Drosophila model to distinguish pathways contributing to disease phenotypes from compensatory ones and confirmed alterations in some pathways in postmortem spinal cord tissue of patients with ALS. A different differentiation protocol was used to derive a separate set of C9ORF72 and control motor neurons. Many individual -omics differed by protocol, but some core dysregulated pathways were consistent. This strategy of analyzing patient-specific neurons provides disease-related outcomes with small numbers of heterogeneous lines and reduces variation from single-omics to elucidate network-based signatures. Multi-omic analysis of differentiated C9ORF72 iPSC-derived motor neurons Network-based integrative computational analysis Pathogenic versus compensatory pathways elucidated using C9ORF72 Drosophila model Pathways confirmed with alternative differentiation protocol and postmortem data
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Li
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ryan G Lim
- UCI MIND, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Julia A Kaye
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics and the Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Victoria Dardov
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.,Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, The Barbra Streisand Heart Center, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alyssa N Coyne
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Pamela Milani
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Andrew Cheng
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA
| | | | - Loren Ornelas
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Aaron Frank
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Miriam Adam
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maria G Banuelos
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Malcolm Casale
- UCI MIND, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Veerle Cox
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA
| | - Renan Escalante-Chong
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - J Gavin Daigle
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA
| | - Emilda Gomez
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Lindsey Hayes
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA
| | - Ronald Holewenski
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, The Barbra Streisand Heart Center, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susan Lei
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Alex Lenail
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leandro Lima
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics and the Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Berhan Mandefro
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Andrea Matlock
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, The Barbra Streisand Heart Center, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lindsay Panther
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | | | - Jacqueline Pham
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA
| | - Divya Ramamoorthy
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Karen Sachs
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brandon Shelley
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jennifer Stocksdale
- UCI MIND, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hannah Trost
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Mark Wilhelm
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA
| | - Vidya Venkatraman
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, The Barbra Streisand Heart Center, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brook T Wassie
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stacia Wyman
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Stephanie Yang
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA
| | | | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, The Barbra Streisand Heart Center, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas E Lloyd
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics and the Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ernest Fraenkel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rothstein
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 212056, USA
| | - Dhruv Sareen
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Leslie M Thompson
- UCI MIND, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Bellchambers HM, Barratt KS, Diamand KEM, Arkell RM. SUMOylation Potentiates ZIC Protein Activity to Influence Murine Neural Crest Cell Specification. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910437. [PMID: 34638777 PMCID: PMC8509024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of neural crest cell induction and specification are highly conserved among vertebrate model organisms, but how similar these mechanisms are in mammalian neural crest cell formation remains open to question. The zinc finger of the cerebellum 1 (ZIC1) transcription factor is considered a core component of the vertebrate gene regulatory network that specifies neural crest fate at the neural plate border. In mouse embryos, however, Zic1 mutation does not cause neural crest defects. Instead, we and others have shown that murine Zic2 and Zic5 mutate to give a neural crest phenotype. Here, we extend this knowledge by demonstrating that murine Zic3 is also required for, and co-operates with, Zic2 and Zic5 during mammalian neural crest specification. At the murine neural plate border (a region of high canonical WNT activity) ZIC2, ZIC3, and ZIC5 function as transcription factors to jointly activate the Foxd3 specifier gene. This function is promoted by SUMOylation of the ZIC proteins at a conserved lysine immediately N-terminal of the ZIC zinc finger domain. In contrast, in the lateral regions of the neurectoderm (a region of low canonical WNT activity) basal ZIC proteins act as co-repressors of WNT/TCF-mediated transcription. Our work provides a mechanism by which mammalian neural crest specification is restricted to the neural plate border. Furthermore, given that WNT signaling and SUMOylation are also features of non-mammalian neural crest specification, it suggests that mammalian neural crest induction shares broad conservation, but altered molecular detail, with chicken, zebrafish, and Xenopus neural crest induction.
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7
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Ali RG, Bellchambers HM, Warr N, Ahmed JN, Barratt KS, Neill K, Diamand KEM, Arkell RM. WNT responsive SUMOylation of ZIC5 promotes murine neural crest cell development via multiple effects on transcription. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.256792. [PMID: 33771929 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.256792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc finger of the cerebellum (Zic) proteins act as classical transcription factors to promote transcription of the Foxd3 gene during neural crest cell specification. Additionally, they can act as co-factors that bind TCF molecules to repress WNT/β-catenin-dependent transcription without contacting DNA. Here, we show ZIC activity at the neural plate border is influenced by WNT-dependent SUMOylation. In a high WNT environment, a lysine within the highly conserved ZF-NC domain of ZIC5 is SUMOylated, which decreases formation of the TCF/ZIC co-repressor complex and shifts the balance towards transcription factor function. The modification is critical in vivo, as a ZIC5 SUMO-incompetent mouse strain exhibits neural crest specification defects. This work reveals the function of the ZIC ZF-NC domain, provides in vivo validation of target protein SUMOylation, and demonstrates that WNT/β-catenin signaling directs transcription at non-TCF DNA binding sites. Furthermore, it can explain how WNT signals convert a broad domain of Zic ectodermal expression into a restricted domain of neural crest cell specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radiya G Ali
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Helen M Bellchambers
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Nicholas Warr
- Early Development, Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX110RD, UK
| | - Jehangir N Ahmed
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Kristen S Barratt
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Kieran Neill
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Koula E M Diamand
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ruth M Arkell
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia .,Early Development, Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX110RD, UK
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Montecino F, González N, Blanco N, Ramírez MJ, González-Martín A, Alvarez AR, Olguín H. c-Abl Kinase Is Required for Satellite Cell Function Through Pax7 Regulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:606403. [PMID: 33777928 PMCID: PMC7990767 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.606403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells (SCs) are tissue-specific stem cells responsible for adult skeletal muscle regeneration and maintenance. SCs function is critically dependent on two families of transcription factors: the paired box (Pax) involved in specification and maintenance and the Muscle Regulatory Factors (MRFs), which orchestrate myogenic commitment and differentiation. In turn, signaling events triggered by extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli control their function via post-translational modifications, including ubiquitination and phosphorylation. In this context, the Abelson non-receptor tyrosine kinase (c-Abl) mediates the activation of the p38 α/β MAPK pathway, promoting myogenesis. c-Abl also regulates the activity of the transcription factor MyoD during DNA-damage stress response, pausing differentiation. However, it is not clear if c-Abl modulates other key transcription factors controlling SC function. This work aims to determine the role of c-Abl in SCs myogenic capacity via loss of function approaches in vitro and in vivo. Here we show that c-Abl inhibition or deletion results in a down-regulation of Pax7 mRNA and protein levels, accompanied by decreased Pax7 transcriptional activity, without a significant effect on MRF expression. Additionally, we provide data indicating that Pax7 is directly phosphorylated by c-Abl. Finally, SC-specific c-Abl ablation impairs muscle regeneration upon acute injury. Our results indicate that c-Abl regulates myogenic progression in activated SCs by controlling Pax7 function and expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Montecino
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Adult Stem Cells, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia González
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Adult Stem Cells, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natasha Blanco
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Adult Stem Cells, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel J Ramírez
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Adult Stem Cells, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adrián González-Martín
- CARE-UC, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra R Alvarez
- CARE-UC, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hugo Olguín
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Adult Stem Cells, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Suryadevara V, Willis MS. Walk the Line: The Role of Ubiquitin in Regulating Transcription in Myocytes. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 34:327-340. [PMID: 31389777 PMCID: PMC6863375 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00055.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome offers novel targets for potential therapies with their specific activities and tissue localization. Recently, the expansion of our understanding of how ubiquitin ligases (E3s) specifically regulate transcription has demonstrated their roles in skeletal muscle, complementing their roles in protein quality control and protein degradation. This review focuses on skeletal muscle E3s that regulate transcription factors critical to myogenesis and the maintenance of skeletal muscle wasting diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monte S Willis
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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10
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Srinivasan S, Shankar SR, Wang Y, Taneja R. SUMOylation of G9a regulates its function as an activator of myoblast proliferation. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:250. [PMID: 30867409 PMCID: PMC6416281 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The lysine methyltransferase G9a plays a role in many cellular processes. It is a potent repressor of gene expression, a function attributed to its ability to methylate histone and non-histone proteins. Paradoxically, in some instances, G9a can activate gene expression. However, regulators of G9a expression and activity are poorly understood. In this study, we report that endogenous G9a is SUMOylated in proliferating skeletal myoblasts. There are four potential SUMOylation consensus motifs in G9a. Mutation of all four acceptor lysine residues [K79, K152, K256, and K799] inhibits SUMOylation. Interestingly, SUMOylation does not impact G9a-mediated repression of MyoD transcriptional activity or myogenic differentiation. In contrast, SUMO-defective G9a is unable to enhance proliferation of myoblasts. Using complementation experiments, we show that the proliferation defect of primary myoblasts from conditional G9a-deficient mice is rescued by re-expression of wild-type, but not SUMOylation-defective, G9a. Mechanistically, SUMOylation acts as signal for PCAF (P300/CBP-associated factor) recruitment at E2F1-target genes. This results in increased histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation marks at E2F1-target gene promoters that are required for S-phase progression. Our studies provide evidence by which SUMO modification of G9a influences the chromatin environment to impact cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Srinivasan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shilpa Rani Shankar
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yaju Wang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593, Singapore, Singapore.
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Unraveling the Molecular Determinants of Manual Therapy: An Approach to Integrative Therapeutics for the Treatment of Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092673. [PMID: 30205597 PMCID: PMC6164741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of protocols without parameter standardization and appropriate controls has led manual therapy (MT) and other physiotherapy-based approaches to controversial outcomes. Thus, there is an urgency to carefully define standard protocols that elevate physiotherapy treatments to rigorous scientific demands. One way in which this can be achieved is by studying gene expression and physiological changes that associate to particular, parameter-controlled, treatments in animal models, and translating this knowledge to properly designed, objective, quantitatively-monitored clinical trials (CTs). Here, we propose a molecular physiotherapy approach (MPTA) requiring multidisciplinary teams, to uncover the scientific reasons behind the numerous reports that historically attribute health benefits to MT-treatments. The review focuses on the identification of MT-induced physiological and molecular responses that could be used for the treatment of fibromyalgia (FM) and chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME). The systemic effects associated to mechanical-load responses are considered of particular relevance, as they suggest that defined, low-pain anatomic areas can be selected for MT treatment and yet yield overall benefits, an aspect that might result in it being essential to treat FM. Additionally, MT can provide muscle conditioning to sedentary patients without demanding strenuous physical effort, which is particularly detrimental for CFS/ME patients, placing MT as a real option for integrative medicine programs to improve FM and CFS/ME.
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12
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Rogers CD, Nie S. Specifying neural crest cells: From chromatin to morphogens and factors in between. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 7:e322. [PMID: 29722151 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) cells are a stem-like multipotent population of progenitor cells that are present in vertebrate embryos, traveling to various regions in the developing organism. Known as the "fourth germ layer," these cells originate in the ectoderm between the neural plate (NP), which will become the brain and spinal cord, and nonneural tissues that will become the skin and the sensory organs. NC cells can differentiate into more than 30 different derivatives in response to the appropriate signals including, but not limited to, craniofacial bone and cartilage, sensory nerves and ganglia, pigment cells, and connective tissue. The molecular and cellular mechanisms that control the induction and specification of NC cells include epigenetic control, multiple interactive and redundant transcriptional pathways, secreted signaling molecules, and adhesion molecules. NC cells are important not only because they transform into a wide variety of tissue types, but also because their ability to detach from their epithelial neighbors and migrate throughout developing embryos utilizes mechanisms similar to those used by metastatic cancer cells. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms required for the induction and specification of NC cells in various vertebrate species, focusing on the roles of early morphogenesis, cell adhesion, signaling from adjacent tissues, and the massive transcriptional network that controls the formation of these amazing cells. This article is categorized under: Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: General Principles Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory Mechanisms Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Gene Networks and Genomics Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal D Rogers
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California
| | - Shuyi Nie
- School of Biological Sciences and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
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13
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Sumoylation in Development and Differentiation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 963:197-214. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50044-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Buckingham M, Relaix F. PAX3 and PAX7 as upstream regulators of myogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 44:115-25. [PMID: 26424495 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Like other subclasses within the PAX transcription factor family, PAX3 and PAX7 play important roles in the emergence of a number of different tissues during development. PAX3 regulates neural crest and, together with its orthologue PAX7, is also expressed in parts of the central nervous system. In this chapter we will focus on their role in skeletal muscle. Both factors are key regulators of myogenesis where Pax3 plays a major role during early skeletal muscle formation in the embryo while Pax7 predominates during post-natal growth and muscle regeneration in the adult. We review the expression and functions of these factors in the myogenic context. We also discuss mechanistic aspects of PAX3/7 function and modulation of their activity by interaction with other proteins, as well as the post-transcriptional and transcriptional regulation of their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Buckingham
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS URA 2578, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Frédéric Relaix
- INSERM U955 IMRB, Team 10, 94000 Creteil, France; UPEC Paris Est-Creteil University, Faculty of Medicine, F-94000 Creteil, France; Etablissement Français du Sang, 94017 Creteil, France; Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, 94700 Maison Alfort, France.
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15
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Monsoro-Burq AH. PAX transcription factors in neural crest development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 44:87-96. [PMID: 26410165 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The nine vertebrate PAX transcription factors (PAX1-PAX9) play essential roles during early development and organogenesis. Pax genes were identified in vertebrates using their homology with the Drosophila melanogaster paired gene DNA-binding domain. PAX1-9 functions are largely conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, in particular during central nervous system and neural crest development. The neural crest is a vertebrate invention, which gives rise to numerous derivatives during organogenesis, including neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, craniofacial skeleton and mesenchyme, the heart outflow tract, endocrine and pigment cells. Human and mouse spontaneous mutations as well as experimental analyses have evidenced the critical and diverse functions of PAX factors during neural crest development. Recent studies have highlighted the role of PAX3 and PAX7 in neural crest induction. Additionally, several PAX proteins - PAX1, 3, 7, 9 - regulate cell proliferation, migration and determination in multiple neural crest-derived lineages, such as cardiac, sensory, and enteric neural crest, pigment cells, glia, craniofacial skeleton and teeth, or in organs developing in close relationship with the neural crest such as the thymus and parathyroids. The diverse PAX molecular functions during neural crest formation rely on fine-tuned modulations of their transcriptional transactivation properties. These modulations are generated by multiple means, such as different roles for the various isoforms (formed by alternative splicing), or posttranslational modifications which alter protein-DNA binding, or carefully orchestrated protein-protein interactions with various co-factors which control PAX proteins activity. Understanding these regulations is the key to decipher the versatile roles of PAX transcription factors in neural crest development, differentiation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H Monsoro-Burq
- Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Centre Universitaire, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, F-91405 Orsay, France; Institut Curie Research Division, Centre Universitaire, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, F-91405 Orsay, France; UMR 3347 CNRS, U1021 Inserm, Université Paris Saclay, Centre Universitaire, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, F-91405 Orsay, France.
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16
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Hasegawa Y, Yoshida D, Nakamura Y, Sakakibara SI. Spatiotemporal distribution of SUMOylation components during mouse brain development. J Comp Neurol 2015; 522:3020-36. [PMID: 24639124 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modification of proteins might play an important role in brain cellular dynamics via the rapid turnover or functional change of critical proteins controlling neuronal differentiation or synaptic transmission. Small ubiquitin-like modifier protein (SUMO) is a family of ubiquitin-like small proteins that are covalently attached to target proteins to modify their function posttranslationally. Many cellular processes, such as transcription and protein trafficking, are regulated by SUMOylation, but its functional significance in the brain remains unclear. Although developmental regulation of SUMOylation levels in rat brain was recently demonstrated, no comparative immunohistochemical analysis of the cellular distribution profiles of SUMOylation components, including SUMO1, SUMO2/3, and Ubc9, has been undertaken so far. The present study used immunohistochemical and immunoblot analysis with the different developmental stages of mice and demonstrated the developmentally regulated distribution of SUMO1, SUMO2/3, and Ubc9 in the brain. During embryonic development, SUMOylation by SUMO1 and SUMO2/3 occurred in the nucleoplasm of nestin-positive neural stem cells. Although the total amount of SUMO-modified proteins decreased during postnatal brain development, intense and persistent accumulation of SUMO2/3 was detected throughout life in neural progenitor populations in neurogenic regions, including the subventricular zone and the hippocampal subgranular zone. In contrast, many neurons in the adult brain accumulated SUMO1 rather than SUMO2/3. Heavy immunoreactivity of SUMO1 was found in large projection neurons in the brainstem, whereas SUMO2/3 was almost absent from these areas. This heterogeneous distribution implies that both proteins play a specific and unique role in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Hasegawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
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17
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Lin J, Wang C, Yang C, Fu S, Redies C. Pax3 and Pax7 interact reciprocally and regulate the expression of cadherin-7 through inducing neuron differentiation in the developing chicken spinal cord. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:940-62. [PMID: 26287727 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pax3 and Pax7 are closely related transcription factors that are widely expressed in the developing nervous system and somites. In the CNS, both genes are expressed in the dorsal part of the neural tube during development. Pax3 and Pax7 are involved in the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway and are inhibited by Shh overexpression. The present study confirms in vivo that Pax3 overexpression represses the expression of Pax7, whereas Pax7 overexpression endogenously enhances and ectopically induces the expression of Pax3 in the developing chicken spinal cord. Overexpression of Pax3 and Pax7 represses the endogenous expression of cadherin-7, a member of the cadherin family of morphogenetic genes, and induces its ectopic expression. The present study also shows that overexpression of Pax3 and Pax7 changes the fate and morphology of cells in the neuroepithelial layer and induces the expression of postmitotic neuronal markers. We show that both Pax3 and Pax7 promote the differentiation of neural progenitor cells into neurons. Furthermore, the downregulation of Pax3 and Pax7 with specific shRNAs results in apoptosis in the developing spinal cord. Collectively, these results suggest that the transcription factors Pax3 and Pax7 play important roles in regulating morphogenesis and cell differentiation in the developing spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntang Lin
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, D-07743, Jena, Germany.,College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, China
| | - Congrui Wang
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, D-07743, Jena, Germany.,College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ciqing Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, China
| | - Sulei Fu
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, D-07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Redies
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, D-07743, Jena, Germany
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18
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Bustos F, de la Vega E, Cabezas F, Thompson J, Cornelison DDW, Olwin BB, Yates JR, Olguín HC. NEDD4 Regulates PAX7 Levels Promoting Activation of the Differentiation Program in Skeletal Muscle Precursors. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3138-51. [PMID: 26304770 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Pax7 regulates skeletal muscle stem cell (satellite cells) specification and maintenance through various mechanisms, including repressing the activity of the muscle regulatory factor MyoD. Hence, Pax7-to-MyoD protein ratios can determine maintenance of the committed-undifferentiated state or activation of the differentiation program. Pax7 expression decreases sharply in differentiating myoblasts but is maintained in cells (re)acquiring quiescence, yet the mechanisms regulating Pax7 levels based on differentiation status are not well understood. Here we show that Pax7 levels are directly regulated by the ubiquitin-ligase Nedd4. Our results indicate that Nedd4 is expressed in quiescent and activated satellite cells, that Nedd4 and Pax7 physically interact during early muscle differentiation-correlating with Pax7 ubiquitination and decline-and that Nedd4 loss of function prevented this effect. Furthermore, even transient nuclear accumulation of Nedd4 induced a drop in Pax7 levels and precocious muscle differentiation. Consequently, we propose that Nedd4 functions as a novel Pax7 regulator, which activity is temporally and spatially controlled to modulate the Pax7 protein levels and therefore satellite cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Bustos
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo de la Vega
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Cabezas
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - James Thompson
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - D D W Cornelison
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Bradley B Olwin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hugo C Olguín
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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19
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Curto GG, Gard C, Ribes V. Structures and properties of PAX linked regulatory networks architecting and pacing the emergence of neuronal diversity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 44:75-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Mayran A, Pelletier A, Drouin J. Pax factors in transcription and epigenetic remodelling. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 44:135-44. [PMID: 26234816 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The nine Pax transcription factors that constitute the mammalian family of paired domain (PD) factors play key roles in many developmental processes. As DNA binding transcription factors, they exhibit tremendous variability and complexity in their DNA recognition patterns. This is ascribed to the presence of multiple DNA binding structural domains, namely helix-turn-helix (HTH) domains. The PD contains two HTH subdomains and four of the nine Pax factors have an additional HTH domain, the homeodomain (HD). We now review these diverse DNA binding modalities together with their properties as transcriptional activators and repressors. The action of Pax factors on gene expression is also exerted through recruitment of chromatin remodelling complexes that introduce either activating or repressive chromatin marks. Interestingly, the recent demonstration that Pax7 has pioneer activity, the unique property to "open" chromatin, further underlines the mechanistic versatility and the developmental importance of these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Mayran
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Audrey Pelletier
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Jacques Drouin
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
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21
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Henley JM, Craig TJ, Wilkinson KA. Neuronal SUMOylation: mechanisms, physiology, and roles in neuronal dysfunction. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:1249-85. [PMID: 25287864 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein SUMOylation is a critically important posttranslational protein modification that participates in nearly all aspects of cellular physiology. In the nearly 20 years since its discovery, SUMOylation has emerged as a major regulator of nuclear function, and more recently, it has become clear that SUMOylation has key roles in the regulation of protein trafficking and function outside of the nucleus. In neurons, SUMOylation participates in cellular processes ranging from neuronal differentiation and control of synapse formation to regulation of synaptic transmission and cell survival. It is a highly dynamic and usually transient modification that enhances or hinders interactions between proteins, and its consequences are extremely diverse. Hundreds of different proteins are SUMO substrates, and dysfunction of protein SUMOylation is implicated in a many different diseases. Here we briefly outline core aspects of the SUMO system and provide a detailed overview of the current understanding of the roles of SUMOylation in healthy and diseased neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Henley
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tim J Craig
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A Wilkinson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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22
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Berkholz J, Michalick L, Munz B. The E3 SUMO ligase Nse2 regulates sumoylation and nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation of skNAC-Smyd1 in myogenesis. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:3794-804. [PMID: 25002400 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.150334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal and heart muscle-specific variant of the α subunit of nascent polypeptide associated complex (skNAC; encoded by NACA) is exclusively found in striated muscle cells. Its function, however, is largely unknown. Previous reports have demonstrated that skNAC binds to m-Bop/Smyd1, a multi-functional protein that regulates myogenesis both through the control of transcription and the modulation of sarcomerogenesis, and that both proteins undergo nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation at the later stages of myogenic differentiation. Here, we show that skNAC binds to the E3 SUMO ligase mammalian Mms21/Nse2 and that knockdown of Nse2 expression inhibits specific aspects of myogenic differentiation, accompanied by a partial blockade of the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation of the skNAC-Smyd1 complex, retention of the complex in promyelocytic leukemia (PML)-like nuclear bodies and disturbed sarcomerogenesis. In addition, we show that the skNAC interaction partner Smyd1 contains a putative sumoylation motif and is sumoylated in muscle cells, with depletion of Mms21/Nse2 leading to reduced concentrations of sumoylated Smyd1. Taken together, our data suggest that the function, specifically the balance between the nuclear and cytosolic roles, of the skNAC-Smyd1 complex might be regulated by sumoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Berkholz
- Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Institute of Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Michalick
- Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Institute of Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Munz
- University Hospital Tubingen, Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 6, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany
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23
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Chen Y, Wang G, Ma ZL, Li Y, Wang XY, Cheng X, Chuai M, Tang SZ, Lee KKH, Yang X. Adverse effects of high glucose levels on somite and limb development in avian embryos. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 71:1-9. [PMID: 24882757 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes has an adverse impact on fetal musculoskeletal development, but the mechanism involved is still not completely understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of high glucose on the developing somites and their derivate using the chick embryo as a model. We demonstrated that under high glucose, the number of generated somites was reduced and their morphology altered in 2-day old chick embryos. In addition, high glucose repressed the development of the limb buds in 5.5-day old chick embryos. We also demonstrated that high glucose abridged the development of the sclerotome and the cartilage in the developing limb bud. The sonic hedgehog (Shh) gene has been reported to play a crucial role in the development and differentiation of sclerotome. Hence, we examined how Shh expression in the sclerotome was affected under high glucose. We found that high glucose treatment significantly inhibited Shh expression. The high glucose also impaired myotome formation at trunk level - as revealed by immunofluorescent staining with MF20 antibodies. In the neural tube, we established that Wnt3a expression was also significantly repressed. In summary, our study demonstrates that high glucose concentrations impair somite and limb bud development in chick embryos, and suggests that Shh and Wnt genes may play a role in the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zheng-lai Ma
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiao-yu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Manli Chuai
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Shu-ze Tang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kenneth Ka Ho Lee
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Institute of Fetal-Preterm Labor Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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24
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Blake JA, Ziman MR. Pax genes: regulators of lineage specification and progenitor cell maintenance. Development 2014; 141:737-51. [PMID: 24496612 DOI: 10.1242/dev.091785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pax genes encode a family of transcription factors that orchestrate complex processes of lineage determination in the developing embryo. Their key role is to specify and maintain progenitor cells through use of complex molecular mechanisms such as alternate RNA splice forms and gene activation or inhibition in conjunction with protein co-factors. The significance of Pax genes in development is highlighted by abnormalities that arise from the expression of mutant Pax genes. Here, we review the molecular functions of Pax genes during development and detail the regulatory mechanisms by which they specify and maintain progenitor cells across various tissue lineages. We also discuss mechanistic insights into the roles of Pax genes in regeneration and in adult diseases, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Blake
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
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25
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Vadasz S, Marquez J, Tulloch M, Shylo NA, García-Castro MI. Pax7 is regulated by cMyb during early neural crest development through a novel enhancer. Development 2013; 140:3691-702. [PMID: 23942518 DOI: 10.1242/dev.088328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a migratory population of cells unique to vertebrates that generates many diverse derivatives. NC cells arise during gastrulation at the neural plate border (NPB), which is later elevated as the neural folds (NFs) form and fuse in the dorsal region of the closed neural tube, from where NC cells emigrate. In chick embryos, Pax7 is an early marker, and necessary component of NC development. Unlike other early NPB markers, which are co-expressed in lateral ectoderm, medial neural plate or posterior-lateral mesoderm, Pax7 early expression seems more restricted to the NPB. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling early Pax7 expression remain poorly understood. Here, we identify a novel enhancer of Pax7 in avian embryos that replicates the expression of Pax7 associated with early NC development. Expression from this enhancer is found in early NPB, NFs and early emigrating NC, but unlike Pax7, which is also expressed in mesodermal derivatives, this enhancer is not active in somites. Further analysis demonstrates that cMyb is able to interact with this enhancer and modulates reporter and endogenous early Pax7 expression; thus, cMyb is identified as a novel regulator of Pax7 in early NC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Vadasz
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA
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26
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Identification of putative ortholog gene blocks involved in gestant and lactating mammary gland development: a rodent cross-species microarray transcriptomics approach. Int J Genomics 2013; 2013:624681. [PMID: 24288657 PMCID: PMC3830774 DOI: 10.1155/2013/624681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland (MG) undergoes functional and metabolic changes during the transition from pregnancy to lactation, possibly by regulation of conserved genes. The objective was to elucidate orthologous genes, chromosome clusters and putative conserved transcriptional modules during MG development. We analyzed expression of 22,000 transcripts using murine microarrays and RNA samples of MG from virgin, pregnant, and lactating rats by cross-species hybridization. We identified 521 transcripts differentially expressed; upregulated in early (78%) and midpregnancy (89%) and early lactation (64%), but downregulated in mid-lactation (61%). Putative orthologous genes were identified. We mapped the altered genes to orthologous chromosomal locations in human and mouse. Eighteen sets of conserved genes associated with key cellular functions were revealed and conserved transcription factor binding site search entailed possible coregulation among all eight block sets of genes. This study demonstrates that the use of heterologous array hybridization for screening of orthologous gene expression from rat revealed sets of conserved genes arranged in chromosomal order implicated in signaling pathways and functional ontology. Results demonstrate the utilization power of comparative genomics and prove the feasibility of using rodent microarrays to identification of putative coexpressed orthologous genes involved in the control of human mammary gland development.
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Gwizdek C, Cassé F, Martin S. Protein sumoylation in brain development, neuronal morphology and spinogenesis. Neuromolecular Med 2013; 15:677-91. [PMID: 23907729 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-013-8252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) are polypeptides resembling ubiquitin that are covalently attached to specific lysine residue of target proteins through a specific enzymatic pathway. Sumoylation is now seen as a key posttranslational modification involved in many biological processes, but little is known about how this highly dynamic protein modification is regulated in the brain. Disruption of the sumoylation enzymatic pathway during the embryonic development leads to lethality revealing a pivotal role for this protein modification during development. The main aim of this review is to briefly describe the SUMO pathway and give an overview of the sumoylation regulations occurring in brain development, neuronal morphology and synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Gwizdek
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Laboratory of Excellence 'Network for Innovation on Signal Transduction Pathways in Life Sciences', UMR7275, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, 660 route des lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France
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Wang Y, Shankar SR, Kher D, Ling BMT, Taneja R. Sumoylation of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor sharp-1 regulates recruitment of the histone methyltransferase G9a and function in myogenesis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:17654-62. [PMID: 23637228 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.463257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sumoylation is an important post-translational modification that alters the activity of many transcription factors. However, the mechanisms that link sumoylation to alterations in chromatin structure, which culminate in tissue specific gene expression, are not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate that SUMO modification of the transcription factor Sharp-1 is required for its full transcriptional repression activity and function as an inhibitor of skeletal muscle differentiation. Sharp-1 is modified by sumoylation at two conserved lysine residues 240 and 255. Mutation of these SUMO acceptor sites in Sharp-1 does not impact its subcellular localization but attenuates its ability to act as a transcriptional repressor and inhibit myogenic differentiation. Consistently, co-expression of the SUMO protease SENP1 with wild type Sharp-1 abrogates Sharp-1-dependent inhibition of myogenesis. Interestingly, sumoylation acts as a signal for recruitment of the co-repressor G9a. Thus, enrichment of G9a, and histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2), a signature of G9a activity, is dramatically reduced at muscle promoters in cells expressing sumoylation-defective Sharp-1. Our findings demonstrate how sumoylation of Sharp-1 exerts an impact on chromatin structure and transcriptional repression of muscle gene expression through recruitment of G9a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaju Wang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
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