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Xu B, Wu H, Guo W, Hussain SA, Wang T. Voacangine mitigates oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by averting the NF-κBp65/MAPK signaling pathways in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:4004-4013. [PMID: 38606816 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of human mortality. Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CI/RI) is a primary cause of stroke. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) resulting in oxidative stress and inflammatory events may lead to severe neuronal impairments. Thus, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory mediators that can alleviate post-I/R neuronal injuries are required for the treatment of CI/RI. An alkaloid, voacangine (VCG) is a recognized antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer agent. Hence, the current study intended to explore the neuroprotective potential and the principal mechanisms of VCG in CI/RI. The experimental rats were divided into four sets: control, I/R-induced, I/R + VCG (2.5 mg/kg), I/R + VCG (5 mg/kg). CI/RI was induced by implanting a thread into the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Brain damages were assessed on the basis of brain edema, brain infarct volume, neurological deficit score, histopathology, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Results revealed that VCG inhibited the triggering of NLRP3 inflammasome, pro-inflammatory cytokines, lipid peroxidation, but enhanced the antioxidant status in MCAO rats. Furthermore, VCG treatment averted brain damage by I/R, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress by suppressing NF-κBp65/MAPK pathways. The results of the study provide pertinent insights pertaining to the role of VCG as a potential neuroprotective agent against ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Department of General Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of General Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Shaik Althaf Hussain
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Geratology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
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2
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Luo J, Cai Y, Wei D, Cao L, He Q, Wu Y. Formononetin alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by targeting the PARP-1/PARG/Iduna signaling pathway. Brain Res 2024; 1829:148845. [PMID: 38452845 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Formononetin has been demonstrated to protect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, however its mechanism has to be further researched. This study examined the effect of formononetin on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats using the PARP-1/PARG/Iduna signaling pathway. In male SD rats, a model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was developed. Animals were randomly assigned to one of eight groups: Sham operation, Sham operation + formononetin, MCAO, MCAO + formononetin, PARP inhibitor (PJ34) + MCAO, formononetin + PJ34 + MCAO, PARG inhibitor (Ethacridine lactate) + MCAO, and ethacridine lactate + formononetin. The neurological deficit test, TTC staining, HE staining, Nissl staining, TUNEL staining, and western blotting were utilized to assess formononetin's protective effects in MCAO rats. The data show that formononetin can effectively alleviate neurological dysfunction and pathological changes in brain tissue in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, reduce the area of cerebral infarction and neuronal apoptosis, decrease the protein levels of PARP-1, PARG, Caspase-3, P53, and AIF in brain tissue, and increase the protein levels of Iduna and p-AKT. As a result, we concluded that formononetin improves brain ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by modulating the PARP-1/PARG/Iduna signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- First Clinical Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Youde Cai
- Jinyang Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550081, Guizhou, China
| | - Dingling Wei
- First Clinical Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Liping Cao
- First Clinical Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Qiansong He
- First Clinical Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China.
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- First Clinical Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China.
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Mohan K, Gasparoni G, Salhab A, Orlich MM, Geffers R, Hoffmann S, Adams RH, Walter J, Nordheim A. Age-Associated Changes in Endothelial Transcriptome and Epigenetic Landscapes Correlate With Elevated Risk of Cerebral Microbleeds. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e031044. [PMID: 37609982 PMCID: PMC10547332 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.031044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Stroke is a leading global cause of human death and disability, with advanced aging associated with elevated incidences of stroke. Despite high mortality and morbidity of stroke, the mechanisms leading to blood-brain barrier dysfunction and development of stroke with age are poorly understood. In the vasculature of brain, endothelial cells (ECs) constitute the core component of the blood-brain barrier and provide a physical barrier composed of tight junctions, adherens junctions, and basement membrane. Methods and Results We show, in mice, the incidents of intracerebral bleeding increases with age. After isolating an enriched population of cerebral ECs from murine brains at 2, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months, we studied age-associated changes in gene expression. The study reveals age-dependent dysregulation of 1388 genes, including many involved in the maintenance of the blood-brain barrier and vascular integrity. We also investigated age-dependent changes on the levels of CpG methylation and accessible chromatin in cerebral ECs. Our study reveals correlations between age-dependent changes in chromatin structure and gene expression, whereas the dynamics of DNA methylation changes are different. Conclusions We find significant age-dependent downregulation of the Aplnr gene along with age-dependent reduction in chromatin accessibility of promoter region of the Aplnr gene in cerebral ECs. Aplnr is associated with positive regulation of vasodilation and is implicated in vascular health. Altogether, our data suggest a potential role of the apelinergic axis involving the ligand apelin and its receptor to be critical in maintenance of the blood-brain barrier and vascular integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij Mohan
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell BiologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- International Max Planck Research School “From Molecules to Organisms”TübingenGermany
| | | | | | - Michael M. Orlich
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell BiologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- International Max Planck Research School “From Molecules to Organisms”TübingenGermany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome AnalyticsHelmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBraunschweigGermany
| | - Steve Hoffmann
- Leibniz Institute on AgingFritz Lipmann InstituteJenaGermany
| | - Ralf H. Adams
- Department of Tissue MorphogenesisMax Planck Institute for Molecular BiomedicineMünsterGermany
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Jörn Walter
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of SaarlandSaarbrückenGermany
| | - Alfred Nordheim
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell BiologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- Leibniz Institute on AgingFritz Lipmann InstituteJenaGermany
- International Max Planck Research School “From Molecules to Organisms”TübingenGermany
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4
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Genetics of brain arteriovenous malformations and cerebral cavernous malformations. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:157-167. [PMID: 35831630 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-022-01063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular malformations comprise abnormal development of cerebral vasculature. They can result in hemorrhagic stroke due to rupture of lesions as well as seizures and neurological defects. The most common forms of cerebrovascular malformations are brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) and cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs). They occur in both sporadic and inherited forms. Rapidly evolving molecular genetic methodologies have helped to identify causative or associated genes involved in genesis of bAVMs and CCMs. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge regarding the genetic basis of these malformations.
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Li Y, Liu J, Hu C, Luo C, Zhou J, Li B, Liao X, Liu S, Yuan D, Jiang W, Li Y, Yan J. Association of rare RNF213 variants and intracranial aneurysm risk in a Chinese population. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:1336. [PMID: 36660619 PMCID: PMC9843384 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-5166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Genetic factors play important roles in the development of intracranial aneurysm (IA). Rare RNF213 variants have been identified as being susceptible to Moyamoya disease (MMD), non-MMD intracranial artery stenosis/occlusion disease, and other vascular disorders. This study aimed to investigate the association between rare RNF213 variants and the risk of IA in a Chinese population. Methods We recruited 174 patients with IA for RNF213 target exome sequencing. Information on the control subjects was obtained from the 1,000 Genome Project and GeneSky in-house database. After prioritizing rare RNF213 variants, the filtered variants were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Gene-based association analyses were performed to identify the association between variants and the disease using burden and variance component methods; that is, the weighted-sum statistic (WSS) and the sequence kernel association test (SKAT), respectively. The Student's t-test, Chi-squared test, and Fisher's exact test were used to compare the clinical characteristics between carriers and non-carriers of the RNF213 variants. Results After filtering, there were 14 RNF213 variants in 18 patients with IA, which were significantly associated with the disease after the gene-based association tests [minor allele frequency (MAF) <0.01, WSS P value 5.08×10-9; SKAT P value 2.96×10-6; SKAT-O P value 3.56×10-8]. Significant difference was not obtained between the carriers and non-carriers of the RNF213 variants in terms of the clinical characteristics. Conclusions Rare RNF213 variants were associated with sporadic IA in a Chinese population. Our findings suggest that these rare RNF213 variants might have potentially important roles in IA. However, more comprehensive studies need to be conducted to confirm this association and causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junyu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan;,Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chongyu Hu
- Department of Neurology, Hunan People’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Chun Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jilin Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bingyang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China;,Changsha Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Changsha Eighth Hospital), Changsha, China
| | - Xin Liao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China;,The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Songlin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dun Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weixi Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yifeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junxia Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China;,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Ekkert A, Šliachtenko A, Utkus A, Jatužis D. Intracerebral Hemorrhage Genetics. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071250. [PMID: 35886033 PMCID: PMC9322856 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating type of stroke, frequently resulting in unfavorable functional outcomes. Up to 15% of stroke patients experience ICH and approximately half of those have a lethal outcome within a year. Considering the huge burden of ICH, timely prevention and optimized treatment strategies are particularly relevant. Nevertheless, ICH management options are quite limited, despite thorough research. More and more trials highlight the importance of the genetic component in the pathogenesis of ICH. Apart from distinct monogenic disorders of familial character, mostly occurring in younger subjects, there are numerous polygenic risk factors, such as hypertension, neurovascular inflammation, disorders of lipid metabolism and coagulation cascade, and small vessel disease. In this paper we describe gene-related ICH types and underlying mechanisms. We also briefly discuss the emerging treatment options and possible clinical relevance of the genetic findings in ICH management. Although existing data seems of more theoretical and scientific value so far, a growing body of evidence, combined with rapidly evolving experimental research, will probably serve clinicians in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Ekkert
- Center of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Algirdas Utkus
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Dalius Jatužis
- Center of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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Luo B, Liu J, Xiong L, Fang C, He Y. Normal cerebral blood vessels under ultrasound in SD rats of different ages. IBRAIN 2022; 8:346-352. [PMID: 37786747 PMCID: PMC10528998 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine whether ultrasound can examine the development of cerebral vascular structure and cerebral blood flow in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by ultrasound in a noninvasive manner, which provides a reference for ultrasound research of SD rats. Thirty-nine SD rats (7-16 days old) were divided into seven groups according to age, and the number of SD rats in each group was, respectively, 7, 17, 1, 3, 2, 8, and 1. Ultrasound was used to detect cerebral blood vessels, cerebrovascular flow velocity, and heart rate in SD rats in the sagittal and coronal positions, and images were obtained in B-mode ultrasound. The cerebral vascular structure of 39 SD rats (7-16 days) was dynamically observed under B-ultrasound. We found that the cerebral vascular structure of the rats aged 7-10 days was clear and detectable. Rats aged 11-16 days of cerebral vascular structures became thinner and undetectable. Quantitative analysis of cerebrovascular flow rate and heart rate in rats found that there was no significant difference in cerebrovascular blood flow rate and heart rate between 7 and 8 days. Ultrasound can also be used in rat animal studies, that is, the cerebral blood flow in rats of different ages can be monitored in real-time by ultrasound in a noninvasive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo‐Yan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of PharmacyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Jin‐Xiang Liu
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of NeuroscienceKunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Liu‐Lin Xiong
- Clinical and Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Chang‐Le Fang
- School of AnesthesiologySouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouSichuanChina
| | - Yu‐Qi He
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of PharmacyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
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8
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Formononetin protects against inflammation associated with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by targeting the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112836. [PMID: 35339827 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formononetin is a type of phytoestrogen obtained from the Chinese medical herb Red Clover. It exhibits anti-neoplastic hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective properties. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of formononetin in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury has not been reported. OBJECTIVE To explore the potential mechanism of action of formononetin in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury with regard to the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. METHODS Male SD rats were used to establish a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model and randomly divided into 5 groups: Sham, MCAO, JAK2 Inhibitor (Ag490), Formononetin, Inhibitor + Formononetin. The protective effect of formononetin in MCAO rats was detected by performing neurological deficit testing, TTC staining, H&E staining, Nissl staining, ELISA, RT-PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Formononetin significantly alleviated the neurological deficit and the pathological state of brain tissues, and reduced the volume of cerebral infarction, levels of IL-18 and TNF-α inflammatory factors in plasma, mRNA levels of IL-6 and IL-1β in rat brain tissue, and the protein levels of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, NLRP3, ASC, cl-Caspase-1, and cl-IL-1β in the MCAO rat brain tissue. CONCLUSION Formononetin has anti-inflammatory effects. It may inhibit the relevant targets in the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, thereby having a certain protective effect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Liao Y, Wang J, Guo C, Bai M, Ju B, Ran Z, Hu J, Yang J, Wen A, Ding Y. Combination of Systems Pharmacology and Experimental Evaluation to Explore the Mechanism of Synergistic Action of Frankincense-Myrrh in the Treatment of Cerebrovascular Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:796224. [PMID: 35082676 PMCID: PMC8784887 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.796224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Frankincense-Myrrh is a classic drug pair that promotes blood circulation, and eliminates blood stasis. The combination of the two drugs has a definite clinical effect on the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases (CBVDs), but its mechanism of action and compatibility have not been elucidated. In this study, the bioactive components, core targets, and possible synergistic mechanisms of Frankincense-Myrrh in the treatment of CBVDs are explored through systems pharmacology combined with in vivo and in vitro experiments. Comparing target genes of components in Frankincense and Myrrh with CBVD-related genes, common genes were identified; 15 core target genes of Frankincense-Myrrh for the treatment of CBVDs were then identified using protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis. It was also predicted through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis that the molecular mechanism of Frankincense-Myrrh action on CBVDs was mainly related to the regulation of neurotrophic factors and inflammatory responses. Frankincense-Myrrh significantly improved neurological function, decreased infarct volume, alleviated histopathological damage, inhibited microglial expression, and promoted the expression of neurons in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced rats. The results of this study not only provide important theoretical support and experimental basis for the synergistic effect of Frankincense-Myrrh, but also provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of cerebral ischemic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Liao
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Min Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bowei Ju
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zheng Ran
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Junping Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jianhua Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Aidong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The functions, genetic variations and impact of apolipoprotein E on lipoprotein metabolism in general are placed in the context of clinical practice dealing with moderate dyslipidaemia as well as dysbetalipoproteinemia, a highly atherogenic disorder and lipoprotein glomerulopathy. RECENT FINDINGS Additional variants of apolipoprotein E and participation of apolipoprotein E in inflammation are of interest. The mostly favourable effects of apolipoprotein E2 as well as the atherogenic nature of apolipoproteinE4, which has an association with cognitive impairment, are confirmed. The contribution of remnant lipoproteins of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, of which dysbetalipoproteinemia represents an extreme, is explored in atherosclerosis. Mimetic peptides may present new therapeutic approaches. Apolipoprotein E is an important determinant of the lipid profile and cardiovascular health in the population at large and can precipitate dysbetalipoproteinemia and glomerulopathy. Awareness of apolipoprotein E polymorphisms should improve medical care.
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Zambrano-Mila MS, Agathos SN, Reichardt JKV. Human genetics and genomics research in Ecuador: historical survey, current state, and future directions. Hum Genomics 2019; 13:64. [PMID: 31822297 PMCID: PMC6902328 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-019-0249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In South America, the history of human genetics is extensive and its beginnings go back to the onset of the twentieth century. In Ecuador, the historical record of human genetics and genomics research is limited. In this context, our work analyzes the current status and historical panorama of these fields, based on bibliographic searches in Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science. RESULTS Our results determined that the oldest paper in human genetics coauthored by an Ecuadorian institution originates from the Central University of Ecuador in 1978. From a historical standpoint, the number of articles has increased since the 1990s. This growth has intensified and it is reflected in 137 manuscripts recorded from 2010 to 2019. Areas such as human population genetics, phylogeography, and forensic sciences are the core of genetics and genomics-associated research in Ecuador. Important advances have been made in the understanding of the bases of cancer, some genetic diseases, and congenital disorders. Fields such as pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics have begun to be explored during the last years. CONCLUSIONS This work paints a comprehensive picture and provides additional insights into the future panorama of human genetic and genomic research in Ecuador as an example of an emerging, resource-limited country with interesting phylogeographic characteristics and public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon S Zambrano-Mila
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, San Miguel de Urcuquí, Ecuador.
| | - Spiros N Agathos
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, San Miguel de Urcuquí, Ecuador.,Bioengineering Lab, Earth & Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Juergen K V Reichardt
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD, Australia
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12
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Ho DM, Artavanis-Tsakonas S, Louvi A. The Notch pathway in CNS homeostasis and neurodegeneration. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 9:e358. [PMID: 31502763 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of the Notch signaling pathway in neural development has been well established over many years. More recent studies, however, have demonstrated that Notch continues to be expressed and active throughout adulthood in many areas of the central nervous system. Notch signals have been implicated in adult neurogenesis, memory formation, and synaptic plasticity in the adult organism, as well as linked to acute brain trauma and chronic neurodegenerative conditions. NOTCH3 mutations are responsible for the most common form of hereditary stroke, the progressive disorder cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. Notch has also been associated with several progressive neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although numerous studies link Notch activity with CNS homeostasis and neurodegenerative diseases, the data thus far are primarily correlative, rather than functional. Nevertheless, the evidence for Notch pathway activity in specific neural cellular contexts is strong, and certainly intriguing, and points to the possibility that the pathway carries therapeutic promise. This article is categorized under: Nervous System Development > Flies Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: General Principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Ho
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Angeliki Louvi
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience and Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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13
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Carmona-Iragui M, Videla L, Lleó A, Fortea J. Down syndrome, Alzheimer disease, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy: The complex triangle of brain amyloidosis. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:716-737. [PMID: 31278851 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the main genetic cause of intellectual disability worldwide. The overexpression of the Amyloid Precursor Protein, present in chromosome 21, leads to β-amyloid deposition that results in Alzheimer disease (AD) and, in most cases, also to cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) neuropathology. People with DS invariably develop the neuropathological hallmarks of AD at the age of 40, and they are at an ultra high risk for suffering AD-related cognitive impairment thereafter. In the general population, cerebrovascular disease is a significant contributor to AD-related cognitive impairment, while in DS remains understudied. This review describes the current knowledge on cerebrovascular disease in DS and reviews the potential biomarkers that could be useful in the future studies, focusing on CAA. We also discuss available evidence on sporadic AD or other genetically determined forms of AD. We highlight the urgent need of large biomarker-characterized cohorts, including neuropathological correlations, to study the exact contribution of CAA and related vascular factors that play a role in cognition and occur with aging, their characterization and interrelationships. DS represents a unique context in which to perform these studies as this population is relatively protected from some conventional vascular risk factors and they develop significant CAA, DS represents a particular atheroma-free model to study AD-related vascular pathologies. Only deepening on these underlying mechanisms, new preventive and therapeutic strategies could be designed to improve the quality of life of this population and their caregivers and lead to new avenues of treatment also in the general AD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carmona-Iragui
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Videla
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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Kugler EC, van Lessen M, Daetwyler S, Chhabria K, Savage AM, Silva V, Plant K, MacDonald RB, Huisken J, Wilkinson RN, Schulte‐Merker S, Armitage P, Chico TJA. Cerebrovascular endothelial cells form transient Notch-dependent cystic structures in zebrafish. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47047. [PMID: 31379129 PMCID: PMC6680135 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201847047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We identify a novel endothelial membrane behaviour in transgenic zebrafish. Cerebral blood vessels extrude large transient spherical structures that persist for an average of 23 min before regressing into the parent vessel. We term these structures "kugeln", after the German for sphere. Kugeln are only observed arising from the cerebral vessels and are present as late as 28 days post fertilization. Kugeln do not communicate with the vessel lumen and can form in the absence of blood flow. They contain little or no cytoplasm, but the majority are highly positive for nitric oxide reactivity. Kugeln do not interact with brain lymphatic endothelial cells (BLECs) and can form in their absence, nor do they perform a scavenging role or interact with macrophages. Inhibition of actin polymerization, Myosin II, or Notch signalling reduces kugel formation, while inhibition of VEGF or Wnt dysregulation (either inhibition or activation) increases kugel formation. Kugeln represent a novel Notch-dependent NO-containing endothelial organelle restricted to the cerebral vessels, of currently unknown function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth C Kugler
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular DiseaseMedical SchoolUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- The Bateson CentreFirth CourtUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Max van Lessen
- WWU MünsterFaculty of MedicineInstitute for Cardiovascular Organogenesis and RegenerationMünsterGermany
| | - Stephan Daetwyler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Department of Cell BiologyThe University of Texas SouthwesternTexasTXUSA
| | - Karishma Chhabria
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular DiseaseMedical SchoolUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- The Bateson CentreFirth CourtUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Aaron M Savage
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular DiseaseMedical SchoolUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- The Bateson CentreFirth CourtUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Vishmi Silva
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular DiseaseMedical SchoolUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- The Bateson CentreFirth CourtUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Karen Plant
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular DiseaseMedical SchoolUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- The Bateson CentreFirth CourtUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Ryan B MacDonald
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular DiseaseMedical SchoolUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- The Bateson CentreFirth CourtUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Jan Huisken
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Morgridge Institute for ResearchMadisonWIUSA
| | - Robert N Wilkinson
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular DiseaseMedical SchoolUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- The Bateson CentreFirth CourtUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Stefan Schulte‐Merker
- WWU MünsterFaculty of MedicineInstitute for Cardiovascular Organogenesis and RegenerationMünsterGermany
| | - Paul Armitage
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular DiseaseMedical SchoolUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Timothy JA Chico
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular DiseaseMedical SchoolUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- The Bateson CentreFirth CourtUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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