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Bidleman TF, Ericson L, Liljelind P, Tysklind M. Drosophilin A methyl ether (DAME) and other chlorinated dimethoxybenzenes in fungi and forest litter from Sweden. Chemosphere 2024; 347:140685. [PMID: 37981018 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Fungi and substrates undergoing fungal decomposition were collected from forests in northern and southern Sweden and analyzed for chlorinated dimethoxybenzenes (DMBs). Specimens were fungi fruiting bodies, rotting wood, forest litter and underlying humus. Targeted compounds were DAME (1,2,4,5-tetrachloro-3,6-DMB) and related fungal secondary metabolites. A screening procedure was developed which involved soaking the specimens in ethyl acetate followed by analysis by capillary gas chromatography - mass spectrometry with mass selective detection (GC-MSD). DAME was the most frequently found (62% of 47 specimens) and often the most abundant target compound, with range and mean ± SD concentrations of <0.0017-3.81 and 0.21 ± 0.63 mg kg-1 ww. Based on log-log correlations of partition coefficients of hydrophobic compounds between fungal biomass/water (KD) and octanol/water (KOW), five species of fungi are suggested to produce DAME de novo versus bioaccumulation from forest runoff water. Full-scan mass spectra of some high-concentration specimens indicated the presence of a Cl2DMB and a Cl3DMB, which could not be identified further due to lack of standards, and drosophilin A (DA = 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-methoxyphenol), the precursor to DAME. Tetrachloroveratrole (TeCV = 1,2,3,4-tetrachloro-5,6-DMB) was found in only a few specimens. This study supports our hypothesis of fungi as a source of DAME in terrestrial runoff and indicates that other chlorinated secondary metabolites are present. DAME is widely distributed globally, and it would be good to have a better understanding of its sources and pathways as a marker of terrestrial organochlorines and their availability for bioaccumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry F Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Lars Ericson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Per Liljelind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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Zhan F, Shunthirasingham C, Li Y, Oh J, Lei YD, Ben Chaaben A, Dalpé Castilloux A, Lu Z, Lee K, Gobas FA, Alexandrou N, Hung H, Wania F. Sources and environmental fate of halomethoxybenzenes. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadi8082. [PMID: 37824609 PMCID: PMC10569719 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi8082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Halomethoxybenzenes are pervasive in the atmosphere at concentration levels that exceed, often by an order of magnitude, those of the persistent organic pollutants with which they share the attributes of persistence and potential for long-range transport, bioaccumulation, and toxic effects. Long ignored by environmental chemists because of their predominantly natural origin-namely, synthesis by terrestrial wood-rotting fungi, marine algae, and invertebrates-knowledge of their environmental pathways remains limited. Through measuring the spatial and seasonal variability of four halomethoxybenzenes in air and precipitation and performing complementary environmental fate simulations, we present evidence that these compounds undergo continental-scale transport in the atmosphere, which they enter largely by evaporation from water. This also applies to halomethoxybenzenes originating in terrestrial environments, such as drosophilin A methyl ether, which reach aquatic environments with runoff, possibly in the form of their phenolic precursors. Our findings contribute substantially to the comprehension of sources and fate of halomethoxybenzenes, illuminating their widespread atmospheric dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faqiang Zhan
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | | | - Yuening Li
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jenny Oh
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ying Duan Lei
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Amina Ben Chaaben
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Abigaëlle Dalpé Castilloux
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Zhe Lu
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Kelsey Lee
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Frank A. P. C. Gobas
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Nick Alexandrou
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
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Bidleman T, Andersson A, Brorström-Lundén E, Brugel S, Ericson L, Hansson K, Tysklind M. Halomethoxybenzenes in air of the Nordic region. Environ Sci Ecotechnol 2023; 13:100209. [PMID: 36437890 PMCID: PMC9682362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2022.100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Halomethoxybenzenes (HMBs) are a group of compounds with natural and anthropogenic origins. Here we extend a 2002-2015 survey of bromoanisoles (BAs) in the air and precipitation at Råö on the Swedish west coast and Pallas in Subarctic Finland. New BAs data are reported for 2018 and 2019 and chlorinated HMBs are included for these and some previous years: drosophilin A methyl ether (DAME: 1,2,4,5-tetrachloro-3,6-dimethoxybenzene), tetrachloroveratrole (TeCV: 1,2,3,4-tetrachloro-5,6-dimethoxybenzene), and pentachloroanisole (PeCA). The order of abundance of HMBs at Råö was ΣBAs > DAME > TeCV > PeCA, whereas at Pallas the order of abundance was DAME > ΣBAs > TeCA > PeCA. The lower abundance of BAs at Pallas reflects its inland location, away from direct marine influence. Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) plots of log partial pressure (Pair)/Pa versus 1/T suggested distant transport at both sites for PeCA and local exchange for DAME and TeCV. BAs were dominated by distant transport at Pallas and by both local and distant sources at Råö. Relationships between air and precipitation concentrations were examined by scavenging ratios, SR = (ng m-3)precip/(ng m-3)air. SRs were higher at Pallas than Råö due to greater Henry's law partitioning of gaseous compounds into precipitation at colder temperatures. DAME is produced by terrestrial fungi. We screened 19 fungal species from Swedish forests and found seven of them contained 0.01-3.8 mg DAME per kg fresh weight. We suggest that the volatilization of DAME from fungi and forest litter containing fungal mycelia may contribute to atmospheric levels at both sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Agneta Andersson
- Department of Ecology & Environmental Science, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Marine Science Centre, Umeå University, 905 71, Hörnefors, Sweden
| | - Eva Brorström-Lundén
- IVL, Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL), Aschebergsgatan 44, 411 33, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sonia Brugel
- Department of Ecology & Environmental Science, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Marine Science Centre, Umeå University, 905 71, Hörnefors, Sweden
| | - Lars Ericson
- Department of Ecology & Environmental Science, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Katarina Hansson
- IVL, Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL), Aschebergsgatan 44, 411 33, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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Abstract
The present volume is the third in a trilogy that documents naturally occurring organohalogen compounds, bringing the total number-from fewer than 25 in 1968-to approximately 8000 compounds to date. Nearly all of these natural products contain chlorine or bromine, with a few containing iodine and, fewer still, fluorine. Produced by ubiquitous marine (algae, sponges, corals, bryozoa, nudibranchs, fungi, bacteria) and terrestrial organisms (plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, higher animals) and universal abiotic processes (volcanos, forest fires, geothermal events), organohalogens pervade the global ecosystem. Newly identified extraterrestrial sources are also documented. In addition to chemical structures, biological activity, biohalogenation, biodegradation, natural function, and future outlook are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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Garvie LAJ. Seasonal formation of ikaite in slime flux jelly on an infected tree (Populus fremontii) wound from the Sonoran Desert. Naturwissenschaften 2022; 109:48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-022-01818-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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