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Bhargave A, Devi K, Ahmad I, Yadav A, Gupta R. Genetic variation in DPP-IV gene linked to predisposition of T2DM: A case control study. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2022; 21:1709-1716. [PMID: 36249912 PMCID: PMC9554862 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-022-01131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose DPP-IV is a ubiquitously expressed cell surface protein that can be presented in soluble forms. It has recently gained medical importance as its inhibitors are widely being used as treatment of T2DM. The present research aims to resolve whether genetic variants of DPP-IV have association with susceptibility to T2DM. Method Two variants of DPP-IV were detected in 100 controls and 100 T2DM by PCR–RFLP technique. Demographic characteristics were recorded. Clinical characteristics were analyzed by enzymatic method. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS-21. Results Demographic and clinical characteristics differ significantly between two groups. The genetic variation in SNP rs3788979 and SNP rs7608798, both in case and control, were in accordance with Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium (p value > 0.05). Both SNPs rs3788979 and rs7608798 were significantly related to T2DM (p- < 0.05). Minor G allele of rs3788979 was linked with the susceptibility of T2DM (p-value-0.000; OR- 4.235). T allele of SNP rs7608798 conferred the risk of diabetes with OR-2.235. Conclusion This is the first attempt to investigate the association of DPP-IV gene with T2DM in Indian population. The finding of study concludes that genetic variation in DPP-IV gene may considerably increase the risk of developing T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archna Bhargave
- Department of Biochemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119 Haryana India
| | - Kiran Devi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119 Haryana India
| | - Imteyaz Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119 Haryana India
| | - Anita Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra Univerity, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Ranjan Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119 Haryana India
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Association of the rs17574 DPP4 Polymorphism with Premature Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetic Patients: Results from the Cohort of the GEA Mexican Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12071716. [PMID: 35885620 PMCID: PMC9318249 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, it has been reported that hypoalphalipoproteinemia (HA) is associated with rs17574 DDP4 polymorphism. Considering that in diabetic patients, HA is often present and is a risk factor for premature coronary artery disease (pCAD), the study aimed to evaluate the association of this polymorphism with pCAD in diabetic individuals. We genotyped the rs17574 polymorphism in 405 pCAD patients with T2DM, 736 without T2DM, and 852 normoglycemic individuals without pCAD and T2DM as controls. Serum DPP4 concentration was available in 818 controls, 669 pCAD without T2DM, and 339 pCAD with T2DM. The rs17574 polymorphism was associated with lower risk of pCAD (padditive = 0.007; pdominant = 0.003, pheterozygote = 0.003, pcodominant1 = 0.003). In pCAD with T2DM patients, DPP4 levels were lower when compared with controls (p < 0.001). In the whole sample, individuals with the rs17574 GG genotype have the lowest protein levels compared with AG and AA (p = 0.039) carriers. However, when the same analysis was repeated separately in all groups, a significant difference was observed in the pCAD with T2DM patients; carriers of the GG genotype had the lowest protein levels compared with AG and AA (p = 0.037) genotypes. Our results suggest that in diabetic patients, the rs17574G DPP4 allele could be considered as a protective genetic marker for pCAD. DPP4 concentrations were lower in the diabetic pCAD patients, and the rs17574GG carriers had the lowest protein levels.
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Vargas-Alarcón G, González-Salazar MDC, Vázquez-Vázquez C, Hernández-Díaz Couder A, Sánchez-Muñoz F, Reyes-Barrera J, Criales-Vera SA, Sánchez-Guerra M, Osorio-Yáñez C, Posadas-Sánchez R. The rs12617336 and rs17574 Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Polymorphisms Are Associated With Hypoalphalipoproteinemia and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Serum Levels: A Case-Control Study of the Genetics of Atherosclerotic Disease (GEA) Cohort. Front Genet 2021; 12:592646. [PMID: 34178021 PMCID: PMC8226230 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.592646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) can influence lipid homeostasis and atherosclerosis progression. We aimed to assess the association of DPP4 gene polymorphisms with hypoalphalipoproteinemia and DPP4 serum levels, in a cohort of Mexican individuals. Five DPP4 polymorphisms (rs12617336, rs12617656, rs1558957, and rs3788979, and rs17574) were genotyped in 748 participants with and 745 without hypoalphalipoproteinemia. The associations were evaluated using logistic regression analyses. Under inheritance models adjusted for confounding variables, the rs12617336 (OR = 0.22, P heterozygote = 0.001) and rs17574 (OR = 0.78, P additive = 0.022; OR = 0.73, P dominant = 0.012; OR = 0.73, P heterozygote = 0.017; OR = 0.72, P codominant 1 = 0.014) minor alleles were associated with a low risk of hypoalphalipoproteinemia. After the correction for multiple comparisons, the associations were marginal except the association of the rs12617336 that remaining significant. Additionally, both DPP4 minor alleles were associated with protection for the presence of insulin resistance (IR) (OR = 0.17, P heterozygote = 0.019 for rs12617336 and OR = 0.75, P additive = 0.049 for rs17574). The rs12617336 minor allele was also associated with a low risk of hyperinsulinemia (OR = 0.11, P heterozygote = 0.006). Differences in DPP4 levels were observed in individuals with rs17574 genotypes, the rs17574 GG genotype individuals had the lowest levels. Our data suggest that rs12617336 and rs17574 DPP4 minor alleles could be envisaged as protective genetic markers for hypoalphalipoproteinemia, IR, and hyperinsulinemia. The rs17574 GG genotype was associated with the lowest DPP4 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - Christian Vázquez-Vázquez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - Fausto Sánchez-Muñoz
- Departamento de Inmunologia, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Juan Reyes-Barrera
- Departamento de Endocrinologia, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Sergio A. Criales-Vera
- Departamento de Tomografía, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Marco Sánchez-Guerra
- Departamento de Neurobiologia del Desarrollo, Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Citlalli Osorio-Yáñez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Rosalinda Posadas-Sánchez
- Departamento de Endocrinologia, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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Wang Z, Liu Y, Wang W, Qu H, Han Y, Hou Y. Association of dipeptidyl peptidase IV polymorphism, serum lipid profile, and coronary artery stenosis in patients with coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25209. [PMID: 33787603 PMCID: PMC8021284 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CAD) is a devastating illness, but to date there are limited means of predicting a person's coronary stenosis severity and their prognosis. The study was performed to investigate the relationship between dipeptidyl peptidase 4(DPP4) gene polymorphisms and serum lipid profiles, as well as the severity of coronary artery stenosis in patients with CAD and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) for the first time.Herein, 201 patients with CAD and T2DM were enrolled in the Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital. DPP4 rs3788979 and rs7608798 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped. The general information of all patients was collected, and the associations between DPP4 SNPs and lipid profiles were detected. At the same time, association between SNP polymorphisms and the degree of coronary artery stenosis were analyzed.There was a significant difference in apolipoprotein B (ApoB) levels (P = .011) for the rs3788979 polymorphism, while no difference was identified in other blood lipids or with other mutations. SNP mutation of A to G in rs3788979 was associated with a reduced percentage of severe coronary artery stenosis in female patients (P = .023) as well as those with nosmoking (P = .030), nodrinking (P = 0.007), and nocardiovascular family history (P = 0.015).G allele of rs3788979 is associated with a reduced ApoB level. Besides, we suggest that G allele in rs3788979 may have a cardioprotective effect and prove to be a useful and specific measure when predicting a patient's coronary stenosis severity if diagnosed with CAD and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongsu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China
- Department of Cardiology, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Weizong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Haiyan Qu
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Yinglong Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China
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Posadas-Sánchez R, Sánchez-Muñoz F, Guzmán-Martín CA, Hernández-Díaz Couder A, Rojas-Velasco G, Fragoso JM, Vargas-Alarcón G. Dipeptidylpeptidase-4 levels and DPP4 gene polymorphisms in patients with COVID-19. Association with disease and with severity. Life Sci 2021; 276:119410. [PMID: 33774023 PMCID: PMC7989663 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes de COVID-19 disease use as a principal receptor the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). It has been suggested that dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) can be another possible receptor for this virus. The present study aimed to establish if the DPP4 levels and DPP4 polymorphisms are associated with COVID-19 disease and its severity. Methods The study included 107 COVID-19 patients and 263 matched-healthy controls. Fifty patients required invasive mechanical ventilation. The DPP4 was quantified in serum using the Bioplex system. Based on the previous results and the functional prediction analysis, we select for the study 5 DPP4 polymorphisms (rs12617336, rs12617656, rs1558957, rs3788979, and rs17574) and these were determined using the 5´exonuclease TaqMan assays. Results Low levels of DPP4 were observed in COVID-19 patients (46.5 [33.1–57.7] ng/mL) when compared to healthy controls (125.3 [100.3–157.3] ng/mL) (P < 0.0001). Also, patients that required mechanical ventilation showed lower DPP4 levels (42.8 [29.8–56.9] ng/mL) than those that did not need this procedure (49.2 [39.9–65.6] ng/mL) (P = 0.012). DPP4 levels correlated negatively with age, fibrinogen, and platelet levels, and positively with albumin, alanine aminotransferase, and percentage of neutrophils. The DPP4 rs3788979 polymorphism was associated with a high risk of COVID-19 disease and, the TT genotype carriers had the lowest DPP4 levels. Conclusions In summary, in the present study, an association of low levels of DPP4 with COVID-19 disease and severity was found. The association of the DPP4 rs3788979 polymorphism with COVID-19 is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fausto Sánchez-Muñoz
- Departament of Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Gustavo Rojas-Velasco
- Intensive Care Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Fragoso
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Savitz AJ, Xu H, Gopal S, Nuamah I, Ravenstijn P, Hough D, Hargarter L. Efficacy and safety of paliperidone palmitate 3-month versus 1-month formulation in patients with schizophrenia: comparison between European and non-European population. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:587-602. [PMID: 30863080 PMCID: PMC6391122 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s189668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This randomized, double-blind (DB), non-inferiority phase 3 study was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of paliperidone palmitate 3-month (PP3M) vs 1-month formulation (PP1M) in European and non-European patients with schizophrenia. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this randomized, DB, parallel-group study, adult patients (18-70 years) with schizophrenia (per DSM-IV-TR) having Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score between 70 and 120; previously stabilized on PP1M were enrolled. The study had 4 phases: screening (3 weeks), open-label (OL) stabilization (17 weeks), DB (48 weeks) and follow-up (4-12 weeks) phase. Patients were treated with fixed-dose PP3M (175-525 mg eq deltoid/gluteal) or PP1M (50-150 mg eq deltoid/gluteal) for 48 weeks in DB phase. RESULTS In total, 487 European (PP3M, n=242; PP1M, n=245) and 508 non-European patients (PP3M, n=241; PP1M, n=267) entered DB phase (modified intent-to-treat (mITT) [DB] analysis set). Among the 508 non-European patients in mITT set, 67.7% were from Asia (n=344) and 32.3% were from rest of world (ROW, n=164). During the DB phase, similar percentage of Europeans (PP3M: 7%; PP1M: 8%) and non-Europeans (PP3M: 9%; PP1M: 10%) experienced relapse (Kaplan-Meier estimate PP3M-PP1M [95% CI] of percentage of relapse-free patients at the end of DB phase [primary endpoint]: European: 1.0% [-4.3%; 6.2%]; non-European: 1.4% [-4.4%; 7.1%]; Asian: 1.6% [-5.7%; 9.0%]; and ROW: 1.4% [-7.0%, 9.8%], per-protocol analysis set). Incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was lower in Europeans (PP3M: 56%, PP1M: 59%) than non-Europeans (PP3M: 80%, PP1M: 73%). The most commonly reported TEAE was weight gain. CONCLUSION PP3M showed similar efficacy to PP1M in Europeans and non-Europeans, consistent with non-inferiority of PP3M to PP1M observed in overall population. Rates of AEs were higher in non-Europeans. However, weight gain was greater in non-Europeans, especially the Asian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Savitz
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA,
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA,
| | - Srihari Gopal
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA,
| | - Isaac Nuamah
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA,
| | - Paulien Ravenstijn
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - David Hough
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA,
| | - Ludger Hargarter
- Medical & Scientific Affairs, Janssen Cilag EMEA, Neuss, Germany
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Xing X, Han Y, Zhou X, Zhang B, Li Y, Wang Z, Liao L, Su L. Association between DPP4 gene polymorphism and serum lipid levels in Chinese type 2 diabetes individuals. Neuropeptides 2016; 60:1-6. [PMID: 27585937 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of the genetic investigation was to identify the associations of serum lipid levels and DPP-4 variants in Chinese type 2 diabetes patients. METHODS We detected four variants of the DPP4 gene in 190 Chinese individuals with type 2 diabetes and tested for an association with dyslipidemia in 82 selected samples. Data including basic information, HbA1c, FPG, serum lipid parameters were collected. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 13.0 through ANOVA and χ2 test. RESULTS The genetic polymorphism of rs4664443, rs3788979, rs7608798 and rs1558957 in Chinese type 2 diabetes were consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The CT genotype of rs4664443 suffered from higher serum TG (P=0.013), LDL (P=0.044) and ApoB (P=0.006) levels, whereas the TT genotype of rs7608798 exhibited a lower serum TG level (P=0.037). For rs3788979, the serum TG level (P=0.034) and BMI (P=0.04) were significantly different among genotypes. Moreover, serum TG and TC levels and BMI showed a positive correlation with the number unfavorable alleles, and individuals with more than two unfavorable alleles had higher TG (P=0.004), TC (P=0.011), and BMI (P=0.044) values. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to investigate DPP4 allelic distributions and their association with dyslipidemia in Chinese type 2 diabetes patients, which may have clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Zhou
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Zhongsu Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Lin Liao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China.
| | - Lequn Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China.
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Ahmed RH, Huri HZ, Al-Hamodi Z, Salem SD, Al-absi B, Muniandy S. Association of DPP4 Gene Polymorphisms with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Malaysian Subjects. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154369. [PMID: 27111895 PMCID: PMC4844141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic polymorphisms of the Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP4) gene may play a role in the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to investigate the possible association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the DPP4 gene in Malaysian subjects with T2DM and evaluated whether they had an effect on the serum levels of soluble dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (sDPP-IV). Method Ten DPP4 SNPs were genotyped by TaqMan genotyping assays in 314 subjects with T2DM and 235 controls. Of these, 71 metabolic syndrome (MetS) subjects were excluded from subsequent analysis. The odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence interval (CIs) were calculated using multiple logistic regression for the association between the SNPs of DPP4 and T2DM. In addition, the serum levels of sDPP-IV were investigated to evaluate the association of the SNPs of DPP4 with the sDPP-IV levels. Results Dominant, recessive, and additive genetic models were employed to test the association of DPP4 polymorphisms with T2DM, after adjusting for age, race, gender and BMI. The rs12617656 was associated with T2DM in Malaysian subjects in the recessive genetic model (OR = 1.98, p = 0.006), dominant model (OR = 1.95, p = 0.008), and additive model (OR = 1.63, p = 0.001). This association was more pronounced among Malaysian Indians, recessive (OR = 3.21, p = 0.019), dominant OR = 3.72, p = 0.003) and additive model (OR = 2.29, p = 0.0009). The additive genetic model showed that DPP4 rs4664443 and rs7633162 polymorphisms were associated with T2DM (OR = 1.53, p = 0.039), and (OR = 1.42, p = 0.020), respectively. In addition, the rs4664443 G>A polymorphism was associated with increased sDPP-IV levels (p = 0.042) in T2DM subjects. Conclusions DPP4 polymorphisms were associated with T2DM in Malaysian subjects, and linked to variations in sDPP-IV levels. In addition, these associations were more pronounced among Malaysian Indian subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwan H. Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (RHA); (SM)
| | - Hasniza Zaman Huri
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Clinical Investigation Centre, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zaid Al-Hamodi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Sameer D. Salem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Boshra Al-absi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sekaran Muniandy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (RHA); (SM)
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Abstract
Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4) is a glycoprotein of 110 kDa, which is ubiquitously expressed on the surface of a variety of cells. This exopeptidase selectively cleaves N-terminal dipeptides from a variety of substrates, including cytokines, growth factors, neuropeptides, and the incretin hormones. Expression of DPP4 is substantially dysregulated in a variety of disease states including inflammation, cancer, obesity, and diabetes. Since the incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), are major regulators of post-prandial insulin secretion, inhibition of DPP4 by the gliptin family of drugs has gained considerable interest for the therapy of type 2 diabetic patients. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the DPP4–incretin axis and evaluate most recent findings on DPP4 inhibitors. Furthermore, DPP4 as a type II transmembrane protein is also known to be cleaved from the cell membrane involving different metalloproteases in a cell-type-specific manner. Circulating, soluble DPP4 has been identified as a new adipokine, which exerts both para- and endocrine effects. Recently, a novel receptor for soluble DPP4 has been identified, and data are accumulating that the adipokine-related effects of DPP4 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Importantly, circulating DPP4 is augmented in obese and type 2 diabetic subjects, and it may represent a molecular link between obesity and vascular dysfunction. A critical evaluation of the impact of circulating DPP4 is presented, and the potential role of DPP4 inhibition at this level is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Röhrborn
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Nina Wronkowitz
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Juergen Eckel
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center , Düsseldorf , Germany
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