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Gautam K, Pandey N, Yadav D, Parthasarathi R, Turner A, Anbumani S, Jha AN. Ecotoxicological impacts of landfill sites: Towards risk assessment, mitigation policies and the role of artificial intelligence. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:171804. [PMID: 38513865 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Waste disposal in landfills remains a global concern. Despite technological developments, landfill leachate poses a hazard to ecosystems and human health since it acts as a secondary reservoir for legacy and emerging pollutants. This study provides a systematic and scientometric review of the nature and toxicity of pollutants generated by landfills and means of assessing their potential risks. Regarding human health, unregulated waste disposal and pathogens in leachate are the leading causes of diseases reported in local populations. Both in vitro and in vivo approaches have been employed in the ecotoxicological risk assessment of landfill leachate, with model organisms ranging from bacteria to birds. These studies demonstrate a wide range of toxic effects that reflect the complex composition of leachate and geographical variations in climate, resource availability and management practices. Based on bioassay (and other) evidence, categories of persistent chemicals of most concern include brominated flame retardants, per- and polyfluorinated chemicals, pharmaceuticals and alkyl phenol ethoxylates. However, the emerging and more general literature on microplastic toxicity suggests that these particles might also be problematic in leachate. Various mitigation strategies have been identified, with most focussing on improving landfill design or leachate treatment, developing alternative disposal methods and reducing waste volume through recycling or using more sustainable materials. The success of these efforts will rely on policies and practices and their enforcement, which is seen as a particular challenge in developing nations and at the international (and transboundary) level. Artificial intelligence and machine learning afford a wide range of options for evaluating and reducing the risks associated with leachates and gaseous emissions from landfills, and various approaches tested or having potential are discussed. However, addressing the limitations in data collection, model accuracy, real-time monitoring and our understanding of environmental impacts will be critical for realising this potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Gautam
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, REACT Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, CRK Campus, Lucknow 226008, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Namrata Pandey
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, REACT Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, CRK Campus, Lucknow 226008, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dhvani Yadav
- Computational Toxicology Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ramakrishnan Parthasarathi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Computational Toxicology Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Andrew Turner
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Sadasivam Anbumani
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, REACT Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, CRK Campus, Lucknow 226008, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Awadhesh N Jha
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
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Bożym M, Rybak J. In vitro chronic phytotoxicity of heavy metals and metalloids to Lepidium sativum (garden cress). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 33:94-103. [PMID: 38227083 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-024-02729-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The paper presents the results of studies on the influence of selected concentrations (10-100 mg L-1) of heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Zn) and metalloids (As, Sb, Se) on the germination and root elongation of garden cress (Lepidium sativum L). There are not many studies on phytotoxicity of heavy metals and metalloids with the complex use of single plant species so far. On the basis of the germination index (GI) and inhibition concentration IC50, the following order of phytotoxicity of the tested elements was determined: Se> As> Hg> Sb > Mo > Cd> Co > Zn > Ni. The other metals showed no phytotoxicity or even stimulating effect. In our study the stimulating effect of the majority of Pb concentrations and the lowest concentrations of Cd and Hg has been revealed. These metals do not play any role in living organisms, however some authors confirm their stimulating effect on plants at low concentrations. Toxic concentration of metals and metalloids calculated as IC50 are lower than the concentration calculated as GI (not phytotoxic). It is well known that seeds are more independent and tolerant to toxicants when they contain reserve substances which are used during the germination period. On the basis of conducted research, high tolerance of L. sativum to heavy metals and metalloids was found, which may indicate its usefulness for phytotoxicity assessment of leachate from contaminated soil or waste (e.g. foundry waste) and its application for bioremediation to manage heavy metal pollution of soils or foundry wastes containing heavy metals and metalloids. The understanding of heavy metal and metalloids toxicity will facilitate bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bożym
- Opole University of Technology, Prószkowska 76, 45-271, Opole, Poland
| | - Justyna Rybak
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50- 370, Wrocław, Poland.
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Paredes-Laverde M, Porras J, Acelas N, Romero-Hernández JJ, Jojoa-Sierra SD, Huerta L, Serna-Galvis EA, Torres-Palma RA. Rice husk-based pyrogenic carbonaceous material efficiently promoted peroxymonosulfate activation toward the non-radical pathway for the degradation of pharmaceuticals in water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:123616-123632. [PMID: 37991611 PMCID: PMC10746782 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30785-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Pristine pyrogenic carbonaceous material (BRH) obtained from rice husk and modified with FeCl3 (BRH-FeCl3) were prepared and explored as carbocatalysts for the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to degrade a model pharmaceutical (acetaminophen, ACE) in water. The BRH-FeCl3/PMS system removed the pharmaceutical faster than the BRH/PMS. This is explained because in BRH-FeCl3, compared to BRH, the modification (iron played a role as a structuring agent mainly) increased the average pore diameter and the presence of functional groups such as -COO-, -Si-O-, or oxygen vacancies, which allowed to remove the pollutant through an adsorption process and significant carbocatalytic degradation. BRH-FeCl3 was reusable during four cycles and had a higher efficiency for activating PMS than another inorganic peroxide (peroxydisulfate, PDS). The effects of BRH-FeCl3 and PMS concentrations were evaluated and optimized through an experimental design, maximizing the ACE degradation. In the optimized system, a non-radical pathway (i.e., the action of singlet oxygen, from the interaction of PMS with defects and/or -COO-/-Si-O- moieties on the BRH-FeCl3) was found. The BRH-FeCl3/PMS system generated only one primary degradation product that was more susceptible to biodegradation and less active against living organisms than ACE. Also, the BRH-FeCl3/PMS system induced partial removals of chemical oxygen demand and dissolved organic carbon. Furthermore, the carbocatalytic system eliminated ACE in a wide pH range and in simulated urine, having a low-moderate electric energy consumption, indicating the feasibility of the carbocatalytic process to treat water polluted with pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Paredes-Laverde
- Grupo de Investigación en Remediación Ambiental y Biocatálisis (GIRAB), Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jazmín Porras
- Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington (Uniremington), Calle 51 No. 51-27, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Nancy Acelas
- Grupo de Materiales Con Impacto, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Medellín, MAT&MPAC, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jhonnaifer J Romero-Hernández
- Grupo de Investigación en Remediación Ambiental y Biocatálisis (GIRAB), Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sindy D Jojoa-Sierra
- Grupo de Investigación en Remediación Ambiental y Biocatálisis (GIRAB), Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lázaro Huerta
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 70-360, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Efraím A Serna-Galvis
- Grupo de Investigación en Remediación Ambiental y Biocatálisis (GIRAB), Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Catalizadores y Adsorbentes (CATALAD), Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 # 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ricardo A Torres-Palma
- Grupo de Investigación en Remediación Ambiental y Biocatálisis (GIRAB), Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
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Alias C, Zerbini I, Abbà A, Benassi L, Gelatti U, Sorlini S, Piovani G, Feretti D. Ecotoxicity Evaluation of Industrial Waste and Construction Materials: Comparison Between Leachates from Granular Steel Slags and Steel Slags-Containing Concrete Through a Plant-Based Approach. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 111:3. [PMID: 37341817 PMCID: PMC10284975 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Steel slags, the main waste product from the steel industry, may have several reuse possibilities. Among others, building applications represent a crucial field. However, the potential impact of harmful substances on the environment should be assessed. The aim of this study was to assess the phytotoxicity of steel slags (SS) and concrete mixtures cast with a partial replacement of SS (CSS). Leaching tests were carried out on four SS and four CSS according to EN 12457-2 and UNI EN 15863, respectively. Each leachate was assayed using root elongation tests on 30 seeds of Allium cepa, Cucumis sativus, and Lepidium sativum, respectively, and on 12 bulbs of A. cepa. The latter also allowed the analysis of other macroscopic parameters of toxicity (turgidity, consistency, colour change and root tip shape) and the evaluation of the mitotic index on 20,000 root tip cells per sample. None of the samples induced phytotoxic effects on the organisms tested: all samples supported seedlings emergence, verified by root elongation comparable to, or even greater than, that of the negative controls, and did not affect cell division, as evidenced by mitotic index values. The absence of phytotoxicity demonstrated by the leachates allows SS and SS-derived concrete to be considered as reliable materials suitable for use in civil constructions or in other engineering applications, with economic and environmental advantages, such as the reduction of the final disposal in landfills as well as the consumption of natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Alias
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- B+LabNet-Interdepartmental Sustainability Lab, University of Brescia, via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zerbini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- B+LabNet-Interdepartmental Sustainability Lab, University of Brescia, via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Abbà
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- B+LabNet-Interdepartmental Sustainability Lab, University of Brescia, via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Benassi
- B+LabNet-Interdepartmental Sustainability Lab, University of Brescia, via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Umberto Gelatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- B+LabNet-Interdepartmental Sustainability Lab, University of Brescia, via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sorlini
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- B+LabNet-Interdepartmental Sustainability Lab, University of Brescia, via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Piovani
- B+LabNet-Interdepartmental Sustainability Lab, University of Brescia, via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Donatella Feretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
- B+LabNet-Interdepartmental Sustainability Lab, University of Brescia, via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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