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Kinoshita T, Hashimoto Y, Iida K, Nakamura H. ACL Graft Matching: Cadaveric Comparison of Microscopic Anatomy of Quadriceps and Patellar Tendon Grafts and the Femoral ACL Insertion Site. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:2953-2960. [PMID: 35914183 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221110895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal graft choice between the bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) and the quadriceps tendon remains controversial. Studies evaluating the microscopic anatomy of the quadriceps tendon-patellar bone (QTB) and BPTB grafts for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction are currently lacking. HYPOTHESIS The relationship between post-ACL reconstruction graft bending angle (GBA) and the angle corresponding to the GBA (cGBA) would indicate that the BPTB can bend more than the QTB at the femoral tunnel aperture. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Twenty paired human cadaveric knees fixed at <10° of knee joint flexion (mean age, 82.5 years) underwent histological sectioning and staining with Masson trichrome and toluidine blue. The femoral ACL insertion, QTB graft, and BPTB graft were microscopically analyzed. The width of the direct insertion, thickness of the uncalcified fibrocartilage and calcified fibrocartilage, ligament attachment angle, and cGBA for each group were measured. Eighteen patients who underwent ACL reconstruction with QTB or BPTB autograft were included for the evaluation of GBA using computed tomography images at 1 week postoperatively. RESULTS The mean insertion widths of the femoral ACL, QTB, and BPTB were 7.81, 9.07, and 6.54 mm, respectively. The QTB was 16% wider than the ACL, while the BPTB was 16% narrower than the ACL. The mean insertion thicknesses of the femoral ACL, QTB, and BPTB were 0.53, 0.94, and 0.38 mm, respectively. The QTB was 77% thicker than the ACL (P < .001), while the BPTB was 28% thinner than the ACL (P = .017). The mean ligament attachment angles of the femoral ACL, QTB, and BPTB were 20.3°, 30.2°, and 33.3°, respectively, and the QTB and the BPTB were 49% and 64% larger, respectively, than the ACL. The mean cGBAs of the femoral ACL, QTB, and BPTB were 33.9°, 35.1°, and 12.3°, respectively. The BPTB was 64% smaller than the ACL, while there was no significant difference between the QTB and the ACL. The mean GBA was 57.7°. CONCLUSION The insertion width and thickness were significantly greater and smaller in the QTB and BPTB grafts, respectively, than in the ACL. The relationship between GBA after ACL reconstruction and cGBA in knee extension indicates that at the femoral tunnel aperture, the BPTB can bend more than the QTB. CLINICAL RELEVANCE QTB graft may allow more anatomic ACL reconstruction to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kinoshita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hashimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken Iida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Kimura M, Nakase J, Asai K, Yoshimizu R, Kanayama T, Tsuchiya H. Tibial graft fixation methods and bone tunnel enlargement: A comparison between the TensionLoc implant system and the double-spike plate. Asia Pac J Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Technol 2022; 28:31-37. [PMID: 35465464 PMCID: PMC9019697 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmart.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/objective TensionLoc (Arthrex, Naples, Florida, USA), a tibial graft fixation system for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, is expected to apply the preoperatively determined level of graft tension and allow setting of lower initial tension. Considering its mechanism, we hypothesised that TensionLoc would prevent postoperative bone tunnel enlargement (TE) through fixation with lower initial tension. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare TE between ACL reconstructions using the double-spike plate (DSP; Smith and Nephew, Andover, Massachusetts) and TensionLoc implant system. Methods A total of 40 patients who underwent anatomical single-bundle ACL reconstruction with a hamstring tendon graft were retrospectively analysed. In the group in which DSP and screw were used, the initial graft tension was set to 40 N at 20° of knee flexion (group D). In the other group in which TensionLoc was used, the initial graft tension was set to 30 N at 20° of knee flexion (group T). Both groups included 20 patients each. Tunnel areas were measured using computed tomography images at one week and three months after surgery, and the TE ratio was calculated according to the following equation: TE ratio (%) = (tunnel area at three months after surgery - tunnel area at one week after surgery)/tunnel area at one week after surgery × 100. Results The femoral TE ratios were significantly higher in group T (80.5% ± 28.8%) than in group D (45.5% ± 34.6%) (p = 0.001). However, the tibial TE ratios did not significantly differ between the two groups. Conclusion Compared with ACL reconstruction using DSP and screw, ACL reconstruction using TensionLoc fixed the graft with lower initial tension but showed greater femoral TE and restricted knee extension in the early postoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Kimura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Junsuke Nakase
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuki Asai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Rikuto Yoshimizu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kanayama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Both Low and High Knee Flexion Angles During Tibial Graft Fixation Yield Comparable Outcomes following ACL Reconstruction with Quadriceps Tendon Autograft: A Systematic Review. J ISAKOS 2022; 7:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jisako.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Seo YJ, Song SY, Im WY, Kim YS, Jang SW. Effects of flexible reamer on the femoral tunnel characteristics in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27833. [PMID: 34766599 PMCID: PMC8589247 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare the femoral tunnel characteristics using a rigid versus flexible reamer during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. It was hypothesized that the employment of a flexible reamer along with femoral tunnel would exhibit longer tunnel length and more acute femoral graft tunnel angle compared to the case of a rigid reamer.The study population included 28 patients who underwent anatomical single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using transportal technique and were able to take postoperative computed tomography (CT) evaluation. Of these, the femoral tunnel of 14 cases was drilled with a flexible reamer (group I) and in another 14 cases drill was performed with a conventional rigid reamer (group II). The femoral tunnel in group I was made at 90° of knee flexion. In group II, the femoral tunnel was created at 120° of knee flexion. The parameters of the femoral tunnels were compared in terms of the femoral tunnel length and femoral graft tunnel angle. Special software was used to create and manipulate (3-D) 3-dimensional knee models.The difference in the mean femoral tunnel locations expressed in percentage distance between the 2 groups was not significantly different. The mean femoral tunnel length of group I was significantly longer than that of group II, (P = .03, 36.7 ± 2.9 vs 32.9 ± 9.0 mm). The angle formed by the femoral tunnel and the graft in group I was significantly smaller than in group II (P = .01, 109.8° ± 9.4° vs 118.1° ± 7.2°).Our data suggest that the flexible reamer can provide sufficient tunnel length for the suspensory fixation with a fixed loop. Whereas, the femoral graft-tunnel angle through flexible reaming at 90° of knee flexion was more acute compared to rigid reaming at 120° of knee flexion.Study Design: level of evidence III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Seo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Young Song
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Young Im
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Sang Kim
- BioComputing Lab, Institute for Bio-engineering Application Technology, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education (KOREATECH), Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-wook Jang
- BioComputing Lab, Institute for Bio-engineering Application Technology, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education (KOREATECH), Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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Lee DK, Kim JH, Lee BH, Kim H, Jang MJ, Lee SS, Wang JH. Influence of Graft Bending Angle on Femoral Tunnel Widening After Double-Bundle ACL Reconstruction: Comparison of Transportal and Outside-In Techniques. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9:23259671211035780. [PMID: 34708137 PMCID: PMC8543726 DOI: 10.1177/23259671211035780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have suggested that increased mechanical stress due to acute
graft bending angle (GBA) is associated with tunnel widening and graft
failure after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Few studies
have compared the GBA between the outside-in (OI) and the transportal (TP)
techniques. Purpose: To evaluate the influence of GBA on clinical outcomes and tunnel widening
after ACL reconstruction with OI versus TP technique. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Included in the study were 56 patients who underwent double-bundle ACL
reconstruction (n = 28 in the OI group and n = 28 in the TP group). Clinical
outcomes (Lysholm, International Knee Documentation Committee, Tegner score,
and knee laxity) 1 year postoperatively were evaluated. Computed tomography
scans at 5 days and 1 year postoperatively were used for imaging
measurements, and the femoral tunnel was divided into the proximal third,
middle, and aperture sections. The GBA and cross-sectional area (CSA) were
measured using image analysis software and were compared between groups. A
correlation analysis was performed to determine if the GBA affected clinical
outcomes or tunnel widening. Results: No significant difference was observed in clinical outcomes between the
groups. The GBA of both the anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral bundles
were more acute in the OI group compared with the TP group
(P < .05). The CSA at the AM tunnel aperture
increased significantly in the OI group (84.2% ± 64.3%) compared with the TP
group (51.4% ± 36.7%) (P = .04). However, there were no
differences in the other sections. In the Pearson correlation test, GBA was
not correlated with tunnel widening or clinical outcomes. Conclusion: Regardless of technique, the GBA did not have a significant influence on
tunnel widening or clinical outcomes. Considering a wider AM tunnel
aperture, a more proximal and posterior AM tunnel position might be
appropriate with the OI technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Kyung Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, South Korea.
| | - Jun Ho Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, South Korea
| | - Byung Hoon Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hyeonsoo Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, South Korea.
| | - Min Jae Jang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, South Korea.
| | - Sung-Sahn Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Joon Ho Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Health Science and Technology and Department of Medical Device Management and Research, SAIHST (Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
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So SY, Suh DW, Lee SS, Jung EY, Ye DH, Ryu D, Kwon KB, Wang JH. Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction After Primary Anatomic Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Case Series of 40 Patients. Arthroscopy 2020; 36:546-555. [PMID: 31901397 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2019.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the surgical methods according to the status of tunnels at the time of revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and to evaluate clinical outcomes of revision ACLR in patients who underwent primary ACLR with the anatomic 4-tunnel double-bundle (DB) technique. METHODS A total of 487 patients who underwent primary anatomic DB ACLR from April 2010 to July 2016 were retrospectively reviewed, and among those knees, the patients who underwent revision ACLR were included in the study. The patients with concomitant posterior cruciate ligament injuries were excluded. Forty patients (40 knees) were identified and enrolled. The surgical methods were reviewed. The range of motion, objective laxity using KT-2000, Lysholm score, Hospital for Special Surgery score, International Knee Documentation Committee subjective score, and Tegner score after revision ACLR were compared with those after primary ACLR in the same patient using paired t-test with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS The timing of reinjury after primary ACLR and mean interval between primary and revision ACLR were 18 months (range 1.5-80 months) and 24 months (range 4-82 months), respectively. Among 40 patients, 38 patients (95%) underwent 1-stage revision with the DB technique using pre-existing tunnels without compromised positioning of the grafts, and the other 2 patients (5%) underwent 2-stage revision. The postrevision range of motion, KT-2000, Lysholm score, Hospital for Special Surgery score, International Knee Documentation Committee subjective score, and Tegner score were 137 ± 7°, 2.4 ± 1.2 mm, 91.4 ± 5.8, 98.9 ± 2.2, 78.6 ± 11.5, and 5.5 ± 1.2, respectively, and did not show any differences from those after primary ACLR. CONCLUSIONS In the revision setting after primary anatomic DB ACLR, most of the cases could be managed with 1-stage revision with DB technique using pre-existing tunnels, and the objective laxity and clinical scores after revision DB ACLR were comparable with those after primary DB ACLR. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Case series, Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yeon So
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Barunsesang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Dong Won Suh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Barunsesang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Sung-Sahn Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University School of Medicine, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Eui Yub Jung
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Ye
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dongjin Ryu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeu-Back Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Ho Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology and Department of Medical Device Management and Research, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.
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7
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Tejpal T, Gupta A, Shanmugaraj A, Horner NS, Simunovic N, Peterson DC, Ayeni OR. Anteromedial Portal Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Yields Similar Outcomes to Non-AMP Femoral Drilling Double-Bundle Techniques: A Systematic Review of Comparative Studies. Orthop J Sports Med 2019; 7:2325967119888140. [PMID: 31853457 PMCID: PMC6906356 DOI: 10.1177/2325967119888140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Biomechanical studies have shown double-bundle (DB) anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) to have increased anterior and rotational stability as compared with single-bundle ACLR. Various techniques exist to drill the femoral tunnel, such as anteromedial portal (AMP), outside-in (OI), and transtibial (TT) drilling. However, it is unclear whether one drilling technique is superior to others when a DB graft is used. Purpose To systematically assess the outcomes and complications in patients undergoing DB ACLR through an AMP technique as compared with other femoral drilling techniques. Study Design Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3. Methods PubMed, Medline, and EMBASE databases were searched in April 2018. Nonrandomized studies were assessed with the MINORS (Methodological Index for Nonrandomized Studies), whereas randomized studies were assessed with the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system. Results Ten studies comprising 722 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. A total of 351 patients underwent DB ACLR with AMP drilling (mean ± SD age, 32.7 ± 4.7 years); 318 patients had DB ACLR with OI drilling (age, 31.9 ± 4.1 years); and 53 received a DB ACLR with TT drilling (age, 26.5 ± 2.0 years). Graft types used included hamstring autograft (74.1%; n = 247), tibialis anterior autograft (6.0%; n = 20) and unspecified grafts (19.8%; n = 66). No significant difference in postoperative Tegner and Lysholm scores was found between the AMP and OI groups postoperatively. The AMP group had a lower anterior and posterior graft bending angle as compared with the OI group. Four patients (1.1%) in the AMP group had graft reruptures, as compared with 9 reruptures (2.8%) in the OI group. There were no reports of rerupture in the TT group. Conclusion DB AMP ACLR results in significantly improved functional outcome scores postoperatively. AMP techniques yield similar functional outcomes to OI ACLR. No direct comparison in functional outcomes scores were available between the AMP and TT techniques. Low overall complication and revision rates were observed for patients undergoing DB AMP ACLR and were found to be similar to those of other femoral drilling techniques. Owing to a steeper graft bending angle in patients undergoing OI or TT ACLR relative to AMP ACLR, patients treated with OI or TT femoral drilling may have increased strain placed on the graft. Based on the various limitations in the available literature, it is not currently possible to make a definite conclusion of whether AMP is superior to non-AMP techniques in the setting of DB ACLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Tejpal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arnav Gupta
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ajaykumar Shanmugaraj
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nolan S Horner
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Simunovic
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Devin C Peterson
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olufemi R Ayeni
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Araki D, Matsushita T, Hoshino Y, Nagai K, Nishida K, Koga H, Nakamura T, Katakura M, Muneta T, Kuroda R. The Anterolateral Structure of the Knee Does Not Affect Anterior and Dynamic Rotatory Stability in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: Quantitative Evaluation With the Electromagnetic Measurement System. Am J Sports Med 2019; 47:3381-3388. [PMID: 31657944 DOI: 10.1177/0363546519879692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biomechanical function of the anterolateral structure (ALS), which includes the anterolateral joint capsule and anterolateral ligament (ALL), remains a topic of debate. HYPOTHESIS The ALS contributes to knee joint stability during the Lachman test and the pivot-shift test in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-deficient knees. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Fourteen fresh-frozen hemipelvis lower limbs were used. For 7 specimens, the anterior one-third of the ALS and the residual ALS were cut intra-articularly with a radiofrequency device. Subsequently, the ACL was cut arthroscopically. For the other 7 specimens, the ACL was cut first, followed by the anterior one-third of the ALS and the residual ALS intra-articularly. During the procedures, the iliotibial band (ITB) was kept intact. At each condition, the anterior tibial translation (ATT) during the manual Lachman test and the acceleration of posterior tibial translation (APT) and the posterior tibial translation (PTT) during the manual pivot-shift test were measured quantitatively with an electromagnetic measurement system. The mean values of those parameters were compared among 6 groups (ACL intact, one-third ALS cut, all ALS cut, ACL cut, ACL/one-third ALS cut, and ACL/all ALS cut). RESULTS The mean ATTs during the Lachman test and the mean APTs and PTTs in the ACL-cut conditions (ACL cut, ACL/one-third ALS cut, and ACL/all ALS cut) were significantly larger than those under the ACL-intact conditions (ACL intact, one-third ALS cut, all ALS cut) (P < .01). However, no statistically significant differences were observed among the intact, one-third ALS-cut, and all ALS-cut conditions, within the ACL-intact or ACL-cut conditions. CONCLUSION Intra-articular dissection of the ALS did not increase the ATT during the Lachman test or the APT and PTT during the pivot-shift test under the intact condition of the ITB, regardless of the integrity of the ACL. When the ITB is intact, the ALS does not have a significant role in either anterior or dynamic rotatory knee stability, while the ACL does. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Recent growing interest about ALL reconstruction or ALS augmentation may not have a large role in controlling either anterior or dynamic rotatory knee instability in isolated ACL-deficient knees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Araki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takehiko Matsushita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hoshino
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kanto Nagai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kyohei Nishida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Koga
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomasa Nakamura
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mai Katakura
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Muneta
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,National Hospital Organization Disaster Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kuroda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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Li H, Liu S, Sun Y, Li H, Chen S, Chen J. Influence of Graft Bending Angle on Graft Maturation, the Femoral Tunnel, and Functional Outcomes by 12 Months After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med 2019; 7:2325967119882663. [PMID: 31807603 PMCID: PMC6880034 DOI: 10.1177/2325967119882663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The graft bending angle (GBA), the angle between the femoral bone tunnel and
the line connecting the femoral and tibial tunnel apertures, has been proven
to influence stress within the graft and could be an important factor in
graft healing within the joint and bone tunnel. However, the influence of
the GBA on functional outcomes, particularly on return to sports (RTS), is
rarely reported. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the GBA on
graft maturation, the femoral tunnel, and functional outcomes at 12 months
after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). We hypothesized that
a greater GBA might be related to bone tunnel widening, poor graft healing,
and inferior functional outcomes after ACLR. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 43 consecutive patients who underwent unilateral ACLR with
hamstring tendon autografts participated in this study. Their knees were
evaluated using functional scores (International Knee Documentation
Committee [IKDC] score, Lysholm knee activity score, Tegner activity scale,
RTS) and the anterior tibial translation side-to-side difference (ATTD), as
measured using a KT-1000 arthrometer and 3.0-T magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI), at 12 months after surgery. Based on MRI, the signal/noise quotient
(SNQ) of the graft, the GBA, and the femoral tunnel diameter were
measured. Results: The mean GBA was 56° (range, 41°-69°). The GBA had a significant positive
correlation with the SNQ (rho, 0.45; P = .003) and bone
tunnel diameter (rho, 0.35; P = .02), but it had no
significant correlation with any functional scores. Patients were divided
into 3 groups based on GBA values: low GBA (LGBA; 40° < GBA ≤ 50°),
middle GBA (MGBA; 50° < GBA ≤ 60°), and high GBA (HGBA; 60° < GBA ≤
70°). The HGBA group had a significantly higher mean SNQ than both the LGBA
(P = .01) and MGBA groups (P = .02).
It also had a greater mean tunnel diameter than the LGBA group
(P = .04). There was no significant difference in IKDC
scores, Lysholm scores, ATTD, Tegner scores, or rates of RTS among
groups. Conclusion: The GBA did not affect functional outcomes at 12 months after ACLR, although
it affected the SNQ of the graft and the femoral tunnel diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaohua Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaying Sun
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyun Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiwu Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Saito M, Nakajima A, Sonobe M, Takahashi H, Akatsu Y, Inaoka T, Iwasaki J, Morikawa T, Watanabe A, Aoki Y, Sasho T, Nakagawa K. Superior graft maturation after anatomical double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the transtibial drilling technique compared to the transportal technique. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2019; 27:2468-2477. [PMID: 30374576 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-018-5240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate and compare the femoral tunnel aperture position, graft bending angle and the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) graft signal intensity after anatomical double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction between transtibial and transportal drilling techniques of the femoral tunnel. METHODS Eighty-seven patients who underwent anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction with hamstring tendon autograft between January 2012 and December 2014 were included in this retrospective study. Forty-one patients underwent reconstruction using a transportal technique (TP group) and 46 patients underwent reconstruction using a transtibial technique (TT group). The anteromedial (AM) femoral aperture position and the graft bending angle were assessed using transparent three-dimensional CT 2 weeks postoperatively. MRI assessment was performed with proton density-weighted images in an oblique coronal plane 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Signal/noise quotient was calculated for two specific graft sites (femoral tunnel site and mid-substance site). Femoral aperture position, the graft bending angle and signal/noise quotient were compared between the TP and TT groups. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the aperture position between the two groups. The graft bending angle of the AM tunnel in the axial plane was significantly greater in the TP group (p < 0.001). On the other hand, the TP group had a significantly more acute angle in the coronal plane (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference at either site in the signal/noise quotient of the graft between the two groups at 6 months. However, the TT group had a lower signal/noise quotient at 12 months at both sites (femoral aperture: p = 0.04, mid-substance: p = 0.004). CONCLUSION There was a significant difference in signal/noise quotient between the two drilling techniques 12 months postoperatively. There was no significant difference in femoral tunnel aperture position between the two groups. However, graft bending angle at the femoral tunnel aperture was significantly different between the two groups, indicating the possibility that graft bending angle is a factor that influences graft maturation. This indicates that the TT technique has an advantage over the TP technique in terms of graft maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Saito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba Medical Center, 1-7-1 Minami-cho, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-0842, Japan.
| | - Arata Nakajima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Toho University Sakura Medical Center (Chiba), 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura, Chiba, 285-0841, Japan
| | - Masato Sonobe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Toho University Sakura Medical Center (Chiba), 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura, Chiba, 285-0841, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Toho University Sakura Medical Center (Chiba), 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura, Chiba, 285-0841, Japan
| | - Yorikazu Akatsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Toho University Sakura Medical Center (Chiba), 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura, Chiba, 285-0841, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Inaoka
- Department of Radiology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center (Chiba), Chiba, Japan
| | - Junichi Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba Medical Center, 1-7-1 Minami-cho, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-0842, Japan
| | - Tsuguo Morikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba Medical Center, 1-7-1 Minami-cho, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-0842, Japan
| | - Atsuya Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Eastern Chiba Medical Center, 3-6-2 Okayamadai, Tougane, Chiba, 283-8686, Japan
| | - Yasuchika Aoki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Eastern Chiba Medical Center, 3-6-2 Okayamadai, Tougane, Chiba, 283-8686, Japan
| | - Takahisa Sasho
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakagawa
- Department of Radiology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center (Chiba), Chiba, Japan
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11
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Kim MU, Kim JW, Kim MS, Kim SJ, Yoo OS, In Y. Variation in Graft Bending Angle During Range of Motion in Single-Bundle Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography Analysis of 2 Techniques. Arthroscopy 2019; 35:1183-1194. [PMID: 30871901 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.10.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare variations in femoral graft bending angle during range of motion (ROM) of the knee between inside-out (IO) and retro-socket outside-in (OI) techniques in posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction using in vivo 3-dimensional (3D) computed tomography analysis. METHODS Ten patients underwent PCL reconstruction by the IO technique (5 patients) or the retro-socket OI technique (5 patients) for suspensory femoral fixation. After PCL reconstruction, 3D computed tomography was performed in 0° extension and 90° flexion to reconstruct 3D femur and tibia bone models using Mimics software. Positions of femur and tibia at 30°, 45°, and 60° flexion were reproduced by determining the kinematic factors of anteroposterior translation, mediolateral translation, and internal-external rotation angle of each patient based on previously measured kinematic data. Variation in graft bending angle according to the flexion range of the knee was calculated by the difference in graft angulation measured at each flexion angle. The results were compared between the 2 techniques. RESULTS There was significant difference in variation of femoral graft bending angle between IO and retro-socket OI techniques from 0° to 90° flexion of the knee (P = .008). Significant difference was also noticed at 30° to 45° (P = .008), 45° to 60° (P = .008), and 60° to 90° (P = .016) ROM of the knee between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS The retro-socket OI technique resulted in less variation in femoral graft bending angle compared with the IO technique during knee ROM. We recommend the retro-socket OI technique for femoral tunnel placement to reduce the graft motion at the intra-articular femoral tunnel aperture. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The retro-socket OI technique produces significantly less variation in femoral graft bending angle when compared with the IO technique. Such reduction in variation of femoral graft bending angle might be related to lower stress at the femoral tunnel aperture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Up Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Kim
- Central R&D Center, Corentec, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Soo Kim
- Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Ju Kim
- Central R&D Center, Corentec, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Oui Sik Yoo
- Central R&D Center, Corentec, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong In
- Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Mehta A, Lin CC, Campbell RA, Chin G, McGarry MH, Lee TQ, Adamson GJ. Effects of Anteromedial Portal versus Transtibial ACL Tunnel Preparation on Contact Characteristics of the Graft and the Tibial Tunnel Aperture. Clin Orthop Surg 2019; 11:52-59. [PMID: 30838108 PMCID: PMC6389531 DOI: 10.4055/cios.2019.11.1.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to compare the tibial tunnel aperture contact characteristics simulating an anteromedial and transtibial anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tunnel preparation. Methods Seven matched pairs of cadaveric knees were tested. From each knee, a 10-mm quadriceps ACL graft was prepared. The native ACL was arthroscopically removed and tibial tunnels were drilled. In one knee, a transtibial technique was performed with femoral tunnel drilling approached through the tibial tunnel. For the anteromedial technique on the contralateral knee, the posterior tibial tunnel was chamfered with a rasp. The knees were then disarticulated and tibial tunnel aperture geometry was measured. A pressure sensor was placed between the graft and the posterior aspect of the tibial tunnel and the graft was secured with an interference screw. Contact force, contact area, contact pressure, peak contact pressure, hysteresis and stiffness were measured at cyclic loads of 50 N, 100 N, 150 N, and 200 N. Results Tibial tunnel aperture area, diameter and deviation from a circle were significantly larger with the transtibial technique (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in hysteresis, stiffness, contact area, contact force and mean contact pressure. The peak contact pressure between the ACL graft and the tibial tunnel was significantly higher with the anteromedial technique for 100 N (p = 0.04), 150 N (p = 0.01), and 200 N (p = 0.002) cyclic loading. Conclusions Increased peak contact pressure on the graft at the tibial aperture with the anteromedial technique may increase the stress on the graft and possibly lead to failure following ACL reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Mehta
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Congress Medical Foundation, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Charles C Lin
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Tibor Rubin VA Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Ronald A Campbell
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Congress Medical Foundation, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Garwin Chin
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Tibor Rubin VA Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Michelle H McGarry
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Congress Medical Foundation, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Tibor Rubin VA Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Thay Q Lee
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Congress Medical Foundation, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Tibor Rubin VA Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Gregory J Adamson
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Congress Medical Foundation, Pasadena, CA, USA
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13
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Chen L, Wu Y, Lin G, Wei P, Ye Z, Wang Y, Ren T. Graft bending angle affects allograft tendon maturity early after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2018; 26:3048-3054. [PMID: 29574546 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-018-4910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to clarify the association of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft bending angle and graft maturity of autograft and allograft tendons using high-resolution MRI. METHODS Patients with unilateral ACL reconstruction were invited to participate in this study, and they were examined using a 3.0-T MRI scan at 3, 6 and 12 months after the operation. Anatomic single-bundle ACL reconstruction was performed on 48 patients using the trans-portal technique, including 28 with autograft hamstring tendons and 20 with allograft tendons. To evaluate graft healing, the signal/noise quotient (SNQ) was measured in four regions of interest (ROIs) of the femoral tunnel, proximal, midsubstance and distal ACL grafts. The graft bending angle was defined as the angle between the femoral bone tunnel and the line connecting the femoral and tibial tunnel apertures. Graft SNQ and graft bending angle were assessed at 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively, and the association between SNQ and the average graft bending angle was analyzed. RESULTS Generally, the mean graft bending angle of this cohort increased gradually with time. The SNQ value of each graft region increased from 3 to 6 months and then decreased from 6 to 12 months. In the whole cohort, the graft bending angle had a significant positive association with graft SNQ in the femoral tunnel or proximal site. In the allograft subgroup, the graft bending angle had a significant positive association with the graft SNQ in the femoral tunnel or proximal site at 6 months after surgery, while there was no association between the graft bending angle and SNQ at 12 months. In the autograft subgroup, the graft bending angle had a significant positive association with graft SNQ in the femoral tunnel or proximal site at 12 months after surgery. CONCLUSION Generally, the graft bending angle was correlated with a high signal intensity of the proximal graft in the early postoperative period for allograft tendons and in the late postoperative period for allograft tendons. This suggests that the biomechanical effect from the graft bending angle on graft healing may be different for allografts and autografts after ACL reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhai Chen
- Medical college, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibing Wu
- Medical college, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghao Lin
- Medical college, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wei
- Department of Repair and Reconstruction Surgery, Ningbo First hospital, 247 Renmin Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zaohui Ye
- Department of Repair and Reconstruction Surgery, Ningbo First hospital, 247 Renmin Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangjian Wang
- Department of Repair and Reconstruction Surgery, Ningbo First hospital, 247 Renmin Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantian Ren
- Department of Repair and Reconstruction Surgery, Ningbo First hospital, 247 Renmin Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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14
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Optimal Condition to Create Femoral Tunnel Considering Combined Influence of Knee Flexion and Transverse Drill Angle in Anatomical Single-Bundle ACL Reconstruction Using Medial Portal Technique: 3D Simulation Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2643247. [PMID: 30112370 PMCID: PMC6077681 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2643247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There has been no previous study using three-dimensional (3D) measurement on femoral tunnel characteristics according to the combined influence of various flexion angles of knee and transverse drill angles in single-bundle ACL reconstruction with transportal technique. The purpose of this study was to determine optimal condition of knee flexion angle and transverse drill angle to create secure femoral tunnel in single-bundle ACL reconstruction with transportal technique considering tunnel length, tunnel wall breakage, and graft bending angle. This study was conducted using simulation of 3D computed tomography of thirty subjects. Three variables of femoral tunnel changed according to combined influence of four flexion angles of knee and three transverse drill angles were measured: tunnel length, wall breakage, and graft bending angle. There was no case of short femoral tunnel less than 25 mm at 120° and 130° of flexion. There was no case of breakage of femoral tunnel at 120° of flexion with maximum transverse drill angle (MTA) and MTA-10° and at 130° of flexion. Considering effect on graft bending angle, decrease of flexion angle and transverse drill angle could be appropriate in creating femoral tunnel. Increased flexion angle and transverse drill angle secured femoral tunnel having sufficiently long length without wall breakage. However, avoiding excessive flexion angle and maximum transverse drill angle could be recommended because they tended to cause more acute graft bending angle.
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15
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Stress distribution is deviated around the aperture of the femoral tunnel in the anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2018; 26:1145-1151. [PMID: 28401277 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-017-4543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Final tunnel location in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is unpredictable due to tunnel widening and/or transposition. The mechanical stress around the tunnel aperture seems to be a major factor but is not fully investigated. The purpose of this study was to measure the stress from the ACL graft around the tunnel aperture when the ACL graft tension reaches its peak. METHODS Six cadaveric knees were used. Single-bundle ACL reconstruction was performed using a hamstrings graft. Both femoral and tibial tunnels were created at the centre of the original ACL footprint. A 7-mm-internal-diameter aluminium cylinder with pressure sensors was placed in the femoral tunnel. Hamstrings graft with a microtension sensor was inserted. After fixation, passive extension-flexion was performed while monitoring the tunnel aperture pressure and the graft tension simultaneously. The pressure on the femoral tunnel aperture when the ACL graft tension reach its peak was compared between four directions. RESULTS The ACL graft tension peaked (67 ± 49 N) at full extension (-5.8 ± 4.1°). Pressure at the femoral tunnel aperture was different between different directions (p < 0.01). Distal part had significantly larger pressure (1.7 ± 1.3 MPa) than the other directions (p < 0.01). Second largest pressure was carried in the anterior part (0.6 ± 0.5 MPa), followed by proximal and posterior parts (0.4 ± 0.3, 0.2 ± 0.2 MPa respectively). CONCLUSION The stress distribution at the femoral tunnel aperture is not equal in different directions, while the distal part dominantly bears the stress from the ACL graft. Surgeons should pay close attention to the distal edge of the femoral tunnel which should be inside the anatomic ACL footprint eventually.
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16
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Kim JG, Kang SH, Kim JH, Lim CO, Wang JH. Comparison of Clinical Results, Second-Look Arthroscopic Findings, and MRI Findings Between the Transportal and Outside-In Techniques for Double-Bundle Anatomic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial With a Minimum 2-Year Follow-up. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46:544-556. [PMID: 29293362 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517744535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although image analysis has shown that the outside-in (OI) technique is associated with different femoral tunnel geometry than the transportal (TP) technique in anatomic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, it is not known whether clinical results differ between the 2 techniques. PURPOSE To compare clinical results, second-look arthroscopic findings, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings between the TP and OI techniques in anatomic double-bundle (DB) ACL reconstruction. STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS From November 2010 to March 2013, 128 patients were enrolled in this study and were randomly assigned to either the TP group (64 patients) or the OI group (64 patients), and DB ACL reconstructions were performed. At the minimum 2-year follow-up (34.9 ± 10.9 months), 111 patients (86.7%) were evaluated with multiple clinical scores and stability tests (KT-2000 arthrometer, Lachman test, and pivot-shift test). Ninety-three knees were evaluated for graft continuity, graft tension, and synovialization by use of second-look arthroscopy. Seventy-eight knees were evaluated on MRI for graft continuity, femoral graft tunnel healing, and graft signal/noise quotient (SNQ). The primary outcome was KT-2000 arthrometer results. Results were compared between the TP and OI groups. RESULTS No significant differences were found between the 2 groups in terms of KT-2000 arthrometer results, which was the primary outcome, and other clinical results, with the exception of the postoperative functional test of International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) objective score. The ratio of grade A and B on the postoperative functional test of IKDC objective score was significantly larger for the OI group (51/58) than the TP group (36/53) ( P = .005). The second-look arthroscopic findings were not significantly different between the 2 groups in either bundle ( P > .05). In addition, MRI findings did not differ significantly between the 2 groups ( P > .05). CONCLUSION With the exception of the functional test of IKDC objective score, we found that clinical results, second-look arthroscopic findings, and MRI findings did not differ significantly between the OI and TP techniques for anatomic ACL reconstruction, although femoral tunnel geometries differed significantly between the 2 techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Gyoon Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan Hospital, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Kang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Ouk Lim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan Hospital, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ho Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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Taketomi S, Inui H, Tahara K, Shirakawa N, Tanaka S, Nakagawa T. Effects of initial graft tension on femoral tunnel widening after anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a bone-patellar tendon-bone graft. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2017; 137:1285-1291. [PMID: 28616652 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-017-2728-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effects of initial graft tension upon tunnel widening (TW) following anatomic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction have not been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively investigate the effect of two different graft-tensioning protocols upon femoral TW following anatomic ACL reconstruction using a bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) graft and a three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) model. METHODS Forty-three patients who underwent isolated ACL reconstruction using BPTB grafts were included in this study. In 18 out of the 43 patients, the graft was fixed at full knee extension with manual maximum pull (Group H). These patients were compared with 25 patients in whom the BPTB graft was fixed at full knee extension with 80-N pull (Group L). Tunnel aperture area was measured using 3D CT 1 week and 1 year postoperatively, thus enabling us to calculate the percentage change in the area of femoral tunnel aperture. Clinical assessment was performed 1 year postoperatively, corresponding to the time period of CT assessment, and involved the evaluation of Lysholm score, anterior knee stability using a KneeLax3 arthrometer, and the pivot-shift test. RESULTS When measured at 1 year postoperatively, the mean area of the femoral tunnel aperture had increased by 78.6 ± 36.8% in Group H when compared with at 1 week postoperatively, whereas that of Group L had increased by 27.7 ± 32.3%. Furthermore, TW (%) in Group H was significantly greater than that of Group L (P < 0.001). No significant differences were detected between the two groups with regard to any of the clinical outcomes evaluated. CONCLUSION High levels of initial graft tension resulted in greater TW of the femoral tunnel aperture following anatomical ACL reconstruction using BPTB grafts. However, such levels of graft tension did not affect clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Taketomi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Inui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Tahara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shirakawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Nakagawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Tashiro Y, Gale T, Sundaram V, Nagai K, Irrgang JJ, Anderst W, Nakashima Y, Tashman S, Fu FH. The Graft Bending Angle Can Affect Early Graft Healing After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: In Vivo Analysis With 2 Years' Follow-up. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:1829-1836. [PMID: 28402758 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517698676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high graft bending angle (GBA) after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has been suggested to cause stress on the graft. Nevertheless, evidence about its effect on graft healing in vivo is limited. HYPOTHESIS The signal intensity on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) would be higher in the proximal region of the ACL graft, and higher signals would be correlated to a higher GBA. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive laboratory study. METHODS Anatomic single-bundle ACL reconstruction was performed on 24 patients (mean age, 20 ± 4 years) using the transportal technique. A quadriceps tendon autograft with a bone plug was harvested. To evaluate graft healing, the signal/noise quotient (SNQ) was measured in 3 regions of interest (ROIs) of the proximal, midsubstance, and distal ACL graft using high-resolution MRI (0.45 × 0.45 × 0.70 mm), with decreased signals suggesting improved healing. Dynamic knee motion was examined during treadmill walking and running to assess the in vivo GBA. The GBA was calculated from the 3-dimensional angle between the graft and femoral tunnel vectors at each motion frame, based on tibiofemoral kinematics determined from dynamic stereo X-ray analysis. Graft healing and GBAs were assessed at 6 and 24 months postoperatively. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare the SNQ in the 3 ROIs at 2 time points. Pearson correlations were used to analyze the relationship between the SNQ and mean GBA during 0% to 15% of the gait cycle. RESULTS The SNQ of the ACL graft in the proximal region was significantly higher than in the midsubstance ( P = .022) and distal regions ( P < .001) at 6 months. The SNQ in the proximal region was highly correlated with the GBA during standing ( R = 0.64, P < .001), walking ( R = 0.65, P = .002), and running ( R = 0.54, P = .015) but not in the other regions. At 24 months, signals in the proximal and midsubstance regions decreased significantly compared with 6 months ( P < .001 and P = .008, respectively), with no difference across the graft area. CONCLUSION The signal intensity was highest in the proximal region and lowest in the distal region of the reconstructed graft at 6 months postoperatively. A steep GBA was significantly correlated with high signal intensities of the proximal graft in this early period. A steep GBA may negatively affect proximal graft healing after ACL reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Tashiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tom Gale
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vani Sundaram
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kanto Nagai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James J Irrgang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William Anderst
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Scott Tashman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Freddie H Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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19
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Tashiro Y, Sundaram V, Thorhauer E, Gale T, Anderst W, Irrgang JJ, Fu FH, Tashman S. In Vivo Analysis of Dynamic Graft Bending Angle in Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Reconstructed Knees During Downward Running and Level Walking: Comparison of Flexible and Rigid Drills for Transportal Technique. Arthroscopy 2017; 33:1393-1402. [PMID: 28343809 PMCID: PMC5495610 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the in vivo dynamic graft bending angle (GBA) in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-reconstructed knees, correlate the angle to tunnel positions and tunnel widening, and evaluate the effects of 2 femoral tunnel drilling techniques on GBA. METHODS Patients with an isolated ACL injury undergoing reconstruction from 2011 to 2012 were included. Transportal techniques were used to create femoral tunnels. Tunnel locations were determined by 3-dimensional computed tomography. Tibiofemoral kinematics during treadmill walking and running were assessed by dynamic stereo x-ray analysis 6 months and 2 years postoperatively. The GBA was calculated from the 3-dimensional angle between the graft and femoral tunnel vectors on each motion frame. The cross-sectional areas of femoral tunnels were measured at 6 months and compared with the initial size to assess tunnel widening. RESULTS A total of 54 patients were included. Use of flexible drills resulted in significantly higher GBAs during walking (80.6° ± 7.8°, P < .001) and running (80.5° ± 9.0°, P = .025) than rigid drills (walking, 67.5° ± 9.3°; running, 74.1° ± 9.6°). Their use led to greater tunnel widening of 113.9% ± 17.6%, as compared with 97.7% ± 17.5% for rigid drills (P = .003). The femoral and tibial apertures were located in similar anatomic positions in both groups, but the femoral tunnel exits were located more anteriorly (P < .001) in the flexible drill group. A higher GBA was highly correlated with anterior location of femoral exits (r = 0.63, P < .001) and moderately correlated with greater tunnel widening (r = 0.48, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS High GBAs were identified during dynamic activities after anatomic ACL reconstruction with a transportal femoral tunnel drilling technique. The GBA was greater when flexible drills were used. The high bending angle resulted from the more anterior location of the femoral tunnel exits, and it correlated with early bone tunnel widening at 6 months. These results suggest that a high GBA may increase stress at the bone-graft interface and contribute to greater tunnel widening after anatomic ACL reconstruction, although the clinical impact should be further investigated. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, retrospective comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ysutaka Tashiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Vani Sundaram
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Eric Thorhauer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tom Gale
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - William Anderst
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - James J. Irrgang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Freddie H. Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Scott Tashman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Pula D. Editorial Commentary: Angle Versus Anatomy: Sacrificing Graft Bending Angle for Anatomic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2017; 33:1403-1404. [PMID: 28669474 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Graft bending angle (GBA) is the angle created by the intra-articular anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft and the femoral tunnel. By definition then, it is affected by the angle at which the surgeon drills the femoral tunnel. In an attempt to create a more anatomic ACL, different techniques have been described to put the femoral tunnel in the anatomic footprint. If you can get past each author's unique description of GBA, whether they are referring to the graft, the tunnel angle, or using adjectives such as acute or higher GBA, you see that attempting to create more anatomic ACL reconstructions has resulted in a sharper turn for our grafts. The million-dollar question is: what does that mean? For now, the answer is unknown.
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Sim JA, Kim JM, Lee S, Bae JY, Seon JK. Comparison of tunnel variability between trans-portal and outside-in techniques in ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2017; 25:1227-1233. [PMID: 26713326 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-015-3950-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although trans-portal and outside-in techniques are commonly used for anatomical ACL reconstruction, there is very little information on variability in tunnel placement between two techniques. METHODS A total of 103 patients who received ACL reconstruction using trans-portal (50 patients) and outside-in techniques (53 patients) were included in the study. The ACL tunnel location, length and graft-femoral tunnel angle were analyzed using the 3D CT knee models, and we compared the location and length of the femoral and tibial tunnels, and graft bending angle between the two techniques. The variability in each technique regarding the tunnel location, length and graft tunnel angle using the range values was also compared. RESULTS There were no differences in the average of femoral tunnel depth and height between the two groups. The ranges of femoral tunnel depth and height showed no difference between two groups (36 and 41 % in trans-portal technique vs. 32 and 41 % in outside-in technique). The average value and ranges of tibial tunnel location also showed similar results in two groups. The outside-in technique showed longer femoral tunnel than the trans-portal technique (34.0 vs. 36.8 mm, p = 0.001). The range of femoral tunnel was also wider in trans-portal technique than in outside-in technique. Although the outside-in technique showed significant acute graft bending angle than trans-portal technique in average values, the trans-portal technique showed wider ranges in graft bending angle than outside-in technique [ranges 73° (SD 13.6) vs. 53° (SD 10.7), respectively]. CONCLUSIONS Although both trans-portal and outside-in techniques in ACL reconstruction can provide relatively consistent in femoral and tibial tunnel locations, trans-portal technique showed high variability in femoral tunnel length and graft bending angles than outside-in technique. Therefore, the outside-in technique in ACL reconstruction is considered as the effective method for surgeons to make more consistent femoral tunnel. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ang Sim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gil Hospital, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Department of orthopaedic surgery, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sahnghoon Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Yong Bae
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Joint Disease, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 160 Ilsimri, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanamdo, 519-809, South Korea
| | - Jong-Keun Seon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Joint Disease, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 160 Ilsimri, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanamdo, 519-809, South Korea.
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Niki Y, Nagai K, Harato K, Suda Y, Nakamura M, Matsumoto M. Effects of femoral bone tunnel characteristics on graft-bending angle in double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a comparison of the outside-in and transportal techniques. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2017; 25:1191-1198. [PMID: 26294057 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-015-3761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bone tunnel creation techniques influence the 3-dimensional (3D) position of bone tunnels and graft-bending angle in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. This study assessed graft-bending angle and 3D characteristics of femoral bone tunnels and compared them between outside-in (OI) and transportal (TP) techniques. METHODS Participants comprised 64 patients who underwent anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction, allocated to OI and TP groups (n = 32 each). The graft orientation plane exhibiting the largest graft-bending angle at the femoral tunnel aperture with the knee in extension was reconstructed from CT data using 3D imaging software. In this plane, graft-bending angle was compared between the OI and TP techniques. RESULTS Although positionings of the intra-articular apertures of the femoral and tibial bone tunnels were similar, several spatial parameters of bone tunnels differed between techniques. Graft-bending angles of both anteromedial and posterolateral bundles were significantly more acute with the OI technique than with the TP technique. On coronal-plane CT, angle of the bone tunnel axis relative to the distal condylar axis correlated negatively with graft-bending angle, while in the axial plane, angle of the bone tunnel axis relative to the posterior condylar axis correlated positively with graft-bending angle. Lysholm score, pivot shift test, and anteroposterior laxity at >2.5-year follow-up demonstrated no significant differences between techniques. DISCUSSION Different bone tunnel directions in OI and TP techniques substantially affected graft-bending angle , despite similar positionings of the intra-articular apertures. Graft-bending angle with the OI technique was acute, but risk of posterior blowout of the lateral femoral condyle was decreased. Surgeons should create the femoral tunnel while considering an obtuse graft-bending angle without increasing the risk of posterior blowout. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Niki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Katsuya Nagai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kengo Harato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yasunori Suda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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Ahn JH, Lee YS, Jeong HJ, Park JH, Cho Y, Kim KJ, Ko TS. Comparison of transtibial and retrograde outside-in techniques of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in terms of graft nature and clinical outcomes: a case control study using 3T MRI. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2017; 137:357-365. [PMID: 28132087 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-016-2606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study was performed to compare ACL graft maturation and morphologies using MRI between trans-tibial (TT) and retrograde outside-in (OI) techniques, and to compare clinical outcomes between the two groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients underwent single-tunnel ACL reconstruction using quadrupled hamstring autografts, with the TT technique used on 42 patients (TT group) and the retrograde OI technique used on 39 patients (OI group). All patients were examined with 3 T MRI at 6 months (between 5 and 7 months) after surgery. The signal intensity of the reconstructed graft was analyzed and compared between the two groups, using the signal/noise quotient (SNQ), the orientation of the ACL graft and the tibial tunnel location of the graft. The SNQ value is indicative of graft maturation, and the orientation of the graft and the tibial tunnel location of the graft represent graft morphology. Clinical evaluation was performed before the surgery and 2 years or more after the surgery. RESULTS The mean SNQ value of the TT group was significantly (P = 0.030) lower than that of the OI group. The mean sagittal ACL angle (P < 0.001) and the mean coronal ACL angle (P < 0.001) were more vertical in the TT group. The tibial tunnel aperture was located at a significantly (P < 0.001) more posterior position in the TT group. There was no statistically significant difference in the clinical results between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The OI technique showed a more anteriorly positioned tibial tunnel and a more oblique graft orientation in both sagittal and coronal planes. However, in comparison with the TT group, a significantly higher SNQ value was noticed in the follow-up MRI of the OI group at 6 months, although clinical results of the two groups were not significantly different during at least the 2-year follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hwan Ahn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Seuk Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Hwa Jae Jeong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jai Hyung Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yohan Cho
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Jeong Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Taeg Su Ko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Barunbone Hospital, 261 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 04998, South Korea.
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Tashiro Y, Irarrázaval S, Osaki K, Iwamoto Y, Fu FH. Comparison of graft bending angle during knee motion after outside-in, trans-portal and trans-tibial anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2017; 25:129-137. [PMID: 27277192 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-016-4191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine graft bending angle (GBA) during knee motion after anatomic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and to clarify whether surgical techniques affect GBA. Our hypotheses were that the graft bending angle would be highest at knee extension and the difference of surgical techniques would affect the bending steepness. METHODS Eight healthy volunteers with a mean age of 29.3 ± 3.0 years were recruited and 3D MRI knee models were created at three flexion angles (0°, 90° and 130°). Surgical simulation of the tunnel drilling was performed with anatomic tunnel position using each outside-in (OI), trans-portal (TP) and trans-tibial (TT) techniques on the identical cases. The models were matched to other knee positions and the GBA in 3D was measured using computational software. Double-bundle ACL reconstruction was analysed first, and single-bundle reconstruction was also analysed to evaluate its effect to reduce GBA. A repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare GBA difference at three flexion angles, by three techniques or of three bundles. RESULTS GBA changed substantially with knee motion, and it was highest at full extension (p < 0.001) in each surgical technique. OI technique exhibited highest GBA for anteromedial bundle (94.3° ± 5.2°) at extension, followed by TP (83.1° ± 6.5°) and TT (70.0° ± 5.2°) techniques (p < 0.01). GBA for posterolateral bundle at extension were also high in OI (84.6° ± 7.4°), TP (83.0° ± 6.3°) and TT (77.2° ± 7.0°) techniques (n.s.). Single-bundle grafts did not decrease GBA compared with double-bundle grafts. In OI technique, a more proximal location of the femoral exit reduced GBA of each bundle at extension and 90° flexion. CONCLUSION A significant GBA change with knee motion and considerably steep bending at full extension, especially with OI and TP techniques, were simulated. Although single-bundle technique did not reduce GBA as seen in double-bundle technique, proximal location of femoral exits by OI technique, with tunnels kept in anatomic position, was effective in decreasing GBA at knee extension and flexion. For clinical relevance, high stress on graft and bone interface has been suggested by steep GBA at full extension after anatomic ACL reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic study (prospective comparative study), Level II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Tashiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Sebastián Irarrázaval
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Kanji Osaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yukihide Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Freddie H Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Fujii M, Sasaki Y, Araki D, Furumatsu T, Miyazawa S, Ozaki T, Linde-Rosen M, Smolinski P, Fu FH. Evaluation of the semitendinosus tendon graft shift in the bone tunnel: an experimental study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2016; 24:2773-2777. [PMID: 25472684 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-014-3461-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to measure the semitendinosus tendon graft shift at the tunnel aperture with graft bending using a simulated femoral bone tunnel. METHODS Eight semitendinosus tendon grafts were used in this study. The median age of the specimen was 53 years (range 46-63). After stripping excess soft tissue, the semitendinosus tendon was doubled over the loop of the EndoButton CL (Smith and Nephew Inc.). The diameter of the graft was measured using a graft-sizing tube (Smith and Nephew Inc.) and verified to be 7.0 mm. A custom-made aluminium fixture, the size was 40.0 mm(3), with 7.0-mm-diameter hole was used as a simulated femoral bone tunnel. The graft was inserted to the tunnel, and EndoButton was positioned to the outside of the tunnel on the fixture. The distal end of the graft was tensioned with 30 N at an angle of 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° that reproduced the graft bending angle during knee range of motion. The photograph of the tunnel aperture was taken at each graft bending angle using a digital camera, and the graft shift amount in the simulated tunnel was analysed using the computer software (ImageJ). RESULTS The amount of the graft shift significantly increased when the graft bending angle was increased (P < 0.05). The biggest shift was observed when the graft bending angle was 75° in all specimens, and the value was 1.10 mm ± 0.12. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that even if the femoral tunnel was created in the centre of the ACL insertion site, the graft shifted within the tunnel in the direction of the tension applied to the graft during knee range of motion. Surgeons may have to consider the graft shift within the bone tunnel as well as the tunnel position in the restoration of the native ACL anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Fujii
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Yusuke Sasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Araki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takayuki Furumatsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Miyazawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ozaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Monica Linde-Rosen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patrick Smolinski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Freddie H Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Ahn JH, Jeong HJ, Lee YS, Park JH, Lee JH, Ko TS. Graft bending angle is correlated with femoral intraosseous graft signal intensity in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the outside-in technique. Knee 2016; 23:666-73. [PMID: 26968485 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purposes of this study were as follows: 1) to determine the correlation between the bending angle of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft at the femoral tunnel and the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal intensity of the ACL graft and 2) to analyze the difference in the MRI signal intensity of the reconstructed ACL graft in different areas of the graft after single-bundle hamstring autograft ACL (SB ACL) reconstruction using an outside-in (OI) technique with bone-sparing retro-reaming. METHODS Thirty-eight patients who underwent SB ACL reconstruction with the hamstring tendon autograft using the OI technique were enrolled in this study. All patients were assessed using three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) to evaluate femoral tunnel factors, including tunnel placement, tunnel length, tunnel diameter, and femoral tunnel bending angle. At a mean of 6.3±0.8months after surgery, 3.0-T MRI was used to evaluate the graft signal intensity using signal/noise quotient for high-signal-intensity lesions. RESULTS Among various femoral tunnel factors, only the femoral tunnel bending angle in the coronal plane was significantly (p=0.003) correlated with the signal/noise quotient of the femoral intraosseous graft. The femoral intraosseous graft had significantly (p=0.009) higher signal intensity than the other graft zone. Five cases (13.2%) showed high-signal-intensity zones around the femoral tunnel but not around the tibial tunnel. CONCLUSION After ACL reconstruction using the OI technique, the graft bending angle was found to be significantly correlated with the femoral intraosseous graft signal intensity, indicating that increased signal intensity by acute graft bending might be related to the maturation of the graft. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE This was a retrospective comparative study with Level III evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hwan Ahn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-746, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hwa Jae Jeong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-746, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Seuk Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Bundang Hospital, 166 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-707, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jai Hyung Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-746, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Ho Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-746, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taeg Su Ko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-746, Republic of Korea.
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Kawaguchi S, Nagamune K, Nishizawa Y, Oka S, Araki D, Hoshino Y, Matsushita T, Kuroda R, Kurosaka M. A Comparison of Ligament Tensions Between Intra- and Extra-Articular Measurement in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLIGENT INFORMATICS 2015. [DOI: 10.20965/jaciii.2015.p0778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is one of the treatments of ACL injuries. In the surgery, the reconstructed ligament should be properly tensioned to provide a normal ligament behavior. However, the ligament tension has been measured with an extra-articular technique in past studies, while the intra-articular ligament tension is still unknown. The purpose of this study is to compare the ligament tensions between intra- and extra-articular measurements in the ACL reconstruction. Intra-articular measurement employs a micro-force sensor designed with a width and thickness same as those of the reconstructed ligament. This study performed two experiments (i.e., sensor accuracy and cadaveric study). In the sensor accuracy experiment, the accuracy of the sensor was about 3% until an applied force of 100 N. In the cadaveric study, the results of the intra- and extra-articular measurement tensions were 13.6±3.9 N and 18.7±1.3 N (n= 6), respectively. The significant difference in student t-test (p-value was 0.026) between the intra- and extra- articular measurements was observed. The bending angle and friction between the graft and bone tunnel, and the shape of the intra-articular edge of tibial bone tunnel affected the intra-articular measurement in ACL reconstruction.
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Bae JY, Kim GH, Seon JK, Jeon I. Finite element study on the anatomic transtibial technique for single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Med Biol Eng Comput 2015; 54:811-20. [PMID: 26296801 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-015-1372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The anatomic transtibial (TT) technique is proposed as a new approach for single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Geometric models of the anatomic TT and anteromedial (AM) portal techniques were fabricated with a reconstructed knee joint model and virtual surgical operations. Grafts of 7 mm diameter were modeled and inserted into tunnels drilled in each model. In the models, the shape of the graft between the femur and the tibia, the lengths of the bone tunnels, and the femoral graft bending angles were evaluated. To evaluate the biomechanical effects of both techniques on the grafts, the contact pressures and maximum principal stresses in the grafts were calculated using the finite element method. The anatomic TT technique placed the femoral tunnel to the anatomic position of the native ACL femoral attachment site. In addition, it decreased the peak contact pressure and the maximum principal stress at the full extension position of the graft compared with the AM portal technique. The anatomic TT technique may be regarded as a superior surgical technique compared with the conventional TT and AM portal techniques. Because of the easy surgical operation involved, the technique decreases the operation time for ACL reconstruction and it provides a deformation behavior of grafts similar to that in the native ACL in a knee joint. With its few side effects, the anatomic TT technique may considerably help patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yong Bae
- Optical Instrumentation Development Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, 169-148 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon-Hee Kim
- Optical Instrumentation Development Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, 169-148 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Keun Seon
- The Center for Joint Disease, Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University, 160 Ilsimri, Hwasun-Eup, Hwasun-Gun, Jeonnam, 519-809, Republic of Korea
| | - Insu Jeon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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Kim JG, Bae TS, Lee SH, Jang KM, Jeong JS, Kyung BS, Lim HC, Ahn JH, Bae JH, Wang JH. High Axial Loads While Walking Increase Anterior Tibial Translation in Intact and Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knees. Arthroscopy 2015; 31:1289-95. [PMID: 25842990 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2015.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of high axial loading (AL) on anterior tibial translation (ATT) according to the increase in knee flexion and the effect of valgus stress (VS) and internal rotation (IR) combined with high AL in intact and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-deficient knees according to the increase in knee flexion. METHODS We used 10 fresh-frozen, human cadaveric knees. Different loading conditions (134-N anterior drawer, 1,000-N AL, 10-Nm VS, and 5-Nm IR) were sequentially combined, and ATT was measured at 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60° of flexion in the intact and ACL-deficient knees. RESULTS ATT increased significantly by adding high AL in intact knees (P = .001) and ACL-deficient knees (P < .0001) according to the change in flexion angle (P < .0001). Under high AL, ATT in the ACL-deficient knees was significantly larger than that in the intact knees for all loading conditions, and it also increased gradually according to the increase in knee flexion (P = .0001). ATT increased significantly after adding IR or VS with high AL in intact knees (VS, P = .002; VS/IR, P = .03) and ACL-deficient knees (VS, P = .0004) at some of the flexion angles. CONCLUSIONS The added high AL increased ATT in intact and ACL-deficient knees from 0° to 60° of flexion. The effect of high AL on ATT became greater in ACL-deficient knees than in intact knees, and ATT also gradually increased according to the increase in knee flexion from 0° to 60°. In both the intact and ACL-deficient knees, ATT increased significantly after valgus stress or IR from 0° to 60°. CLINICAL RELEVANCE ATT during weight bearing increases stress to the ACL, which worsens with valgus stress and/or IR forces. This finding should be considered when one is studying ACL injury mechanisms, as well as prescribing rehabilitation after ACL surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Gyoon Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Soo Bae
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jungwon University, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hak Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Joint Diseases and Rheumatism, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Mo Jang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Seon Jeong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Soo Kyung
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Chul Lim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hwan Ahn
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Bae
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ho Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Kim JG, Chang MH, Lim HC, Bae JH, Lee SY, Ahn JH, Wang JH. An in Vivo 3D Computed Tomographic Analysis of Femoral Tunnel Geometry and Aperture Morphology Between Rigid and Flexible Systems in Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using the Transportal Technique. Arthroscopy 2015; 31:1318-29. [PMID: 25823674 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare femoral tunnel length, femoral graft-bending angle, posterior wall breakage, and femoral aperture morphologic characteristics between rigid and flexible systems after double-bundle (DB) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using the transportal (TP) technique. METHODS We evaluated 3-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) results for 54 patients who underwent DB ACL reconstruction using the TP technique with either a flexible system (n = 27) or a rigid system (n = 27). The femoral tunnel length, femoral graft-bending angle, posterior wall breakage, femoral tunnel aperture height to width (H:W) ratio, aperture axis angle, and femoral tunnel position were assessed using OsiriX Imaging Software and Geomagic Qualify 2012 (Geomagic, Cary, NC). RESULTS The mean anteromedial (AM) femoral tunnel length of the flexible group was significantly longer than that of the rigid group (P = .009). The mean femoral graft-bending angles in the flexible group were significantly less acute than those in the rigid group (AM, P < .001; posterolateral [PL], P = .003]. Posterior wall breakage was observed in both groups (P = 1.00). The mean H:W ratios in the rigid group were significantly larger (more elliptical) than those of the flexible group (AM, P < .001; PL, P = .006). The mean aperture axis angle of the PL femoral tunnel in the rigid group was more parallel to the femoral shaft axis than that in the flexible group (P < .001). There were no significant differences in femoral tunnel position between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS The AM femoral tunnel length and the AM/PL femoral graft-bending angle of the flexible system were significantly longer and less acute than those of the rigid system. However, the aperture morphologic characteristics of the AM/PL femoral tunnel and the aperture axis angle of the PL femoral tunnel in the rigid system were significantly more elliptical and closer to parallel to the femoral shaft axis than those of the flexible system. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, retrospective comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Gyoon Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Chang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Chul Lim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Bae
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yup Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hwan Ahn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ho Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Relationship between femoral tunnel location and graft bending angle in outside-in and transportal technique for ACL double bundle reconstruction in 3D-CT study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2015; 135:839-46. [PMID: 25940125 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-015-2226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, sharp angulation of the graft at tunnel aperture increases local strain to the graft. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between femoral tunnel location and femoral graft bending angle after ACL double bundle reconstruction (ACL-DBR) with two different drilling techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS In ACL-DBR, femoral tunnel was created by two techniques; outside-in technique (26 patients, group A) and transportal technique (25 patients, group B). CT scan was taken at 1 week postoperatively. The position of femoral tunnel exit on the lateral femoral cortex, and intra-articular femoral and tibial tunnel aperture of the anteromedial bundle (AMB) and postero-lateral bundle (PLB) was measured using a rectangular frame on three-dimensional CT images. Femoral graft bending angle was measured using two-dimensional CT images. RESULTS Femoral tunnel exits of AMB and PLB in group A were significantly anterior and proximal than those in group B (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in intra-articular femoral and tibial tunnel apertures between group A and B. A mean femoral graft bending angle of AMB was 80.3° in group A and 69.2 degrees in group B, respectively (p < 0.05). A mean femoral graft bending angle of PLB was 66.3° in group A and 64.6° in group B, respectively. In both groups, a significant (p < 0.05) correlation (r < -0.4) was observed between the position of the femoral tunnel exit (anterior-posterior ratio from femoral anterior border line) and the femoral graft bending angle in AMB. CONCLUSIONS Since the femoral tunnel exit in outside-in technique was located more anterior and proximal, femoral graft bending angle of AMB in outside-in technique was greater than that in transportal technique. Anterior position of the femoral tunnel exit in AMB increased femoral graft bending angle in outside-in and transportal techniques.
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Lee BH, Bansal S, Park SH, Wang JH. Eccentric graft positioning within the femoral tunnel aperture in anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the transportal and outside-in techniques. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43:1180-8. [PMID: 25670836 DOI: 10.1177/0363546514568278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ellipticity of the femoral tunnel aperture, which is considered to better restore the native anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) footprint after ACL reconstruction, is different according to the femoral tunneling technique used. How much of the femoral tunnel aperture is filled with graft in different tunneling techniques has yet to be evaluated. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the graft filling area and graft position within the femoral tunnel aperture in ACL reconstruction using the transportal (TP) and outside-in (OI) techniques. STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS A total of 70 patients were randomized to undergo double-bundle ACL reconstruction using either the TP (n=35) or OI (n=35) technique. The aperture filling was evaluated by calculating the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the graft to that of the femoral tunnel, and the graft center position within the tunnel was assessed using immediate postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS The cross-sectional area of the femoral anteromedial (AM) tunnel aperture in the TP group (605.5±112.7 mm2) was larger than that in the OI group (537.9±126.8 mm2). The cross-sectional area of the femoral posterolateral (PL) tunnel aperture in the TP group (369.9±88.3 mm2) did not differ significantly from that of the OI group (387.9±87.0 mm2). The grafts filled only 52.0% of the AM tunnel and 55.3% of the PL tunnel in the TP group, compared with 54.9% of the AM tunnel and 54.4% of the PL tunnel in the OI group, but there was no statistically significant difference (P>.05). The AM graft center was positioned 1.7±0.6 mm from the center of the tunnel aperture in the TP group and 1.6±0.5 mm in the OI group, and the PL graft center was positioned 1.4±0.4 mm from the center in the TP group and 1.3±0.4 mm in the OI group, with no significant intergroup differences (P=.406 and P=.629, respectively). In the OI group, the PL graft center was positioned more perpendicular to the Blumensaat line in relation to the tunnel aperture center (-10.8°±7.6°) compared with the TP group (-4.0°±11.8°) (P=.04). CONCLUSION The grafts did not fill the tunnel aperture area in either group, and the centers of the grafts differed slightly from the centers of the tunnel apertures. The finding of eccentric graft positioning in the tunnel with condensation in a particular direction in each technique might suggest the necessity of an underreamed femoral tunnel for graft. In addition, it may be useful to standardize the starting position of the femoral tunnel according to anatomic landmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Hoon Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Samarjit Bansal
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sin Hyung Park
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Ho Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Comparison of femoral tunnel geometry, using in vivo 3-dimensional computed tomography, during transportal and outside-in single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques. Arthroscopy 2015; 31:83-91. [PMID: 25239169 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the transportal (TP) and outside-in (OI) techniques regarding femoral tunnel position and geometry after anatomic single-bundle (SB) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. METHODS This study included 51 patients who underwent anatomic SB ACL reconstruction with the TP (n = 21) or OI (n = 30) technique. All patients underwent 3-dimensional computed tomography 3 days after the operation. The femoral tunnel position (quadrant method), femoral graft bending angle, femoral tunnel length, and posterior wall breakage were assessed by immediate postoperative 3-dimensional computed tomography with OsiriX imaging software. RESULTS The OI technique had a shallower femoral tunnel position (arthroscopic position) than did the TP technique (P = .005). The mean femoral graft bending angle was significantly more acute with the OI technique (101.3° ± 8.2°) than with the TP technique (107.9° ± 10.0°) (P = .02). The mean femoral tunnel length was significantly greater with the OI technique (33.0 ± 3.5 mm) than with the TP technique (29.6 ± 3.9 mm) (P = .003). Posterior wall breakage occurred in 7 cases (33.3%) with the TP technique and 1 case (3.3%) with the OI technique (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS The mean femoral tunnel position was significantly shallower (arthroscopic position) with the OI technique than with the TP technique. The OI technique resulted in a more acute femoral graft bending angle, longer femoral tunnel length, and lower incidence of posterior wall breakage than did the TP technique. These results might be helpful for anatomic SB ACL reconstruction using TP and OI techniques. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, retrospective comparative study.
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Moon DK, Yoon CH, Park JS, Kang BJ, Cho SH, Jo HS, Hwang SC. Effect of anteromedial portal entrance drilling angle during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a three-dimensional computer simulation. Yonsei Med J 2014; 55:1584-91. [PMID: 25323895 PMCID: PMC4205698 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2014.55.6.1584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The object of this study was to evaluate entrance angle effects on femoral tunnel length and cartilage damage during anteromedial portal drilling using three-dimensional computer simulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data was obtained from an anatomic study performed using 16 cadaveric knees. The anterior cruciate ligament femoral insertion was dissected and the knees were scanned by computer tomography. Tunnels with different of three-dimensional entrance angles were identified using a computer simulation. The effects of different entrance angles on the femoral tunnel length and medial femoral cartilage damage were evaluated. Specifically, tunnel length and distance from the medial femoral condyle to a virtual cylinder of the femoral tunnel were measured. RESULTS In tunnels drilled at a coronal angle of 45°, an axial angle of 45°, and a sagittal angle of 45°, the mean femoral tunnel length was 39.5±3.7 mm and the distance between the virtual cylinder of the femoral tunnel and the medial femoral condyle was 9.4±2.6 mm. The tunnel length at a coronal angle of 30°, an axial angle of 60°, and a sagittal angle of 45°, was 34.0±2.9 mm and the distance between the virtual cylinder of the tunnel and the medial femoral condyle was 0.7±1.3 mm, which was significantly shorter than the standard angle (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Extremely low and high entrance angles in both of axial plane and coronal plane produced inappropriate tunnel angles, lengths and higher incidence of cartilage damage. We recommend that angles in proximity to standard angles be chosen during femoral tunnel drilling through the anteromedial portal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kyu Moon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Military Hospital, Hongcheon, Korea
| | - Chul Ho Yoon
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jin Seung Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Bun Jung Kang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Seong Hee Cho
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Ho Seung Jo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Sun Chul Hwang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea.
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Uozumi Y, Nagamune K, Nakano N, Nagai K, Nishizawa Y, Hoshino Y, Matsushita T, Kuroda R, Kurosaka M. A Three-Dimensional Evaluation of EndoButton Displacement Direction After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in CT Image Using Tunnel Axis. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLIGENT INFORMATICS 2014. [DOI: 10.20965/jaciii.2014.p0830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to propose a threedimensional evaluation of the EndoButton displacement direction after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) image by using the tunnel axis. The proposed method was applied experimentally to six subjects. The result of the simulated experiment revealed that the proposed method could analyze EndoButton displacement direction satisfactorily because the error was less than that of the MDCT image resolution. The clinical experiment results revealed displacement relative to the tunnel between time-zero and the followup point. We conclude that the proposed method can quantitatively evaluate the EndoButton displacement direction from the raw MDCT image after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; further, our findings suggest that the EndoButton was displaced relative to the tunnel between time-zero and the follow-up point.
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Song EK, Kim SK, Lim HA, Seon JK. Comparisons of tunnel-graft angle and tunnel length and position between transtibial and transportal techniques in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2014; 38:2357-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00264-014-2457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Shin YS, Ro KH, Jeon JH, Lee DH. Graft-bending angle and femoral tunnel length after single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: comparison of the transtibial, anteromedial portal and outside-in techniques. Bone Joint J 2014; 96-B:743-51. [PMID: 24891573 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.96b6.33201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We used immediate post-operative in vivo three-dimensional computed tomography to compare graft bending angles and femoral tunnel lengths in 155 patients who had undergone single-bundle reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament using the transtibial (n = 37), anteromedial portal (n = 72) and outside-in (n = 46) techniques. The bending angles in the sagittal and axial planes were significantly greater but the coronal-bending angle was significantly less in the transtibial group than in the anteromedial portal and outside-in groups (p < 0.001 each). The mean length of the femoral tunnel in all three planes was significantly greater in the transtibial group than the anteromedial portal and outside-in groups (p < 0.001 each), but all mean tunnel lengths in the three groups exceeded 30 mm. The only significant difference was the coronal graft- bending angle in the anteromedial portal and outside-in groups (23.5° vs 29.8°, p = 0.012). Compared with the transtibial technique, the anteromedial portal and outside-in techniques may reduce the graft-bending stress at the opening of the femoral tunnel. Despite the femoral tunnel length being shorter in the anteromedial portal and outside-in techniques than in the transtibial technique, a femoral tunnel length of more than 30 mm in the anteromedial portal and outside-in techniques may be sufficient for the graft to heal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Shin
- Seonam Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul, Korea
| | - K H Ro
- Anam Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J H Jeon
- Anam Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - D H Lee
- Anam Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Tomihara T, Yoshida G, Hara Y, Taniuchi M, Shimada N. Transparent 3-dimensional CT in evaluation of femoral bone tunnel communication after ACL double-bundle reconstruction: comparison between outside-in and transportal technique. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2014; 22:1563-72. [PMID: 23842801 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-013-2594-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to assess the incidence of post-operative femoral bone tunnel communication after anterior cruciate ligament double-bundle reconstruction (ACL-DBR) with two drilling techniques by transparent 3-dimensional computed tomography (CT) and elucidate the factors associated with post-operative femoral bone tunnel communication. METHODS Fifty-five patients underwent ACL-DBR using outside-in technique (Group A, 25 patients) and transportal technique (Group B, 30 patients) for the drilling of femoral tunnel. CT was taken at 1 week and 6 months post-operatively. The femoral and tibial bone tunnel orientation, position, the divergency and the distance of bone bridge between the tunnels were measured using reconstructed CT images. In order to identify the factors related to post-operative femoral bone tunnel communication, patients were divided into two groups depending on whether femoral bone tunnels communicated (Group F-C) or remained (Group F-R) at 6 months post-operatively. RESULTS Femoral bone tunnels in Group B were orientated horizontally and dorsally compared to those in Group A. Tunnel divergency between two femoral tunnels was greater in Group A (11.7°) than in Group B (10.0°). Average distance of bone bridge at 1 week post-operatively was 1.8 mm in Group A and 1.7 mm in Group B (n.s.). Post-operative femoral bone tunnel communication occurred in 16 patients (64 %) in Group A and in 18 patients (60 %) in Group B at 6 months after ACL-DBR, respectively (n.s.). Regarding tibial tunnels, there were no significant differences in tunnel orientation, position, divergency and incidence of post-operative tibial tunnel communication between Groups A and B. Mean distance of femoral bone bridge at 1 week in Group F-R (2.5 mm) was significantly greater than in Group F-C (1.3 mm) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS There was no significant difference in the incidence of post-operative femoral tunnel communication between two techniques. To avoid post-operative femoral tunnel bone communication, more than 2 mm distance of bone bridge at surgery is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Tomihara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shimada Hospital, 100-1 Kashiyama, Habikino, 583-0875, Japan,
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Nishimori M, Deie M, Adachi N, Nakamae A, Ishifuro M, Ochi M. Simulated anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using preoperative three-dimensional computed tomography. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2014; 22:1175-81. [PMID: 23824253 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-013-2584-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to ascertain the ideal far anteromedial portal location to avoid damaging the medial femoral condyle in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. METHODS Forty patients received preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans at 120° of knee flexion. Three-dimensional CT (3D CT) reconstruction of the knee was performed using volume rendering. The insertion of anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral bundle of ACL of the femur was marked on the 3D CT. A line (Line A) was drawn 8-mm proximal and parallel to the anterior ridge of the medial tibial plateau. A tangential line to the medial femoral condyle was drawn from the AM position that was already marked to Line A. The length from the intersection of the lines to the medial edge of the patellar tendon was measured. RESULTS In all 40 patients, the mean length between the medial edge of the patellar tendon and the far anteromedial portal was 27.5 ± 0.7 mm (range 19.8-34.5). In men 29.5 ± 0.7 mm (range 25-34.5); 28.7 ± 0.8 mm in the shorter group (height ≤ 170 cm) and 30.1 ± 1.2 mm in the taller group (height ≥ 170 cm). In women 25.5 ± 1.0 mm (range 19.8-30.5); 22.9 ± 1.0 mm in the shorter group (height ≤ 158 cm) and 29.6 ± 0.5 mm in the taller group (height ≥ 158 cm). CONCLUSIONS An optimum far anteromedial portal position was proposed. Knowing the optimum location of the far anteromedial portal position before surgery allows the surgeons to perform more safety ACL reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nishimori
- Programs for Applied Biomedicine, Division of Clinical Medical Science, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan,
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Nakamae A, Ochi M, Adachi N, Deie M, Nakasa T, Kamei G, Okuhara A, Niimoto T, Ohkawa S. Far anteromedial portal technique for posterolateral femoral tunnel drilling in anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a cadaveric study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2014; 22:181-7. [PMID: 23242380 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-012-2346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the relationship between knee flexion angle and femoral tunnel length, as well as the exit points of guidewires, when using a far anteromedial portal technique for posterolateral femoral tunnel drilling in double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. METHODS Using the far anteromedial portal technique in 8 cadaveric knees, femoral tunnel drilling for the posterolateral bundle was performed at 3 knee flexion angles: 90°, 110° and 130°. We measured the femoral tunnel length and the distances from each guidewire to the closest relevant structures. RESULTS The mean tunnel length at 90° knee flexion (25.8 ± 1.8 mm) was significantly shorter than the length at 110° and 130° knee flexion (32.1 ± 2.6 and 33.1 ± 2.5 mm, respectively). The average distance between the exit point of the guidewire and the posterior articular cartilage of the lateral femoral condyle was the shortest at 90° knee flexion (3.3 ± 2.2 mm). The distance between the guidewire and the centre of the origin of the lateral collateral ligament was the shortest at 130° knee flexion (8.0 ± 1.8 mm). The guidewires penetrated the origin of the lateral gastrocnemius tendon in 2 cases at 110° knee flexion and in 1 case each at 90° and 130° knee flexion. CONCLUSIONS When using the far anteromedial portal technique, more than 110° knee flexion is desirable to achieve ideal femoral tunnel length and avoid articular cartilage injury. In addition, the risk of damage to the origin of the lateral collateral ligament increases when the knee flexion angle increases to 130°. A knee flexion angle between 110° and 120° was recommended when using the far anteromedial portal technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Nakamae
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Integrated Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan,
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Keklikci K, Yapici C, Kim D, Linde-Rosen M, Smolinski P, Fu FH. The effect of notchplasty in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a biomechanical study in the porcine knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2013; 21:1915-21. [PMID: 23242379 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-012-2343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Notchplasty is frequently performed by many orthopaedic surgeons during anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The effect of notchplasty on tunnel placement and knee biomechanics with ACL reconstruction is not known. METHODS Twelve (n = 12) porcine knees were tested using a robotic testing system. Four knee states were compared: (1) intact ACL, (2) ACL-deficient, (3) anatomic single bundle (SB) ACL reconstruction and (4) anatomic SB ACL reconstruction with a 5-mm notchplasty. The graft was fixed at 60° of flexion (full extension of porcine knee is 30°) with an 80-N tension. The knees were subjected to two loading conditions: an 89-N anterior tibial load (ATT) and 4 Nm internal (IR) and external tibial (ER) rotational torques. The kinematics and in situ force obtained from the different knee conditions were compared. RESULTS There were no significant differences between pre- and post-notchplasty in the ER at 30° and 60° of knee flexion (n.s.). However, a significant difference was found between pre- and post-notchplasty in ATT at 30° and 60° of flexion (p < 0.05). The in situ force in the anatomic SB reconstruction with notchplasty was significant lower than the intact and anatomic reconstructed ACL pre-notchplasty at 30°, 60° and 90° of knee flexion (p < 0.05). In response to the IR tibial torque, there were significant differences between pre- and post-notchplasty in IR at 60° (p < 0.05) of knee flexion. CONCLUSION Notchplasty had greater effect on anterior stability than rotational stability. This change in knee kinematics could be detrimental to a healing bone graft, ligamentization and could lead to failure of the reconstruction in early post-operative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Keklikci
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue Suite 1011, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Kim SJ, Chun YM, Kim SH, Moon HK, Jang JW. Femoral graft-tunnel angles in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: analysis with 3-dimensional models and cadaveric experiments. Yonsei Med J 2013; 54:1006-14. [PMID: 23709438 PMCID: PMC3663220 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2013.54.4.1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare four graft-tunnel angles (GTA), the femoral GTA formed by three different femoral tunneling techniques (the outside-in, a modified inside-out technique in the posterior sag position with knee hyperflexion, and the conventional inside-out technique) and the tibia GTA in 3-dimensional (3D) knee flexion models, as well as to examine the influence of femoral tunneling techniques on the contact pressure between the intra-articular aperture of the femoral tunnel and the graft. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve cadaveric knees were tested. Computed tomography scans were performed at different knee flexion angles (0°, 45°, 90°, and 120°). Femoral and tibial GTAs were measured at different knee flexion angles on the 3D knee models. Using pressure sensitive films, stress on the graft of the angulation of the femoral tunnel aperture was measured in posterior cruciate ligament reconstructed cadaveric knees. RESULTS Between 45° and 120° of knee flexion, there were no significant differences between the outside-in and modified inside-out techniques. However, the femoral GTA for the conventional inside-out technique was significantly less than that for the other two techniques (p<0.001). In cadaveric experiments using pressure-sensitive film, the maximum contact pressure for the modified inside-out and outside-in technique was significantly lower than that for the conventional inside-out technique (p=0.024 and p=0.017). CONCLUSION The conventional inside-out technique results in a significantly lesser GTA and higher stress at the intra-articular aperture of the femoral tunnel than the outside-in technique. However, the results for the modified inside-out technique are similar to those for the outside-in technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jae Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Arthroscopy and Joint Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Min Chun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Arthroscopy and Joint Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Arthroscopy and Joint Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong-Kyo Moon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Arthroscopy and Joint Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Jang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Arthroscopy and Joint Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Tompkins M, Cosgrove CT, Milewski MD, Brockmeier SF, Hart JM, Miller MD. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction femoral tunnel characteristics using an accessory medial portal versus traditional transtibial drilling. Arthroscopy 2013; 29:550-5. [PMID: 23544689 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2012.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate anterior cruciate ligament femoral tunnel characteristics using an accessory medial (AM) portal and transtibial (TT) drilling. METHODS Ten matched pairs of cadaveric knees underwent arthroscopic AM portal or TT femoral drilling with 8-mm reamers. All knees underwent computed tomography scanning and were evaluated for tunnel aperture area, shape as described by the length of the long and short axes, location of the tunnel relative to the anterior and inferior aspects of the articular surface with the knee in extension, tunnel angle in the coronal and axial planes, and tunnel length. RESULTS The femoral tunnel aperture area was 50.5 ± 4.8 mm(2) for AM portal drilling and 51.9 ± 4.6 mm(2) for TT drilling (P = .5). The femoral tunnel aperture long axis was 8.5 ± 1.1 mm for AM portal drilling and 9.2 ± 1.3 mm for TT drilling (P = .2), and the short axis was 8.0 ± 0.5 mm for AM portal drilling and 8.0 ± 0.5 mm for TT drilling (P = .8). The femoral tunnel aperture was 5.0 ± 1.4 mm from the anterior wall for AM portal drilling and 9.9 ± 1.7 mm for TT drilling (P < .001), and it was 7.6 ± 2.4 mm from the inferior articular surface for AM portal drilling and 8.9 ± 2.2 mm for TT drilling (P = .2). The femoral tunnel orientation in the coronal plane was 42.1° ± 4.8° for AM portal drilling and 60.9° ± 6.7° for TT drilling (P < .001), and the orientation in the axial plane was 20.9° ± 4.4° for AM portal drilling and 22.7° ± 13.5° for TT drilling (P = .7). The femoral tunnel length was 35.6 ± 2.8 mm for AM portal drilling and 40.3 ± 7.9 mm for TT drilling (P = .1). CONCLUSIONS The use of an AM portal creates a tunnel more anterior and more horizontal than tunnels created by a TT technique. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The femoral tunnel characteristics may have an effect on the strain placed on the graft, the graft bending angle, whether enough graft can be placed into the tunnel, and, ultimately, the ability of the body to fully heal the graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Tompkins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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Bach JS, Cherkaoui M, Corté L, Cantournet S, Ku DN. Design Considerations for a Prosthetic Anterior Cruciate Ligament. J Med Device 2012. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4007945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tearing is a common knee injury often requiring reconstruction with an autograft or an allograft. A prosthetic ligament replacement with off-the-shelf availability could potentially provide significant advantages over the current options for both patients and surgeons. Limitations of previous prosthetics include lack of biocompatibility and susceptibility to fatigue, creep, and failure of bony incorporation. This paper describes design considerations and possible improvements for the next generation prosthetic ACL. Design controls, as mandated by the FDA, are a systematic set of practices within the design and development process used to ensure that a new medical device meets the needs of the intended users. The specified requirements, called the design inputs, for a prosthetic ACL are discussed pertaining to material and structural properties, resistance to creep and fatigue, ability to support secure initial fixation, biocompatibility, and long-term osseointegration. Design innovations to satisfy the design inputs are discussed with regards to material selection, textile pattern, bone tunnel features, and short term fixation. A risk analysis is presented along with descriptions of proposed testing. Design control methodology and tissue engineering may be used to develop a next generation prosthetic ligament, solving multiple problems, simultaneously, on a holistic level, providing major improvements over earlier devices and current treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Cherkaoui
- e-mail: George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Tech Lorraine, 2 Rue Marconi, 57070 Metz, France
| | | | - Sabine Cantournet
- e-mail: Centre des Matériaux, Mines Paris, Paristech, CNRS UMR 7633, BP 87, F-91003 Evry Cedex, France
| | - David N. Ku
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332 e-mail:
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Femoral graft bending angle and femoral tunnel geometry of transportal and outside-in techniques in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: an in vivo 3-dimensional computed tomography analysis. Arthroscopy 2012; 28:1682-94. [PMID: 23107250 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2012.05.884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare femoral graft bending angles and femoral tunnel geometries between the transportal (TP) and outside-in (OI) techniques after anatomic double-bundle (DB) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. METHODS Thirty-nine patients underwent DB ACL reconstruction with the TP and OI techniques. They were randomized on the day of surgery to either the TP group (group I, 21 cases) or the OI group (group II, 18 cases). Femoral graft bending angle, femoral tunnel geometry, posterior wall breakage, and tunnel communication were assessed by computed tomography imaging with OsiriX imaging software (Pixmeo, Geneva, Switzerland). RESULTS The mean anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) femoral graft bending angles of group II (97.3° ± 8.3° and 97.4° ± 8.6°, respectively) were significantly more acute than those of group I (108.2° ± 8.4° and 109.9° ± 8.8°, respectively) (P < .001). The mean AM femoral tunnel length of group II (34.3 ± 3.9 mm) was significantly longer than that of group I (31.9 ± 2.7 mm) (P = .02). However, the mean PL femoral tunnel lengths did not differ between groups. In 7 cases-4 cases (19.0%) in group I and 3 cases (16.6%) in group II-the femoral tunnel communication was found around the intra-articular aperture. Posterior wall breakage was observed in 5 cases (23.8%), which were all in AM femoral tunnels of group I. CONCLUSIONS The OI technique resulted in more acute femoral graft bending angles (difference of 10.9° and 12.5° for AM and PL, respectively) and longer mean AM femoral tunnel lengths (difference of 2.4 mm) than the TP technique after anatomic DB ACL reconstruction, even though these small differences might be unlikely to be of clinical significance. Femoral tunnel communication was found in both groups, and posterior wall breakage was observed in AM femoral tunnels with the TP technique. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I, prospective randomized trial.
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Wang JH, Kim JG, Lee DK, Lim HC, Ahn JH. Comparison of femoral graft bending angle and tunnel length between transtibial technique and transportal technique in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2012; 20:1584-93. [PMID: 22120838 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-011-1781-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate which technique would reduce bending stress at the femoral tunnel aperture and make short tunnel length after ACL reconstruction by comparing the femoral graft bending angle and tunnel length between the single-bundle (SB) transtibial (TT) and double-bundle (DB) transportal (TP) technique using three-dimensional-computed tomography using OsiriX(®) imaging software. METHODS Forty-nine patients underwent an ACL reconstruction using a SB TT (Group I, 20 patients) and DB TP (Group II, 29 patients) technique. Femoral graft bending angle and femoral tunnel length were measured by CT image using OsiriX(®) imaging software. Groups I and II were compared, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. RESULTS The mean anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) femoral graft bending angle of group II (111.5 ± 8.8° and 118.9 ± 9.8°, respectively) was significantly more acute than that of group I (125.3 ± 11.1°) (P < 0.001, P = 0.04). The mean femoral tunnel length of group I was significantly longer than that of group II (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The femoral graft bending angle and the femoral tunnel length of the TP technique performed in the maximally flexed knee position was more acute and shorter than those of the TT technique after ACL reconstruction. This might increase the bending stress at the femoral tunnel aperture and shorter graft length in the tunnel after an ACL reconstruction using TP technique compared to the TT technique. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Ho Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are the most common ligament injury in the United States. These injuries can be career ending for athletes and severely disabling for all individuals. Our objectives are to review the epidemiology of these injuries, as well as ACL biomechanics, anatomy, and nonsurgical and surgical management so that generalists as well as sports medicine physicians, orthopedists, and others will have a better understanding of this serious injury as well as choices in its management. DATA SOURCES PubMed was used to identify relevant articles. These articles were then used to identify other sources. MAIN RESULTS Anterior cruciate ligament injuries occur more commonly in women than in men due to a variety of anatomical factors. The ACL consists of 2 major bundles, the posterolateral and the anteromedial bundles. Forces transmitted through these bundles vary with knee-joint position. Some patients with ACL injuries may not be candidates for surgery because of serious comorbid medical conditions. However, without surgical repair, the knee generally remains unstable and prone to further injury. There are a variety of surgical decisions that can influence outcomes. Single-bundle versus double-bundle repair, whether to leave the ruptured ACL remnant in the knee, the selection of the graft tissue, graft placement, and whether to use the transtibial, far anteromedial portal, or tibial tunnel-independent technique are choices that must be made. CONCLUSIONS With a sound knowledge of the anatomy and kinetics of the knee, newer improved surgical techniques have been developed that can restore proper knee function and have allowed many athletes to resume their careers. These new techniques have also limited the disability in nonathletes.
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Tompkins M, Milewski MD, Brockmeier SF, Gaskin CM, Hart JM, Miller MD. Anatomic femoral tunnel drilling in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: use of an accessory medial portal versus traditional transtibial drilling. Am J Sports Med 2012; 40:1313-21. [PMID: 22523370 DOI: 10.1177/0363546512443047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During anatomic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, we have found that the femoral footprint can best be visualized from the anteromedial portal. Independent femoral tunnel drilling can then be performed through an accessory medial portal, medial and inferior to the standard anteromedial portal. PURPOSE To compare the accuracy of independent femoral tunnel placement relative to the ACL footprint using an accessory medial portal versus tunnel placement with a traditional transtibial technique. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Ten matched pairs of cadaveric knees were randomized such that within each pair, one knee underwent arthroscopic transtibial (TT) drilling, and the other underwent drilling through an accessory medial portal (AM). All knees underwent computed tomography (CT) both preoperatively and postoperatively with a technique optimized for ligament evaluation (80 keV with maximum mAs). Computed tomography was performed with a dual-energy scanner. Commercially available third-party software was used to fuse the preoperative and postoperative CT scans, allowing anatomic comparison of the ACL footprint to the drilled tunnel. The ACL footprint was marked in consensus by an orthopaedic surgeon and a musculoskeletal radiologist and then compared with the tunnel aperture after drilling. The percentage of tunnel aperture contained within the native footprint as well as the distance from the center of the tunnel aperture to the center of the footprint was measured. RESULTS The AM technique placed 97.7% ± 5% of the tunnel within the native femoral footprint, significantly more than 61.2% ± 24% for the TT technique (P = .001). The AM technique placed the center of the femoral tunnel 3.6 ± 1.2 mm from the center of the native footprint, significantly closer than 6.0 ± 1.9 mm for the TT technique (P = .003). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that use of an accessory medial portal will facilitate more accurate placement of the femoral tunnel in the native ACL femoral footprint. CLINICAL RELEVANCE More accurate placement of the femoral tunnel in the native ACL femoral footprint should improve the ability to achieve more anatomic positioning of the ACL graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Tompkins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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Silva A, Sampaio R, Pinto E. ACL reconstruction: comparison between transtibial and anteromedial portal techniques. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2012; 20:896-903. [PMID: 21850428 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-011-1645-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the transtibial reconstruction technique of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) with the anteromedial (AM) portal technique in their ability to place the femoral and tibial tunnels within the ACL footprints. METHODS Forty patients were sequentially enrolled in two different surgical techniques, 20 patients in the transtibial and 20 patients in the AM portal technique. All patients underwent computed tomography scan of the operated knee. The center of the femoral tunnel aperture on the lateral femoral condyle was measured according to the quadrant method. On the tibial side, the center of the tibial tunnel was measured in the sagittal plane. These measurements were compared with the center of the normal AM and PL bundles. RESULTS There were no differences in the center of the femoral tunnels on the Blumensaat's line between the two groups (mean 23.5% (4.2) for the transtibial technique and 26.0% (4.3) for the AM portal technique (P = n.s.). In the height of the femoral condyle, the center of the tunnels was significantly lower in the AM portal technique group [mean 34.7% (3.8) vs. 24.0% (7.9) (P < 0.001)]. In the tibia, the center of the tunnel in the sagittal plane was significantly posterior in the transtibial technique (mean 55.4% (4.9) vs. 44.4% (3.7) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The AM portal technique places the femoral and tibial tunnels more centrally in the ACL footprint when compared with the transtibial technique. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alcindo Silva
- Orthopedics Department, Hospital Militar D. Pedro V, Avenida da Boavista, 4050-113, Porto, Portugal.
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Standardized pivot shift test improves measurement accuracy. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2012; 20:732-6. [PMID: 22205096 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-011-1850-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The variability of the pivot shift test techniques greatly interferes with achieving a quantitative and generally comparable measurement. The purpose of this study was to compare the variation of the quantitative pivot shift measurements with different surgeons' preferred techniques to a standardized technique. The hypothesis was that standardizing the pivot shift test would improve consistency in the quantitative evaluation when compared with surgeon-specific techniques. METHODS A whole lower body cadaveric specimen was prepared to have a low-grade pivot shift on one side and high-grade pivot shift on the other side. Twelve expert surgeons performed the pivot shift test using (1) their preferred technique and (2) a standardized technique. Electromagnetic tracking was utilized to measure anterior tibial translation and acceleration of the reduction during the pivot shift test. The variation of the measurement was compared between the surgeons' preferred technique and the standardized technique. RESULTS The anterior tibial translation during pivot shift test was similar between using surgeons' preferred technique (left 24.0 ± 4.3 mm; right 15.5 ± 3.8 mm) and using standardized technique (left 25.1 ± 3.2 mm; right 15.6 ± 4.0 mm; n.s.). However, the variation in acceleration was significantly smaller with the standardized technique (left 3.0 ± 1.3 mm/s(2); right 2.5 ± 0.7 mm/s(2)) compared with the surgeons' preferred technique (left 4.3 ± 3.3 mm/s(2); right 3.4 ± 2.3 mm/s(2); both P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Standardizing the pivot shift test maneuver provides a more consistent quantitative evaluation and may be helpful in designing future multicenter clinical outcome trials. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Diagnostic study, Level I.
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