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Wingood M, Criss MG, Irwin KE, Freshman C, Phillips EL, Dhaliwal P, Chui KK. Screening for Osteoporosis Risk Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Scoping Review. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2023; 46:E137-E147. [PMID: 36827688 DOI: 10.1519/jpt.0000000000000381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Due to potential health-related consequences of osteoporosis (OP), health care providers who do not order imaging, such as physical therapists, should be aware of OP screening tools that identify individuals who need medical and rehabilitation care. However, current knowledge and guidance on screening tools is limited. Therefore, we explored OP screening tools that are appropriate and feasible for physical therapy practice, and evaluated tools' effectiveness by examining their clinimetric properties. METHODS A systematic search of the following databases was performed: PubMed, PEDro, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science. Articles were included if the study population was 50 years and older, had a diagnosis of OP, if the screening tool was within the scope of physical therapy practice, and was compared to either a known diagnosis of OP or bone densitometry scan results. Included articles underwent multiple reviews for inclusion and exclusion, with each review round having a different randomly selected pair of reviewers. Data were extracted from included articles for participant demographics, outcome measures, cut-off values, and clinimetric properties. Results were categorized with positive and negative likelihood ratios (+LR/-LR) based on the magnitude of change in the probability of having or not having OP. RESULTS +LRs ranged from 0.15 to 20.21, with the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) and Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) having a large shift in posttest probability. -LRs ranged from 0.03 to 1.00, with the FRAX, Male Osteoporosis Risk Estimation Scores, Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool (OST), and Simple Calculated Osteoporosis Risk Estimation having a large shift in posttest probability. CONCLUSION Tools with moderate-large shift for both +LR and -LR recommended for use are: (1) OST; (2) FRAX; and (3) SOF. The variability in cut-off scores and clinimetric properties based on gender, age, and race/ethnicities made it impossible to provide one specific recommendation for an OP screening tool. Future research should focus on OP risk prediction among males and racial and ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Wingood
- Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Michelle G Criss
- School of Health Sciences, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kent E Irwin
- Department of Physical Therapy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois
| | - Christina Freshman
- Department of Physical Therapy, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Puneet Dhaliwal
- Department of Physical Therapy, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Kevin K Chui
- Department of Physical Therapy, Radford University, Roanoke, Virginia
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2
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Liu DH, Hsu CY, Wu PC, Chen YC, Chen YY, Chen JF, Yu SF, Cheng TT. Simple Self-Assessment Tool to Predict Osteoporosis in Taiwanese Men. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:713535. [PMID: 34869412 PMCID: PMC8635042 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.713535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although the self-assessment tools for predicting osteoporosis are convenient for clinicians, they are not commonly used among men. We developed the Male Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool for Taiwan (MOSTAi) to identify the patients at risk of osteoporosis. Methods: All the participants completed a questionnaire on the clinical risk factors for the fracture risk assessment tool. The risk index was calculated by the multivariate regression model through the item reduction method. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze its sensitivity and specificity, and MOSTAi was developed and validated. Results: A total of 2,290 men participated in the bone mineral density (BMD) survey. We chose a model that considered two variables (age and weight). The area under the curve (AUC) of the model was 0.700. The formula for the MOSTAi index is as follows: 0.3 × (weight in kilograms) - 0.1 × (years). We chose 11 as the appropriate cut-off value for the MOSTAi index to identify the subjects at the risk of osteoporosis. Conclusions: The MOSTAi is a simple, intuitive, and country-specific tool that can predict the risk of osteoporosis in Taiwanese men. Due to different demographic characteristics, each region of the world can develop its own model to identify patients with osteoporosis more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung-Huan Liu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Doctoral Degree Program of Biomedical Science and Engineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yuan Hsu
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ching Wu
- Doctoral Degree Program of Biomedical Science and Engineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chou Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - You-Yin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Feng Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Fu Yu
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Tsai Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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E E, Wang T, Yang L, Dempsey M, Brennan A, Yu M, Chan WP, Whelan B, Silke C, O'Sullivan M, Rooney B, McPartland A, O'Malley G, Carey JJ. Utility of Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool as a Screening Tool for Osteoporosis in Irish Men and Women: Results of the DXA-HIP Project. J Clin Densitom 2021; 24:516-526. [PMID: 33789806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many algorithms have been developed and publicised over the past 2 decades for identifying those most likely to have osteoporosis or low BMD, or at increased risk of fragility fracture. The Osteoporosis Self-assessment Tool index (OSTi) is one of the oldest, simplest, and widely used for identifying men and women with low BMD or osteoporosis. OSTi has been validated in many cohorts worldwide but large studies with robust analyses evaluating this or other algorithms in adult populations residing in the Republic of Ireland are lacking, where waiting times for public DXA facilities are long. In this study we evaluated the validity of OSTi in men and women drawn from a sampling frame of more than 36,000 patients scanned at one of 3 centres in the West of Ireland. 18,670 men and women aged 40 years and older had a baseline scan of the lumbar spine femoral neck and total hip available for analysis. 15,964 (86%) were female, 5,343 (29%) had no major clinical risk factors other than age, while 5,093 (27%) had a prior fracture. Approximately 2/3 had a T-score ≤-1.0 at one or more skeletal sites and 1/3 had a T-score ≤-1.0 at all 3 skeletal sites, while 1 in 5 had a DXA T-score ≤-2.5 at one or more skeletal sites and 5% had a T-score ≤-2.5 at all 3 sites. OSTi generally performed well in our population with area under the curve (AUC) values ranging from 0.581 to 0.881 in men and 0.701 to 0.911 in women. The performance of OSTi appeared robust across multiple sub-group analyses. AUC values were greater for women, proximal femur sites, those without prior fractures and those not taking osteoporosis medication. Optimal OSTi cut-points were '2' for men and '0' for women in our study population. OSTi is a simple and effective tool to aid identification of Irish men and women with low BMD or osteoporosis. Use of OSTi could improve the effectiveness of DXA screening programmes for older adults in Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erjiang E
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingyan Wang
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; School of Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mary Dempsey
- School of Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Attracta Brennan
- School of Computer Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ming Yu
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wing P Chan
- Department of Radiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Bryan Whelan
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Department of Rheumatology, Our Lady's Hospital, Manorhamilton, Co. Leitrim, Ireland
| | - Carmel Silke
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Department of Rheumatology, Our Lady's Hospital, Manorhamilton, Co. Leitrim, Ireland
| | - Miriam O'Sullivan
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Department of Rheumatology, Our Lady's Hospital, Manorhamilton, Co. Leitrim, Ireland
| | - Bridie Rooney
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Sligo University Hospital, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Aoife McPartland
- Department of Rheumatology, Our Lady's Hospital, Manorhamilton, Co. Leitrim, Ireland
| | - Gráinne O'Malley
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Sligo University Hospital, Sligo, Ireland
| | - John J Carey
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Department of Rheumatology, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland.
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4
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Wu LC, Chen HJ, Lin W, Kao HH, Huang PF. Using a simple preliminary screening tool to explore related factors of osteoporosis in the elderly of southern Taiwan. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24950. [PMID: 33655960 PMCID: PMC7939172 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to use a simple screening tool to explore related factors with osteoporosis in the elderly in the community of southern Taiwan.This was an observational cross-sectional study using Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool for Asia (OSTA), Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool for Taiwanese (OSTAi), and the basic demographic information to identify osteoporosis in the participants. This study collected data from 200 participants aged 65 and above and living in southern Taiwan.The prevalence of osteoporosis among elders in the community was 30.5% (OSTA) and 58.0% (OSTAi), respectively. The prevalence of osteoporosis determined by OSTA and OSTAi in female (33.1% and 63.1%, respectively.) was higher than in male (25.7% and 48.6%, respectively.). Risk factors such as gender, age, and body mass index (BMI) were significantly associated with osteoporosis (P < .001). Using OSTA and OSTAi to assess the risk for osteoporosis, for every 1 year of age increase, the odds ratio (OR) value of osteoporosis increased by 1.84 and 1.50 times, respectively (P < .001); for every 1 kg/m2 increase in BMI, the OR of osteoporosis decreases by 0.36 and 0.44 times, respectively. The results of this study can be used a simple tool of OSTA and OSTAi self-examination to screen potential high-risk groups for osteoporosis in the community.OSTA and OSTAi can screen for possible high-risk groups early and without invasive examinations and self-examination tools in a hospital. Low BMI poses higher risks of osteoporosis for the elderly, so increasing functional ability, improving muscle strength, maintaining exercise habits and keeping proper weight could prevent osteoporosis in the seniors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chu Wu
- Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, No. 386, Ta-Chung 1st Road
- School of Shu-Zen Junior College Medicine and Management, No.452, Huanqiu Rd. Luzhu Dist
| | - Hong-Jhe Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, No. 386, Ta-Chung 1st Road, Kaohsiung
| | - Wender Lin
- Department of Health Care Administration, Chang Jung Christian University, No.1 Changda Rd., Gueren Dist., Tainan 711, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Hui Kao
- School of Shu-Zen Junior College Medicine and Management, No.452, Huanqiu Rd. Luzhu Dist
| | - Pin-Fang Huang
- Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, No. 386, Ta-Chung 1st Road
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Subramaniam S, Ima-Nirwana S, Chin KY. Performance of Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool (OST) in Predicting Osteoporosis-A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1445. [PMID: 29987247 PMCID: PMC6068473 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone health screening plays a vital role in the early diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis to prevent fragility fractures among the elderly and high-risk individuals. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), which detects bone mineral density, is the gold standard in diagnosing osteoporosis but is not suitable for screening. Therefore, many screening tools have been developed to identify individuals at risk for osteoporosis and prioritize them for DXA scanning. The Osteoporosis Self-assessment Tool (OST) is among the first tools established to predict osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It can identify the population at risk for osteoporosis, but its performance varies according to ethnicity, gender, and age. Thus, these factors should be considered to ensure the optimal use of OST worldwide. Overall, OST is a simple and economical screening tool to predict osteoporosis and it can help to optimize the use of DXA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaanthana Subramaniam
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia.
| | - Soelaiman Ima-Nirwana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia.
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia.
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6
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Diem SJ, Peters KW, Gourlay ML, Schousboe JT, Taylor BC, Orwoll ES, Cauley JA, Langsetmo L, Crandall CJ, Ensrud KE. Screening for Osteoporosis in Older Men: Operating Characteristics of Proposed Strategies for Selecting Men for BMD Testing. J Gen Intern Med 2017; 32:1235-1241. [PMID: 28815485 PMCID: PMC5653561 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-017-4153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal approach for selecting men for bone mineral density (BMD) testing to screen for osteoporosis is uncertain. OBJECTIVE To compare strategies for selecting older men for screening BMD testing. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 4043 community-dwelling men aged ≥70 years at four US sites. MAIN MEASURES BMD at the total hip, femoral neck, and lumbar spine using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) of the Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool (OST) and Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) without BMD to discriminate between those with and without osteoporosis as defined by World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic criteria, and between those recommended and not recommended for pharmacologic therapy based on the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) guidelines. KEY RESULTS Among the cohort, 216 (5.3%) had a BMD T-score ≤ -2.5 at the femoral neck, total hip, or lumbar spine, and 1184 (29.2%) met criteria for consideration of pharmacologic therapy according to NOF guidelines. The OST had better discrimination (AUC 0.68) than the FRAX (AUC 0.62; p = 0.004) for identifying T-score-defined osteoporosis. Use of an OST threshold of <2 resulted in sensitivity of 0.83 and specificity of 0.36 for the identification of osteoporosis, compared to sensitivity of 0.59 and specificity of 0.59 for the use of FRAX with a cutoff of 9.3% 10-year risk of major osteoporotic fracture. CONCLUSIONS The OST performs modestly better than the more complex FRAX in selecting older men for BMD testing to screen for osteoporosis; the use of either tool substantially reduces the proportion of men referred for BMD testing compared to universal screening. Of 1000 men aged 70 and older in this community-based cohort, the use of an OST cutoff of <2 to select men for BMD testing would result in 654 men referred for BMD testing, of whom 44 would be identified as having osteoporosis, and nine with osteoporosis would be missed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Diem
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Katherine W Peters
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Margaret L Gourlay
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John T Schousboe
- Park Nicollet Clinic & HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Division of Health Policy & Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brent C Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eric S Orwoll
- Bone and Mineral Unit, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jane A Cauley
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lisa Langsetmo
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Kristine E Ensrud
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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7
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Huang JY, Song WZ, Huang M. Effectiveness of Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool for Asians in Screening for Osteoporosis in Healthy Males Over 40 Years Old in China. J Clin Densitom 2017; 20:153-159. [PMID: 28153410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of the Osteoporosis Self-assessment Tool for Asians (OSTA) in screening for osteoporosis in the elderly male population in the Chengdu area, China. The Lunar Prodigy Advance bone densitometer was used to measure the bone mineral density of 11,039 healthy males over the age of 40 years. Men with OSTA scores of >-1, -4 < OSTA ≤ -1, or ≤-4 were assigned to the low-risk, moderate-risk, or high-risk group, respectively. The T-scores measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the different sites were compared across the groups. The bone mineral density of the lumbar spines L1-L4, the left femur, and other sites decreased gradually with age. With increasing age, the screening sensitivity of OSTA for osteoporosis in the lumbar spine and femur gradually increased, whereas its specificity decreased. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the OSTA index in different age groups and at different sites were 0.644-0.831. Therefore, the OSTA index demonstrated some value in screening for osteoporosis in men over the age of 50 years. Significant differences in its effectiveness were observed among different age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yuan Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Wen-Zhong Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mei Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
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Bhat KA, Kakaji M, Awasthi A, Kumar K, Mishra K, Shukla M, Gupta SK. Utility of Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool as a Screening Tool for Predicting Osteoporosis in Indian Men. J Clin Densitom 2017; 20:160-163. [PMID: 27210803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The osteoporosis self-assessment tool (OSTA) predicts the risk of osteoporosis in an individual. It is a simple calculation-based tool [wt (kg) - age (yr)/5] and can be used for measuring bone mineral density (BMD). However, OSTA is influenced by ethnicity. We studied the performance of OSTA index as a screening tool for osteoporosis in 257 community-dwelling North Indian men above 50 yr age. Each subject underwent a detailed clinical, dietary, anthropometric, and biochemical assessment and bone density measurement using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. As per World Health Organization criteria, osteoporosis, osteopenia, and normal BMD were observed in 17.9%, 58.8%, and 23.3%, respectively. OSTA index ranged between -6.4 and 8.8. OST index ≤2 predicted osteoporosis with a sensitivity of 95.7% and a specificity of 33.6% and an area under the curve for a receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.702. The OSTA index is an effective screening tool for measuring BMD in elderly Indian men and can be used by primary care physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurshid A Bhat
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Manisha Kakaji
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Ashish Awasthi
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Karambir Kumar
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Kshtij Mishra
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Manoj Shukla
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Sushil K Gupta
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
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9
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Moon JH, Kim LO, Kim HJ, Kong MH. Evaluation of the Predictive Index for Osteoporosis as a Clinical Tool to Identify the Risk of Osteoporosis in Korean Men by Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data. Korean J Fam Med 2016; 37:346-350. [PMID: 27900073 PMCID: PMC5122667 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.2016.37.6.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously proposed the Predictive Index for Osteoporosis as a new index to identify men who require bone mineral density measurement. However, the previous study had limitations such as a single-center design and small sample size. Here, we evaluated the usefulness of the Predictive Index for Osteoporosis using the nationally representative data of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. METHODS Participants underwent bone mineral density measurements via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and the Predictive Index for Osteoporosis and Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool for Asians were assessed. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to obtain optimal cut-off points for the Predictive Index for Osteoporosis and Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool for Asians, and the predictability of osteoporosis for the 2 indices was compared. RESULTS Both indices were useful clinical tools for identifying osteoporosis risk in Korean men. The optimal cut-off value for the Predictive Index for Osteoporosis was 1.07 (sensitivity, 67.6%; specificity, 72.7%; area under the curve, 0.743). When using a cut-off point of 0.5 for the Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool for Asians, the sensitivity and specificity were 71.9% and 64.0%, respectively, and the area under the curve was 0.737. CONCLUSION The Predictive Index for Osteoporosis was as useful as the Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool for Asians as a screening index to identify candidates for dual energy X-ray absorptiometry among men aged 50-69 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Moon
- Department of Family Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea.; Graduate School of Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Lee Oh Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea
| | - Hyeon Ju Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea.; Department of Family Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
| | - Mi Hee Kong
- Department of Family Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea.; Department of Family Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
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10
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Chang SF, Yang RS. Optimal Analysis to Discriminate Males’ Osteoporosis With Simple Physiological Indicators. Am J Mens Health 2016; 10:487-494. [PMID: 25766506 DOI: 10.1177/1557988315574857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Males account for one third of global hip fracture patients, and their hip fracture-related mortality rate is higher than that of females. Scholars have primarily investigated self-evaluation indicators for elderly Caucasians and other ethnicities, and have rarely conducted large-scale cutoff point studies on Asian males. In this study, a large-scale database on bone mineral density (BMD) examinations was used to conduct a cutoff point study on males with osteoporosis. This study involved a retrospective research design. Males who accepted BMD examinations from 2009 to 2012 at a large teaching hospital in Taiwan were sampled in this study. This study used the database for analyzing effects with using osteoporosis self-assessment indicator, age, body weight, and body mass index (BMI) to discriminate osteoporosis in males, specifically focusing on accuracy, cutoff point, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. Overall, receiver operating characteristic curve for the samples reached 70%. These cutoff points included: a body weight is less than 58.8 kg, BMI is 23 kg/m2, and the osteoporosis self-assessment score is −1.86, to identify osteoporosis. Involving body weight and BMI as optimal assessing indicators for assessing osteoporosis among males younger than 65 years, and the osteoporosis self-assessment tool was ideal for measuring males older than 65 years. Professional health staff should apply convenient, low-cost, and accurate evaluation tools that can assist Asian males in planning preventive osteoporosis strategies to avoid osteoporotic fractures and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fang Chang
- National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Rong-Sen Yang
- National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Oh SM, Song BM, Nam BH, Rhee Y, Moon SH, Kim DY, Kang DR, Kim HC. Development and Validation of Osteoporosis Risk-Assessment Model for Korean Men. Yonsei Med J 2016; 57:187-96. [PMID: 26632400 PMCID: PMC4696952 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2016.57.1.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to develop an osteoporosis risk-assessment model to identify high-risk individuals among Korean men. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study used data from 1340 and 1110 men ≥50 years who participated in the 2009 and 2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, respectively, for development and validation of an osteoporosis risk-assessment model. Osteoporosis was defined as T score ≤-2.5 at either the femoral neck or lumbar spine. Performance of the candidate models and the Osteoporosis Self-assessment Tool for Asian (OSTA) was compared with sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC). A net reclassification improvement was further calculated to compare the developed Korean Osteoporosis Risk-Assessment Model for Men (KORAM-M) with OSTA. RESULTS In the development dataset, the prevalence of osteoporosis was 8.1%. KORAM-M, consisting of age and body weight, had a sensitivity of 90.8%, a specificity of 42.4%, and an AUC of 0.666 with a cut-off score of -9. In the validation dataset, similar results were shown: sensitivity 87.9%, specificity 39.7%, and AUC 0.638. Additionally, risk categorization with KORAM-M showed improved reclassification over that of OSTA up to 22.8%. CONCLUSION KORAM-M can be simply used as a pre-screening tool to identify candidates for dual energy X-ray absorptiometry tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Min Oh
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Etiology Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Mi Song
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Etiology Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Public Health, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Ho Nam
- Biometric Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Yumie Rhee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Moon
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Deog Young Kim
- Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Ryong Kang
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicines, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyeon Chang Kim
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Etiology Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Nayak S, Edwards DL, Saleh AA, Greenspan SL. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the performance of clinical risk assessment instruments for screening for osteoporosis or low bone density. Osteoporos Int 2015; 26:1543-54. [PMID: 25644147 PMCID: PMC4401628 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the performance of clinical risk assessment instruments for screening for DXA-determined osteoporosis or low bone density. Commonly evaluated risk instruments showed high sensitivity approaching or exceeding 90% at particular thresholds within various populations but low specificity at thresholds required for high sensitivity. Simpler instruments, such as OST, generally performed as well as or better than more complex instruments. INTRODUCTION The purpose of the study is to systematically review the performance of clinical risk assessment instruments for screening for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-determined osteoporosis or low bone density. METHODS Systematic review and meta-analysis were performed. Multiple literature sources were searched, and data extracted and analyzed from included references. RESULTS One hundred eight references met inclusion criteria. Studies assessed many instruments in 34 countries, most commonly the Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool (OST), the Simple Calculated Osteoporosis Risk Estimation (SCORE) instrument, the Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool for Asians (OSTA), the Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Instrument (ORAI), and body weight criteria. Meta-analyses of studies evaluating OST using a cutoff threshold of <1 to identify US postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at the femoral neck provided summary sensitivity and specificity estimates of 89% (95%CI 82-96%) and 41% (95%CI 23-59%), respectively. Meta-analyses of studies evaluating OST using a cutoff threshold of 3 to identify US men with osteoporosis at the femoral neck, total hip, or lumbar spine provided summary sensitivity and specificity estimates of 88% (95%CI 79-97%) and 55% (95%CI 42-68%), respectively. Frequently evaluated instruments each had thresholds and populations for which sensitivity for osteoporosis or low bone mass detection approached or exceeded 90% but always with a trade-off of relatively low specificity. CONCLUSIONS Commonly evaluated clinical risk assessment instruments each showed high sensitivity approaching or exceeding 90% for identifying individuals with DXA-determined osteoporosis or low BMD at certain thresholds in different populations but low specificity at thresholds required for high sensitivity. Simpler instruments, such as OST, generally performed as well as or better than more complex instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nayak
- Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Swedish Health Services, Swedish Medical Center, 747 Broadway, Seattle, WA, 98122-4307, USA,
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Pavon JM, Sanders LL, Sloane R, Colón-Emeric C. Sensitivity of osteoporosis screening guidelines for eventual hip fracture in older male veterans. BONEKEY REPORTS 2014; 3:530. [PMID: 24876931 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2014.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to determine whether guideline-recommended clinical criteria to select men for osteoporosis screening provide significantly better sensitivity than the osteoporotic screening tool (OST) among men who later went on to have a hip fracture, and whether the sensitivity differs by race. This retrospective observational study uses data from the Department of Veterans Affairs Austin Automation Center. We identified 825 male veterans with hip fractures from 2007 to 2009. Clinical risk factors used as screening selection criteria were abstracted from five accepted guidelines. Outpatient encounters were examined for each subject to determine whether they would have met screening selection criteria for each guideline in the 5 years before their hip fracture event. Sensitivities for each guideline were compared with the OST, using McNemar's exact test. Sensitivities of Veterans Affairs Health Service Research and Development Services (VA HSR&D) and National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) guidelines were 77% and 82%, respectively, and were significantly better than the OST sensitivity of 72% (P<0.05). Sensitivities of American College of Physicians (ACP; 68%), VA Secretary's Letters (45%) and Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (13%) were significantly worse than the OST sensitivity (P<0.001). The sensitivities of the VA HSR&D, ACP and NOF were significantly higher in Whites compared with non-Whites (76% vs 65%, P<0.01; 70% vs 58%, P<0.01; and 84% vs 70%, P<0.001, respectively). Only VA HSR&D and NOF clinical screening criteria are more sensitive than OST in identifying veterans who subsequently experience hip fractures, and these sensitivities vary by race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliessa M Pavon
- Division of Geriatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University , Durham, NC, USA ; Durham VAMC GRECC, Durham VA Medical Center , Durham, NC, USA
| | - Linda L Sanders
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University , Durham, NC, USA
| | - Richard Sloane
- Division of Geriatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University , Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cathleen Colón-Emeric
- Division of Geriatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University , Durham, NC, USA ; Durham VAMC GRECC, Durham VA Medical Center , Durham, NC, USA
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Pang WY, Inderjeeth CA. FRAX without bone mineral density versus osteoporosis self-assessment screening tool as predictors of osteoporosis in primary screening of individuals aged 70 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014; 62:442-6. [PMID: 24617899 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare two well-validated tools--the FRAX without bone mineral density (BMD) and the Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Screening Tool (OST)--in predicting osteoporosis and to define thresholds above and below which it would be reasonable to recommend omitting BMD testing. DESIGN Retrospective review. SETTING General practices in Western Australia. PARTICIPANTS Individuals aged 70 and older responding to a prospective audit of osteoporosis investigation and management for whom dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan results and clinical risk factor data were available (N = 626). MEASUREMENTS Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were compared, upper and lower thresholds for omission of screening BMD were proposed, and the statistical performance measures for the tests are reported. RESULTS The areas under the ROC curves for the OST (0.76-0.82) were slightly better than for FRAX without BMD 10-year major osteoporotic fracture risk (0.64-0.76) in predicting osteoporosis at the defined sites. At defined lower thresholds, the tests were comparable in identifying a group with low osteoporosis risk (sensitivity 89.6-92.2%, specificity 35.0-39.9%), translating into 33.5% to 36.1% of tests saved at a cost of missing 7.8% to 10.4% of individuals with osteoporosis on BMD criteria. It was not possible to identify a useful upper threshold. CONCLUSION At the defined thresholds, the OST is as good as FRAX without BMD in identifying a low-risk population subgroup for whom screening BMD can reasonably be omitted. This could reduce costs and improve access to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee Yang Pang
- Department of Rehabilitation and Aged Care, North Metropolitan Health Service, Nedlands, Perth, WA, Australia
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Steuart Richards J, Lazzari AA, Teves Qualler DA, Desale S, Howard R, Kerr GS. Validation of the osteoporosis self-assessment tool in US male veterans. J Clin Densitom 2014; 17:32-7. [PMID: 23489972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The osteoporosis self-assessment tool (OST) is a screening instrument that uses age and weight as parameters to predict the risk of osteoporosis. This study was designed to evaluate OST in predicting osteoporosis in males. Male veterans aged 50yr and older with no prior diagnosis of osteoporosis and no prior bone densitometry (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [DXA]) testing were eligible for the study. Sociodemographic information, medical history, and risk factors for osteoporosis were recorded. Anthropometric measurements were taken and DXA testing performed. The OST index for each subject was calculated and predictive values and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were evaluated for OST and osteoporosis. Five hundred eighteen subjects underwent DXA, 92 (17.8%) had osteoporosis, 281 (54.2%) had low bone mass, and 145 (28.0%) had normal bone mineral density. The OST index ranged from -8 to 23 with a mean of 4 (standard deviation ± 4.3). An OST index of 6 or lower predicted osteoporosis with a sensitivity of 82.6%, specificity of 33.6%, and an area under the curve for the ROC curve of 0.67. OST index performed better in non-Hispanic whites and males >65 yr. OST predicts osteoporosis with moderate sensitivity and poor specificity in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Steuart Richards
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Antonio A Lazzari
- Boston Division VA Health Care System, Boston University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Denise A Teves Qualler
- Zablocki VA Medical Center in Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Sameer Desale
- Medstar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD, USA
| | | | - Gail S Kerr
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
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Malabanan AO, Rosen HN, Vokes TJ, Deal CL, Alele JD, Olenginski TP, Schousboe JT. Indications of DXA in women younger than 65 yr and men younger than 70 yr: the 2013 Official Positions. J Clin Densitom 2013; 16:467-71. [PMID: 24055260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the method of choice to assess fracture risk for women 65 yr and older and men 70 yr and older. The 2007 International Society for Clinical Densitometry Official Positions had developed guidelines for assessing bone density in younger women during and after the menopausal transition and in men 50-69 yr and the 2008 National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) guidelines recommended testing in postmenopausal women younger than 65 yr and men 50-69 yr only in the presence of clinical risk factors. The purpose of the 2013 DXA Task Force was to reassess the NOF guidelines for ordering DXA in postmenopausal women younger than 65 yr and men 50-69 yr. The Task Force reviewed the literature published since the 2007 Position Development Conference and 2008 NOF, reviewing clinical decision rules such as the Osteoporosis Screening Tool and FRAX and sought to keep recommendations simple to remember and implement. Based on this assessment, the NOF guidelines were endorsed; DXA was recommended in those postmenopausal women younger than 65 yr and men 50-69 yr only in the presence of clinical risk factors for low bone mass, such as low body weight, prior fracture, high-risk medication use, or a disease or condition associated with bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan O Malabanan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Laurent M, Gielen E, Claessens F, Boonen S, Vanderschueren D. Osteoporosis in older men: recent advances in pathophysiology and treatment. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 27:527-39. [PMID: 24054929 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis remains underrecognized and undertreated but more so in men, adding considerably to fracture burden and costs. Fracture-related morbidity and mortality is higher in men, partly due to greater frailty. Improved peak bone mass, geometry and turn-over contribute to lower fracture incidence in men. Bioavailable androgens and oestrogens regulate these aspects of musculoskeletal sexual dimorphism, yet the direct cellular and molecular targets of sex steroids in bone remain incompletely understood. Screening with clinical risk factors and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry are advised in men from age 70 (or 50 with additional risk factors). We now have compelling evidence that osteoporosis drugs are equally effective in men and women, not only to increase bone density but also to prevent osteoporotic fractures. The use of testosterone or selective androgen receptor modulators for osteoporosis, sarcopenia, frailty and falls in men with late-onset hypogonadism requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Laurent
- Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Watts NB, Adler RA, Bilezikian JP, Drake MT, Eastell R, Orwoll ES, Finkelstein JS. Osteoporosis in men: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:1802-22. [PMID: 22675062 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-3045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to formulate practice guidelines for management of osteoporosis in men. EVIDENCE We used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system to describe the strength of recommendations and evidence quality. CONSENSUS PROCESS Consensus was guided by systematic evidence reviews, one in-person meeting, and multiple conference calls and e-mails. Task Force drafts were reviewed successively by The Endocrine Society's Clinical Guidelines Subcommittee and Clinical Affairs Core Committee; representatives of ASBMR, ECTS, ESE, ISCD; and members at large. At each stage, the Task Force received written comments and incorporated needed changes. The reviewed document was approved by The Endocrine Society Council before submission for peer review. CONCLUSIONS Osteoporosis in men causes significant morbidity and mortality. We recommend testing higher risk men [aged ≥70 and men aged 50-69 who have risk factors (e.g. low body weight, prior fracture as an adult, smoking, etc.)] using central dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Laboratory testing should be done to detect contributing causes. Adequate calcium and vitamin D and weight-bearing exercise should be encouraged; smoking and excessive alcohol should be avoided. Pharmacological treatment is recommended for men aged 50 or older who have had spine or hip fractures, those with T-scores of -2.5 or below, and men at high risk of fracture based on low bone mineral density and/or clinical risk factors. Treatment should be monitored with serial dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson B Watts
- Mercy Health Osteoporosis & Bone Health Services, Cincinnati Ohio 45236, USA
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Griffith JF, Yeung DK, Ma HT, Leung JCS, Kwok TC, Leung PC. Bone marrow fat content in the elderly: A reversal of sex difference seen in younger subjects. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012; 36:225-30. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.23619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Gaines JM, Marx KA. Older men's knowledge about osteoporosis and educational interventions to increase osteoporosis knowledge in older men: A systematic review. Maturitas 2011; 68:5-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Machado P, Coutinho M, da Silva JAP. Selecting men for bone densitometry: performance of osteoporosis risk assessment tools in Portuguese men. Osteoporos Int 2010; 21:977-83. [PMID: 19727909 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-009-1036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Clinicians need tools to identify patients most likely to benefit from bone mineral density (BMD) testing, for which cost-effectiveness does not allow generalized screening. This study supports the utility of osteoporosis risk assessment tools in selecting men for BMD testing. Different cutoff values may be appropriate for different countries and/or ethnic origins. INTRODUCTION Our aim was to evaluate the utility of three osteoporosis (OP) risk assessment tools in a large group of Portuguese men aged 50 or more and to determine the best cutoff value to be used for selecting men for bone densitometry. METHODS We assessed the performance of three simple tools in 202 randomly selected men: body weight criterion (BWC), osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians (OSTA), and a modified version of the OSTA equation (OST). Previously published cutoff values (validated in postmenopausal women) and three additional cutoff values were tested. Sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), predictive values, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve for correctly selecting men with OP (defined by BMD testing) were determined. RESULTS Mean age of the cohort was 63.8 years. According to the World Health Organization diagnostic categories, 16.8% had osteoporosis. The best performing cutoffs for correctly selecting men with OP for BMD testing were OST < 3 (SE = 75.5%, SP = 50.0%, AUROC = 0.632), OSTA < 3 (SE = 73.5%, SP = 58.3%, AUROC = 0.659), and BWC < 75 kg (SE = 73.5%, SP = 61.3%, AUROC = 0.674). CONCLUSIONS OP risk assessment tools seem to be useful in men aged 50 or more. Best cutoff values are different from those recommended for postmenopausal women. Different cutoff values may be appropriate for different countries and/or ethnic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Machado
- Rheumatology Department, Coimbra University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Richards JS, Peng J, Amdur RL, Mikuls TR, Hooker RS, Michaud K, Reimold AM, Cannon GW, Caplan L, Johnson D, Hines AE, Kerr GS. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and evaluation of the osteoporosis self-assessment tool in men with rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Densitom 2009; 12:434-40. [PMID: 19775920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Males with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at risk for osteoporosis but infrequently undergo dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We examined the frequency of DXA in males enrolled in the Veterans Affairs Rheumatoid Arthritis Registry. The Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool (OST) index, a formula using age and weight, was calculated for all subjects. DXA was performed on 282 (35.5%) of the males who were younger (p < 0.01), had lower mean OST index score (p < 0.05), and were more likely to have been prescribed prednisone (p < 0.01) than subjects without DXA. Low bone mass (T-score < -1) was present in 73% of subjects with DXA; 37% of subjects with low-risk OST index scores had normal bone mineral density (BMD) compared with 5.6% of those with high-risk OST index scores (p < 0.01). There was a significant but modest correlation between BMD and the OST index (r = 0.17, p < 0.01). No OST score had a sensitivity and specificity of more than 80%. Association between OST index and BMD was strongest in non-Hispanic whites, subjects older than 60 yr, and smokers. DXA was underutilized in males with RA. The OST index correlated with low bone mass but could not reliably predict osteoporosis in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Steuart Richards
- Rheumatology Section, Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA.
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McLeod KM, Johnson CS. Identifying Women with Low Bone Mass: A Systematic Review of Screening Tools. Geriatr Nurs 2009; 30:164-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2008] [Revised: 07/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lim LS, Hoeksema LJ, Sherin K. Screening for osteoporosis in the adult U.S. population: ACPM position statement on preventive practice. Am J Prev Med 2009; 36:366-75. [PMID: 19285200 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Osteoporosis is a common and costly disease that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. There is a lack of direct evidence supporting the benefits of bone mineral density (BMD) screening on osteoporosis outcomes. However, there is indirect evidence to support screening for osteoporosis given the availability of medications with good antifracture efficacy. This paper addresses the position of the American College of Preventive Medicine (ACPM) on osteoporosis screening. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The medical literature was reviewed for studies examining the benefits and harms of osteoporosis screening. An overview is also provided of available modalities for osteoporosis screening, risk-assessment tools, cost effectiveness, benefits and harms of screening, rationale for the study, and recommendations from leading health organizations and ACPM. A review was done of English language articles published prior to September 2008 that were retrieved via search on PubMed, from references from pertinent review or landmark articles, and from websites of leading health organizations. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS There were no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of osteoporosis screening on fracture outcomes. However, there was one observational study that demonstrated reduced fracture incidence among recipients of BMD testing. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry is currently one of the most widely accepted and utilized methods for assessing BMD. Other potential tests for detecting osteoporosis include quantitative ultrasound, quantitative computer tomography, and biochemical markers of bone turnover. Testing via BMD is a cost-effective method for detecting osteoporosis in both men and women. Osteoporosis risk-assessment tools such as the WHO fracture-risk algorithm are useful supplements to BMD assessments as they provide estimates of absolute fracture risks. They can also be used with or without BMD testing to assist healthcare providers and patients in making decisions regarding osteoporosis treatments. CONCLUSIONS All adult patients aged >or=50 years should be evaluated for risk factors for osteoporosis. Screening with BMD testing for osteoporosis is recommended in women aged >or=65 years and in men aged >or=70 years. Younger postmenopausal women and men aged 50-69 years should undergo screening if they have at least one major or two minor risk factors for osteoporosis. It is also recommended that clinicians consider using an osteoporosis risk-assessment tool to evaluate absolute fracture risk to determine appropriate osteoporosis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel S Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Griffin Hospital, Derby, Connecticut, USA.
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Screening for osteoporosis in men: comment on the American College of Physicians clinical guidelines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:626-7. [PMID: 18839012 DOI: 10.1038/ncprheum0923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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