Caenispirillum humi sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from the soil of Korean pine garden

Vogesella oryzagri sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of rice and in silico genome mining for the prediction of biosynthetic gene clusters

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, motile and flagellated novel bacterial strain, designated MAHUQ-64T, was isolated from the rhizosphere of rice. The colonies were observed to be creamy white-coloured, smooth, spherical and 0.5-1.1 mm in diameter when grown on Reasoner's 2A agar medium for 2 days. Strain MAHUQ-64T was able to grow at 10-40 °C, at pH 5.0-9.5 and in the presence of 0-2.0% NaCl (w/v). The strain was positive for both catalase and oxidase tests. The strain was positive for hydrolysis of l-tyrosine. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the isolate was identified as a member of the genus Vogesella and is closely related to Vogesella oryzae L3B39T (98.6% sequence similarity) and Vogesella facilis TTM-24T (98.2%). The novel strain MAHUQ-64T has a draft genome size of 3 827 146 bp (22 contigs), annotated with 3612 protein-coding genes, 74 tRNA and 4 rRNA genes. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain MAHUQ-64T and its closest member V. oryzae L3B39T were 86.5 and 33.4%, respectively. In silico genome mining revealed several biosynthetic gene clusters in the genome of the novel strain MAHUQ-64T. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 63.4 mol%. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-8. The major fatty acids were identified as summed feature 3 (comprising C16  :  1 ω7c and/or C16  :  1 ω6c) and C16  :  0. Based on dDDH, ANI value, genotypic analysis and chemotaxonomic and physiological data, strain MAHUQ-64T represents a novel species within the genus Vogesella, for which the name Vogesella oryzagri sp. nov. is proposed, with MAHUQ-64T (=KACC 22245T=CGMCC 1.19000T) as the type strain.

Nocardioides agri sp. nov., isolated from garden soil

A novel bacterial strain, designated as MAH-18T, was isolated from soil sampled in a flower garden. Cells of strain MAH-18T were Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, motile, and rod-shaped. The colonies were beige in colour, smooth, and spherical when grown on Reasoner's 2A agar medium. Strain MAH-18T grew at 20-40 °C, pH 6.0-8.0, and 0-1.0 % NaCl. Cells were able to hydrolyse aesculin, gelatin, and Tween 20. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the isolate was determined to be a member of the genus Nocardioides and most closely related to Nocardioides pyridinolyticus OS4T (97.9 %), Nocardioides hankookensis DS-30T (97.9 %), Nocardioides aquiterrae GW-9T (97.6 %), Nocardioides soli mbc-2T (97.5 %), Nocardioides conyzicola HWE 2-02T (97.4 %), and Nocardioides mangrovi GBK3QG-3T (96.3 %). Strain MAH-18T has a draft genome size of 4 788 325 bp (eight contigs), 4572 protein-coding genes, 46 tRNA, and three rRNA genes. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain MAH-18T and the closest type strains were 81.5-83.4 % and 24.4-25.8 %, respectively. In silico genome mining revealed several biosynthetic gene clusters in the genome of the novel strain MAH-18T. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain was 72.2 mol% and the predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-8 (H4). The main polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and unknown phospholipids. The major cellular fatty acids were determined to be C16:0 iso and C17 : 1  ω6c. The DNA-DNA hybridization results and phenotypic, genotypic, and chemotaxonomic data demonstrated that strain MAH-18T represents a novel species, for which the name Nocardioides agri sp. nov. is proposed, with MAH-18T as the type strain (=KACC 19744T=CGMCC 1.13656T).

Aquincola agrisoli sp. nov., isolated from rhizospheric soil of eggplant and in silico genome mining for the prediction of biosynthetic gene clusters

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, motile and flagellated novel bacterial strain, designated MAHUQ-54T, was isolated from the rhizospheric soil of eggplant. The colonies were observed to be light pink coloured, smooth, spherical and 0.2-0.6 mm in diameter when grown on R2A agar medium for 2 days. MAHUQ-54T was able to grow at 15-40 °C, at pH 5.5-9.0 and in the presence of 0-0.5 % NaCl (w/v). The strain gave positive results for both catalase and oxidase tests. The strain was positive for hydrolysis of l-tyrosine, urea, Tween 20 and Tween 80. On the basis of the results of 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the isolate was identified as a member of the genus Aquincola and is closely related to Aquincola tertiaricarbonis L10T (98.8 % sequence similarity) and Leptothrix mobilis Feox-1T (98.2 %). MAHUQ-54T has a draft genome size of 5 994 516 bp (60 contigs), annotated with 5348 protein-coding genes, 45 tRNA and 5 rRNA genes. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridisation (dDDH) values between MAHUQ-54T and its closest phylogenetic neighbours were 75.8-83.3 and 20.8-25.3 %, respectively. In silico genome mining revealed that MAHUQ-54T has a significant potential for the production of novel natural products in the future. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 70.4 %. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-8. The major fatty acids were identified as C16  :  0, summed feature 3 (comprising C16  :  1ω7c and/or C16  :  1ω6c) and summed feature 8 (comprising C18  :  1ω7c and/or C18  :  1ω6c). On the basis of dDDH, ANI value, genotypic analysis, chemotaxonomic and physiological data, strain MAHUQ-54T represents a novel species within the genus Aquincola, for which the name Aquincola agrisoli sp. nov. is proposed, with MAHUQ-54T (=KACC 22001T = CGMCC 1.18515T) as the type strain.

Isolation and characterization of Pinibacter soli sp. nov., and in silico genome mining of Pinibacter for biosynthetic gene cluster prediction

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile and non-flagellated novel bacterial strain, designated MAH-24T, was isolated from the rhizospheric soil of a pine garden. The colonies were observed to be orange-coloured, smooth, spherical and 0.4-0.8 mm in diameter when grown on Reasoner's 2A agar medium for 2 days. Strain MAH-24T was found to be able to grow at 10-35 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and in the presence of 0-1.0 % NaCl (w/v). The strain was found to be positive for the catalase and oxidase tests. The strain was positive for hydrolysis of aesculin and l-tyrosine. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the isolate was identified as a member of the genus Pinibacter and to be closely related to Pinibacter aurantiacus MAH-26T (99.2 % sequence similarity). The novel strain MAH-24T has a draft genome size of 5 918 133 bp (13 contigs), annotated with 4613 protein-coding genes, 47 tRNA and three rRNA genes. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain MAH-24T and the closest type strain P. aurantiacus MAH-26T were in the range of 85.3 and 29.9 %, respectively. In silico genome mining revealed that both novel strain MAH-24T and P. aurantiacus MAH-26T have a significant potential for the production of novel natural products in the future. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 41.0 mol%. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone-7. The major fatty acids were identified as C15:0 iso, C15:1 iso G and C17:0 iso 3OH. On the basis of dDDH, ANI, genotypic, chemotaxonomic and physiological data, strain MAH-24T represents a novel species within the genus Pinibacter, for which the name Pinibacter soli sp. nov. is proposed, with MAH-24T (=KACC 19747T=CGMCC 1.13659T) as the type strain.

Sphingobium agri sp. nov., isolated from rhizospheric soil of eggplant

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, short rod-shaped and motile bacterial strain, designated MAH-33T, was isolated from rhizospheric soil of eggplant. The colonies were observed to be yellow-coloured, smooth, spherical and 0.1-0.3 mm in diameter when grown on TSA agar medium for 2 days. Strain MAH-33T was found to be able to grow at 10-40 °C, at pH 5.0-10.0 and at 0-3.0 % NaCl (w/v). The strain was found to be positive for both oxidase and catalase tests. The strain was positive for hydrolysis of tyrosine and aesculin. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the isolate was identified as a member of the genus Sphingobium and to be closely related to Sphingobium quisquiliarum P25T (98.4 % similarity), Sphingobium mellinum WI4T (97.8 %), Sphingobium fuliginis TKPT (97.3 %) and Sphingobium herbicidovorans NBRC 16415T (96.9 %). The novel strain MAH-33T has a draft genome size of 3 908 768 bp (28 contigs), annotated with 3689 protein-coding genes, 45 tRNA and three rRNA genes. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain MAH-33T and closely related type strains were in the range of 79.8-81.6 % and 23.2-24.5 %, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 62.2 %. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone 10. The major fatty acids were identified as C16 : 0 and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1  ω7c and/or C18 : 1  ω6c). The polar lipids identified in strain MAH-33T were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, sphingoglycolipid, phosphatidylcholine; one unknown phospholipid and one unknown lipid. On the basis of digital DNA-DNA hybridization, ANI value, genotypic analysis, chemotaxonomic and physiological data, strain MAH-33T represents a novel species within the genus Sphingobium, for which the name Sphingobium agri sp. nov. is proposed, with MAH-33T (=KACC 19973T = CGMCC 1.16609T) as the type strain.

Pseudomonas benzopyrenica sp. nov., isolated from soil, exhibiting high-efficiency degradation of benzo(a)pyrene

A Gram-negative, yellow-pigmented, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated as strain BaP3T, was isolated from the soil. Strain BaP3T grew at 16-37℃ (optimum, 30 °C) and pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0). Additionally, strain BaP3T could tolerate NaCl concentrations in the range 0-6 % (optimum, 1%). Moreover, strain BaP3T was motile by flagella. The phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA sequences showed that strain BaP3T belonged to the genus Pseudomonas, and the sequence was most closely related to Pseudomonas oryzihabitans CGMCC 1.3392T and Pseudomonas psychrotolerans DSM 15758T, with 99.66 % sequence similarity. Pseudomonas rhizoryzae RY24T was the next closely related species, exhibiting 99.38 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between strain BaP3T and its closely related types were below 50 and 92 %, respectively. Both results were below the cut-off for species distinction. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain BaP3T was 65.30 mol%. The predominant quinone in strain BaP3T was identified as ubiquinone Q-9. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1  ω7c and/or C18 : 1  ω6c), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1  ω7c and/or C16 : 1  ω6c) and C16 : 0. These results indicated that strain BaP3T represents a novel species in the genus Pseudomonas. The type strain is BaP3T (CCTCC AB 2022379T=JCM 35914T), for which the name Pseudomonas benzopyrenica sp. nov. is proposed.

Massilia agrisoli sp. nov., isolated from rhizospheric soil of banana

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, short rod-shaped and motile novel bacterial strain, designated MAHUQ-52^T, was isolated from the rhizospheric soil of a banana plant. Colonies grew at 10-35 °C (optimum, 28 °C), pH 6.0-9.5 (optimum, pH 7.0-7.5), and in the presence of 0-1.0 % NaCl (optimum 0 %). The strain was positive for catalase and oxidase tests, as well as hydrolysis of gelatin, casein, starch and Tween 20. Based on the results of phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene and genome sequences, strain MAHUQ-52^T clustered together within the genus Massilia. Strain MAHUQ-52^T was closely related to Massilia soli R798^T (98.6 %) and Massilia polaris RP-1-19^T (98.3 %). The novel strain MAHUQ-52^T has a draft genome size of 4 677 454 bp (25 contigs), annotated with 4193 protein-coding genes, 64 tRNA and 19 rRNA genes. The genomic DNA G+C content was 63.0 %. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain MAHUQ-52^T and closely related type strains were ≤88.4 and 35.8 %, respectively. The only respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8. The major fatty acids were identified as C_16 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C_15 : 0 iso 2-OH and/or C_16 : 1  ω7c). Strain MAHUQ-52^T contained phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol as the major polar lipids. On the basis of dDDH and ANI values, as well as genotypic, chemotaxonomic and physiological data, strain MAHUQ-52^T represents a novel species within the genus Massilia, for which the name Massilia agrisoli sp. nov. is proposed, with MAHUQ-52^T (=KACC 21999^T=CGMCC 1.18577^T) as the type strain.

Pseudomonas oryzagri sp. nov., isolated from a rice field soil

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile novel bacterial strain, designated MAHUQ-58T, was isolated from soil sample of a rice field. The colonies were observed to be light pink-coloured, smooth, spherical and 0.6–1.0 mm in diameter when grown on nutrient agar (NA) medium for 2 days. Strain MAHUQ-58T was found to be able to grow at 15–40 °C, at pH 5.5–10.0 and with 0–1.0 % NaCl (w/v). Cell growth occurred on tryptone soya agar, Luria–Bertani agar, NA, MacConkey agar and Reasoner's 2A agar. The strain was found to be positive for both oxidase and catalase tests. The strain was positive for hydrolysis of Tween 20 and l-tyrosine. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the isolate was identified as a member of the genus Pseudomonas and to be closely related to Pseudomonas oryzae WM-3T (98.9 % similarity), Pseudomonas linyingensis LYBRD3-7T (97.7 %), Pseudomonas sagittaria JCM 18195 T (97.6 %) and Pseudomonas guangdongensis SgZ-6T (97.2 %). The novel strain MAHUQ-58T has a draft genome size of 4 536 129 bp (46 contigs), annotated with 4064 protein-coding genes, 60 tRNA genes and four rRNA genes. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain MAHUQ-58T and four closely related type strains were in the range of 85.5–89.5 % and 29.5–38.0 %, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 67.0 mol%. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone 9. The major fatty acids were identified as C16:0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1  ω6c and/or C16 : 1  ω7c) and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1  ω6c and/or C18 : 1  ω7c). On the basis of dDDH and ANI values, genotypic results, and chemotaxonomic and physiological data, strain MAHUQ-58T represents a novel species within the genus Pseudomonas , for which the name Pseudomonas oryzagri sp. nov. is proposed, with MAHUQ-58T (=KACC 22005T=CGMCC 1.18518T) as the type strain.

Frateuria flava sp. nov., isolated from soil

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile novel bacterial strain, designated MAH-13^T, was isolated from a soil sample. The colonies were observed to be yellow-coloured, smooth, spherical and 1.8-3.0 mm in diameter when grown on nutrient agar medium for 2 days. Strain MAH-13^T was found to be able to grow at 20-40 °C, at pH 5.0-10.0 and with 0-1.0% NaCl (w/v). Cell growth occurred on tryptone soya agar, Luria-Bertani agar, nutrient agar and Reasoner's 2A agar. The strain was found to be positive for both oxidase and catalase tests. The strain was positive for hydrolysis of casein, starch, DNA and l-tyrosine. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the isolate was identified as a member of the genus Frateuria and to be closely related to Frateuria terrea DSM 26515^T (98.2% similarity), Dyella thiooxydans ATSB10^T (98.2 %), Frateuria defendens HyOG^T (97.9 %), Rhodanobacter glycinis MO64^T (97.8 %) and Frateuria aurantia DSM 6220^T (97.8 %). The novel strain MAH-13^T has a draft genome size of 3 682 848 bp (40 contigs), annotated with 3172 protein-coding genes, 49 tRNA genes and three rRNA genes. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain MAH-13^T and five closely related type strains were in the range of 73.7-85.5 % and 20.7-30.1%, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 68.0 mol%. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone 8. The major fatty acids were identified as iso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0 and summed feature 9 (iso-C_17 : 1 ω9c and/or C_16:0 10-methyl). On the basis of dDDH and ANI values, genotypic analysis, and chemotaxonomic and physiological data, strain MAH-13^T represents a novel species within the genus Frateuria, for which the name Frateuria flava sp. nov. is proposed, with MAH-13^T (=KACC 19743^T=CGMCC 1.13655^T) as the type strain.

Pinibacter aurantiacus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from rhizospheric soil of a pine tree

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped novel bacterial strain, designated MAH-26^T, was isolated from rhizospheric soil of a pine tree. The colonies were orange coloured, smooth, spherical and 0.7-1.8 mm in diameter when grown on Reasoner's 2A (R2A) agar for 2 days. Strain MAH-26^T was able to grow at 10-40 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and with 0-1.0 % NaCl. Cell growth occurred on nutrient agar, R2A agar, tryptone soya agar and Luria-Bertani agar. The strain gave positive results in oxidase and catalase tests. Strain MAH-26^T was closely related to Flavihumibacter sediminis CJ663^T and Parasegetibacter terrae SGM2-10^T with a low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (92.8 and 92.9 %, respectively) and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the strain formed a distinct phylogenetic lineage from the members of the closely related genera of the family Chitinophagaceae. Strain MAH-26^T has a draft genome size of 6 857 405 bp, annotated with 5173 protein-coding genes, 50 tRNA and two rRNA genes. The genomic DNA G+C content was 41.5 mol%. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone 7. The major fatty acids were identified as iso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:1 G and iso-C_17:0 3OH. On the basis of phylogenetic inference and phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular properties, strain MAH-26^T represents a novel species of a novel genus of the family Chitinophagaceae, for which the name Pinibacter aurantiacus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Pinibacter aurantiacus is MAH-26^T (=KACC 19749^T=CGMCC 1.13701^T).

Chitinophaga chungangae sp. nov., isolated from a Korean grape garden and its potential to biosynthesize ginsenoside Rg2

A ginsenoside Rg2-producing, Gram stain-negative, aerobic, catalase and oxidase-positive, rod-shaped, non-motile and orange pigmented novel bacterium designated strain MAH-28 ^T was isolated from soil sample of a grape garden. Strain MAH-28 ^T hydrolyzed aesculin, casein and DNA. Flexirubin-type pigments are present. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain MAH-28 ^T formed a cluster within the genus Chitinophaga and the most close relatives were Chitinophaga alhagiae T22^T (98.9% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Chitinophaga humicola Ktm-2 ^T (98.8%), Chitinophaga barathri YLT18^T (98.3%) and Chitinophaga lutea ZY74^T (97.4%). The novel strain MAH-28 ^T has a draft genome size of 6,043,180 bp (14 contigs), annotated with 4,863 protein-coding genes, 53 tRNA and 6 rRNA genes. The ANI and dDDH values between strain MAH-28 ^T and the closely related type strains were in the range of 76.0-83.4% and 20.3-26.7%, respectively. The novel strain MAH-28 ^T was able to synthesize ginsenoside Rg2 from major ginsenoside Re. The genome annotation revealed 152 carbohydrate genes which may involve with the synthesis of ginsenoside Rg2. The respiratory quinone of strain MAH-28 ^T was MK-7 and the dominant cellular fatty acids were C_{15:0 iso}, C_16:1 ω5c and C_{17:0 iso} 3-OH. The DNA G + C content of strain MAH-28 ^T was 53.3 mol%. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic studies, strain MAH-28 ^T represents a new member of genus Chitinophaga for which the name Chitinophaga chungangae sp. nov. is proposed with type strain MAH-28 ^T (= KACC 19968 ^T = CGMCC 1.16605 ^T).

Niastella soli sp. nov., isolated from rhizospheric soil of a persimmon tree

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped novel bacterial strain, designated MAH-29^T, was isolated from rhizospheric soil of a persimmon tree. The colonies were light pink coloured, smooth, spherical and 0.1-0.8 mm in diameter when grown on Reasoner's 2A (R2A) agar for 2 days. Strain MAH-29^T was able to grow at 20-37 °C, at pH 5.0-8.5 and at 0-2.0 % NaCl. Cell growth occurred on nutrient agar and R2A agar. The strain was positive in both oxidase and catalase tests. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the isolate was identified as a member of the genus Niastella and was closely related to Niastella vici DJ57^T (97.7 % similarity), Niastella koreensis GR20-10^T (97.1 %) and Niastella yeongjuensis GR20-13^T (97.0 %). Strain MAH-29^T has a draft genome size of 8 876 333 bp (31 contigs), annotated with 6920 protein-coding genes, 61 tRNA and four rRNA genes. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain MAH-29^T and three closely related type strains were in the range of 78.2-83.2 % and 22.1-27.0 %, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content was 43.8 mol%. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone 7. The major fatty acids were identified as iso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:1 G and iso-C_17:0 3OH. On the basis of DNA-DNA hybridization results, genotypic analysis and chemotaxonomic and physiological data, strain MAH-29^T represents a novel species within the genus Niastella, for which the name Niastella soli sp. nov. is proposed, with MAH-29^T (=KACC 19969^T=CGMCC 1.16606^T) as the type strain.

Flavobacterium agri sp. nov., a novel bacterial species isolated from rhizospheric soil of Coriandrum sativum

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, cream yellow colored, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated MAH-1^T was isolated from rhizospheric soil of Coriandrum sativum. A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed on the isolated strain. Optimal growth occurred at 28-30 °C, pH 6.5 and 0% NaCl. The strain showed activity for both catalase and oxidase tests. Cell growth occurs on R2A agar, nutrient agar and Luria-Bertani agar. Cells were able to hydrolyze starch, aesculin, gelatin, and Tween 20. Alignment of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain MAH-1^T was associated with the genus Flavobacterium and was most closely related to Flavobacterium longum YIT 12745^T (94.5% sequence similarity) and Flavobacterium caeni LM5^T (93.0%). Strain MAH-1^T had a genome size of 3,975,600 bp. Genome contained 67 contigs encoded by 3,522 protein-coding genes with 38 tRNA and 6 rRNA genes. The genomic DNA G + C contents of strain MAH-1^T was 47.1 mol %. The genomic ANI and dDDH values between strain MAH-1^T and one of the close relatives F. caeni LM5^T were 72.2 and 18.8%, respectively. The major fatty acids were C_{15:0 iso}, C_{16:0 iso} and C_{15:0 anteiso}. The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone 6 (MK-6). Based on physiological, biochemical and phylogenetic data for this isolate, it was confirmed that strain MAH-1^T was affiliated to the genus Flavobacterium and represented a novel species, for which the name Flavobacterium agri sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MAH-1^T (= KACC 19300^T = CGMCC 1.16617^T).

Ramlibacter pinisoli sp. nov., a novel bacterial species isolated from pine garden soil

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and rod- or coccoid-shaped novel bacterial strain, designated MAH-25^T, was isolated from soil sampled in a pine garden. The colonies were observed to be light pink-coloured, smooth, spherical and 1-2 mm in diameter when grown on nutrient agar for 2 days. Strain MAH-25^T was found to be able to grow at 15-35 °C, at pH 5.0-8.0 and at 0-2.0 % NaCl. Cell growth occurred on Reasoner's 2A agar and nutrient agar. The strain was found to be positive in both oxidase and catalase tests. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the isolate was identified as a member of the genus Ramlibacter and closely related to Ramlibacter solisilvae 5-10^T (98.0 % similarity), Ramlibacter henchirensis TMB834^T (97.7 %), Ramlibacter tataouinensis TTB310^T (97.6 %) and Ramlibacter rhizophilus YS3.2.7^T (97.3 %). The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain MAH-25^T and the four closely related type strains were in the range of 78.8-81.3 % and 22.3-24.1 %, respectively. The novel strain MAH-25^T has a draft genome size of 5 505 957 bp (11 contigs), annotated with 5210 protein-coding genes, 46 tRNA and three rRNA genes. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 70.3 mol%. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone 8 (Q-8). The major fatty acids were identified as C_16 : 0, summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1  ω7c and/or C_16 : 1  ω6c) and summed feature 8 (C_18 : 1  ω7c and/or C_18 : 1  ω6c). The main polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. On the basis of DNA-DNA hybridization, genotypic analysis, chemotaxonomic and physiological data, strain MAH-25^T represents a novel species within the genus Ramlibacter, for which the name Ramlibacter pinisoli sp. nov. is proposed, with MAH-25^T (=KACC 19839^T=CGMCC1.13660^T) as the type strain.

Sphingomonas horti sp. nov., a novel bacterial species isolated from soil of a tomato garden

A novel bacterial strain, designated MAH-20^T, was isolated from a soil sample of a tomato garden. Cells of strain MAH-20^T were Gram-stain negative, aerobic, motile, and rod-shaped. The colonies were light brown colored, smooth, spherical, and 0.2-0.7 mm in diameter when grown on Luria-Bertani agar for 2 days. Strain MAH-20^T grows at 15-40 °C (optimum growth temperature 30-32 °C), at pH 5.0-10.0 (optimum growth pH 7.0) and at 0-2.0% NaCl. The strain showed positive activity for both oxidase and catalase tests. Cells were able to hydrolyze starch, DNA, urea, gelatin, L-arginine, and Tween 20. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, the strain MAH-20^T was identified as a new member of the genus Sphingomonas and had the close sequence similarity with Sphingomonas changbaiensis V2M44^T (98.9%) and Sphingomonas tabacisoli X1-8^T (98.1%). The genomic ANI value between strain MAH-20^T and S. changbaiensis NBRC 104936^T was 84.4%. The novel strain MAH-20^T has a draft genome size of 3,350,026 bp (25 contigs), annotated with 3210 protein-coding genes, 46 tRNA, and 3 rRNA genes. The genomic DNA G + C content of isolate was 67.3 mol%, the predominant quinone was ubiquinone 10 and the major fatty acids were C_16:0, C_17:1 ω6c and summed feature 8 (comprising C_18:1 ω7c and/or C_18:1 ω6c). On the basis of DNA-DNA hybridization results, phenotypic, genotypic, and chemotaxonomic data, the isolated strain MAH-20^T represents a novel species, for which the name Sphingomonas horti sp. nov. is proposed, with MAH-20^T as the type strain (= KACC 19746^T = CGMCC1.13658^T).

Pseudomonas rhizoryzae sp. nov., isolated from rice

Two yellow-pigmented, Gram-stain-negative and rod-shaped bacterial strains, designated as RY24^T and ZYY160, were isolated from rice. Results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains RY24^T and ZYY160 belonged to the genus Pseudomonas, and the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity was 100 % The DNA homology between the two strains was 99.7 %. The 16S rRNA and rpoD gene sequences of the two strains showed highest similarity values to Pseudomonas oryzihabitans CGMCC 1.3392^T and Pseudomonas psychrotolerans DSM 15758^T (sharing 99.31 and 94.34 %, respectively). The major fatty acids of two strains were identified as summed feature 8 (C_18:1ω7c and/or C_18:1ω6c), C_16;0 and summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω7c and/or C_16:1ω6c), and the major respiratory quinone was identified as ubiquinone Q-9, which are typical chemotaxonomic features of members of the genus Pseudomonas. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains RY24^T and ZYY160 were determined to be 64.25 and 64.21 mol%, respectively. The DNA-DNA relatedness and average nucleotide identity values between the two strains and their closely related type strains were below 36 and 90 %, which supported that RY24^T and ZYY160 represent a novel species in the genus Pseudomonas. Phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic evidence, together with phenotypic characteristics, showed that the two isolates constitute a novel species of the genus Pseudomonas. The type strain is RY24^T (JCM 33201^T=ACCC 61555^T), for which the name Pseudomonas rhizoryzae sp. nov. is proposed.

Mucilaginibacter corticis sp. nov., isolated from bark of Pinus koraiensis

A gram-stain negative, aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped novel bacterial strain, designated MAH-19^T, was isolated from bark of Pinus koraiensis. The colonies were observed to be light pink coloured, smooth, circular and 0.3-0.7 mm in diameter when grown on R2A agar for 2 days. Strain MAH-19^T was found to be able to grow at 10-35 °C (optimum 28-30 °C), at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum 7.0) and at 0-0.5% NaCl (optimum 0%). Cell growth occurs on nutrient agar and R2A agar. The strain was found to be positive for both catalase and oxidase tests. Cells are able to hydrolyse aesculin and Tween 20, but not casein, gelatin, starch, L-tyrosine, DNA, L-arginine, urea or Tween 80. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the isolate was identified as a member of the genus Mucilaginibacter and to be closely related to Mucilaginibacter panaciglaebae BXN5-31^T (97.4% similarity), Mucilaginibacter antarcticus S14-88^T (97.2%) and Mucilaginibacter ximonensis XM-003^T (97.1%). In DNA-DNA hybridization tests, the DNA relatedness between strain MAH-19^T and its close phylogenetic neighbours was below 45.0%. The novel strain MAH-19^T has a draft genome size of 5,335,442 bp (14 contigs), annotated with 4963 protein-coding genes, 44 tRNA and 6 rRNA genes. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 42.7 mol%. The predominant isoprenoid quinone of strain MAH-19^T was identified as MK-7. The major fatty acids were identified as C_{15:0 iso} and summed feature 3 (comprising C_16:1ω7c and/or C_16:1ω6c). The DNA-DNA hybridization results and results of the genotypic analysis, in combination with chemotaxonomic and physiological data, demonstrated that strain MAH-19^T represents a novel species within the genus Mucilaginibacter, for which the name Mucilaginibacter corticis sp. nov. is proposed, with MAH-19^T (= KACC 19745^T = CGMCC1.13657^T) as the type strain.

Mucilaginibacter formosus sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from road-side soil

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped novel bacterial strain, designated as MAH-5^T, was isolated from a road-side soil sample and was characterised by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The colonies were observed to be yellowish orange in colour, smooth, circular and 0.3-0.7 mm in diameter when grown on nutrient agar for 2 days. Strain MAH-5^T was found to be able to grow at 15-35 °C and at pH 4.0-8.0. The strain was observed to be positive for both the catalase and oxidase tests. Cells were found to be able to hydrolyse aesculin, gelatin and starch. By 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the isolate was identified as a member of the genus Mucilaginibacter and to be closely related to Mucilaginibacter panaciglaebae BXN5-31^T (98.35%), Mucilaginibacter soyangensis HME6664^T (97.82%), Mucilaginibacter antarcticus S14-88^T (97.49%) and Mucilaginibacter ximonensis XM-003^T (97.06%). In DNA-DNA hybridization tests, the DNA relatedness values between strain MAH-5^T and its close phylogenetic neighbors were below 45.0%. The genomic DNA G + C content of strain MAH-5^T was determined to be 41.5 mol% and the predominant isoprenoid quinine was identified as MK-7. The major fatty acids were identified as C_{15:0 iso} and summed feature 3 (comprising C_16:1ω7c and/or C_16:1ω6c). The genetic characteristics, in combination with chemotaxonomic and physiological data, demonstrated that the isolated strain MAH-5^T represents a novel species within the genus Mucilaginibacter, for which the name Mucilaginibacter formosus sp. nov. is proposed, with MAH-5^T as the type strain (= KACC 19291^T = CGMCC1.16489^T).

Sphingobium tyrosinilyticum sp. nov., a tyrosine hydrolyzing bacterium isolated from Korean radish garden

A yellow-pigmented novel bacterial strain, MAH-12^T, was isolated from a soil sample of Korean radish garden and was characterized using a polyphasic approach. Cells were Gram-staining negative, non-motile and rod-shaped. The strain was aerobic, catalase positive, optimum growth temperature and pH were 28-30 °C and 6.0, respectively. The novel strain is able to hydrolyze L-tyrosine, starch, esculin and 4-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain MAH-12^T belongs to the genus Sphingobium and is most closely related to several Sphingobium type strains (97.2-97.8%). In DNA-DNA hybridization tests, the DNA relatedness between strain MAH-12^T and its closest phylogenetic neighbors was below 45.0%. The DNA G + C content was 64.0 mol% and the predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C_18:1 ω7c and/or C_18:1 ω6c) and C_16:0. The DNA-DNA hybridization results and results of the genotypic analysis in combination with chemotaxonomic and physiological data demonstrated that strain MAH-12^T represented a novel species within the genus Sphingobium, for which the name Sphingobium tyrosinilyticum is proposed. The type strain is MAH-12^T (= KACC 19297^T = CGMCC 1.16225^T). The NCBI GenBank accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain MAH-12^T is KY964278 and the digital protologue database taxon number of strain MAH-12^T is TA00463.