Dyadobacter flavus sp. nov. and Dyadobacter terricola sp. nov., two novel members of the family Cytophagaceae isolated from forest soil

Gut microbial communities and their potential roles in cellulose digestion and thermal adaptation of earthworms

Adaptations to temperature and food resources, which can be affected by gut microbiota, are two main adaptive strategies allowing soil fauna to survive in their habitats, especially for cold-blooded animals. Earthworms are often referred to as ecosystem engineers because they make up the biggest component of the animal biomass found in the soil. They are considered as an important indicator in the triangle of soil quality, health and functions. However, the roles of gut microbiota in the environmental adaptation of earthworms at a large scale remain obscure. We explored the gut bacterial communities and their functions in the environmental adaptation of two widespread earthworm species (Eisenia nordenskioldi Eisen and Drawida ghilarovi Gates) in Northeast China (1661 km). Based on our findings, the alpha diversity of gut bacterial communities decreased with the increase of latitude, and the gut bacterial community composition was shaped by both mean annual temperature (MAT) and cellulose. Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Planctomycetes, recognized as the predominant cellulose degraders, were keystone taxa driving gut bacterial interactions. Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Planctomycetes were influenced by MAT and cellulose, and had higher contributions to gut total cellulase activity. The optimal temperature for total cellulase in the gut of E. nordenskioldi (25-30 °C) was lower than that of D ghilarovi (40 °C). The gut microbiota-deleted earthworms had the lowest cellulose degradation rate (1.07 %). The cellulose was degraded faster by gut bacteria from the host they were derived, indicating the presence of home field advantage of cellulose decomposition. This study provides a foundation for understanding the biotic strategies adopted by earthworms when they enter a new habitat, with gut microbiota being central to food digestion and environmental adaptability.

Dyadobacter chenhuakuii sp. nov., Dyadobacter chenwenxiniae sp. nov., and Dyadobacter fanqingshengii sp. nov., isolated from soil of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Six novel bacterial strains, designated CY22^T, CY357, LJ419^T, LJ53, CY399^T and CY107 were isolated from soil samples collected from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, PR China. Cells were aerobic, rod-shaped, yellow-pigmented, catalase- and oxidase-positive, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and non-spore-forming. All strains were psychrotolerant and could grow at 0 °C. The results of phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and core genomic genes, indicated that the three strain pairs (CY22^T/CY357, LJ419^T/LJ53 and CY399^T/CY107) were closely related to members of the genus Dyadobacter and clustered tightly with two species with validly published names, Dyadobacter alkalitolerans 12116^T and Dyadobacter psychrophilus BZ26^T. Values of digital DNA-DNA hybridization between genome sequences of the isolates and other strains from the GenBank database in the genus Dyadobacter were far below the 70.0 % threshold. The genomic DNA G+C content of these six strains ranged from 45.2 to 45.8 %. The major cellular fatty acids of all six strains were iso-C_15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (comprising C_16 : 1 ω7c and/or C_16 : 1 ω6c). MK-7 was the only respiratory quinone, and phosphatidylethanolamine was the predominant polar lipid for strains CY22^T, LJ419^T and CY399^T. On the basis of the phenotypic, phylogenetic and genomic evidence presented, these six strains represent three novel members of the genus Dyadobacter, for which the names Dyadobacter chenhuakuii sp. nov., Dyadobacter chenwenxiniae sp. nov. and Dyadobacter fanqingshengii sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains are CY22^T (= GDMCC 1.3045^T = KCTC 92299^T), LJ419^T (= GDMCC 1.2872^T = JCM 33794^T) and CY399^T (= GDMCC 1.3052^T = KCTC 92306^T), respectively.

Dyadobacter diqingensis sp. nov., isolated from Baima snow mountain of Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan province, south-west China

A Gram-negative, aerobic, nonmotile, rod-shaped and yellow-pigment-producing bacteria was isolated from Baima snow mountain of Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan province, south-west China and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis showed that strain YIM B04101^T was closely related to the type strain of Dyadobacter koreensis DSM 19938^T (97.81%) and Dyadobacter frigoris AR-3-8^T (97.95%). The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7 (MK-7). The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω7c/C_16:1ω6c), C_18:1ω9c and C_16:0. The DNA G + C content was 43.5 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain YIM B04101^T belonged to a cluster comprising species of the genus Dyadobacter. However, it differed from its closest relative, Dyadobacter koreensis KCTC 12537^T and Dyadobacter frigoris AR-3-8^T, in many physiological properties. Based on these phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain YIM B04101^T is considered to be a novel species of the genus Dyadobacter, for which the name Dyadobacter diqingensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM B04101^T (= CGMCC 1.19249^T = CCTCC AB 2021270).

Dyadobacter sandarakinus sp. nov., isolated from Arctic tundra soil, and emended descriptions of Dyadobacter alkalitolerans, Dyadobacter koreensis and Dyadobacter psychrophilus

Strain Q3-56^T, isolated from Arctic tundra soil, was found to be a Gram-stain-negative, yellow-pigmented, oxidase- and catalase-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and aerobic bacterium. Strain Q3-56^T grew optimally at pH 7.0 and 28 °C. The strain could tolerate up to 1 % (w/v) NaCl with optimum growth in the absence of NaCl. The strain was not sensitive to oxacillin and ceftazidime. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain Q3-56^T belonged to the genus Dyadobacter. Strain Q3-56^T showed the highest sequence similarities to Dyadobacter luticola T17^T (96.58 %), Dyadobacter ginsengisoli Gsoil 043^T (96.50 %), Dyadobacter flavalbus NS28^T (96.43 %) and Dyadobacter bucti QTA69^T (96.43 %). The predominant respiratory isoprenoid quinone was identified as MK-7, The polar lipid profile of strain Q3-56^T was found to contain one phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified aminolipids, three unidentified lipids and one unidentified phospholipid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be 49.1 mol%. The main fatty acids were summed feature 3 (comprising C_16 : 1  ω7c/C_16 : 1  ω6c), iso-C_15 : 0, C_16 : 1  ω5c and iso-C_16 : 1 3-OH. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, a novel species of the genus Dyadobacter, Dyadobacter sandarakinus sp. nov., is proposed, with the type strain Q3-56^T (=CCTCC AB 2019271^T=KCTC 72739^T). Emended descriptions of Dyadobacter alkalitolerans, Dyadobacter koreensis and Dyadobacter psychrophilus are also provided.

Azohydromonas caseinilytica sp. nov., a Nitrogen-Fixing Bacterium Isolated From Forest Soil by Using Optimized Culture Method

A bacterial strain, designated strain G-1-1-14^T, was isolated from Kyonggi University forest soil during a study of previously uncultured bacterium. The cells of strain G-1-1-14^T were motile by means of peritrichous flagella, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, and able to grow autotrophically with hydrogen and fix nitrogen. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain G-1-1-14^T belonged to the genus Azohydromonas. The closest species of strain G-1-1-14^T were Azohydromonas ureilytica UCM-80^T (98.4% sequence similarity), Azohydromonas lata IAM 12599^T (97.5%), Azohydromonas riparia UCM-11^T (97.1%), and Azohydromonas australica IAM 12664^T (97.0%). The genome of strain G-1-1-14^T was 6,654,139 bp long with 5,865 protein-coding genes. The genome consisted of N₂-fixing genes (nifH) and various regulatory genes for CO₂ fixation and H₂ utilization. The principal respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8, and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylglycerol. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (iso-C_15:0 2-OH and/or C_16:1ω7c), C_16:0, summed feature 8 (C_18:1ω7c and/or C_18:1ω6c), and cyclo-C_17:0. The DNA G + C content was 69.9%. The average nucleotide identity (OrthoANI), in silico DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH), and conventional DDH relatedness values were below the species demarcation values for novel species. Based on genomic, genetic, phylogenetic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic characterizations, strain G-1-1-14^T represents a novel species within the genus Azohydromonas, for which the name Azohydromonas caseinilytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is G-1-1-14^T (= KACC 21615^T = NBRC 114390^T).

Novosphingobium olei sp. nov., with the ability to degrade diesel oil, isolated from oil-contaminated soil and proposal to reclassify Novosphingobium stygium as a later heterotypic synonym of Novosphingobium aromaticivorans

Two yellow-pigmented, non-motile, Gram-stain-negative, and rod-shaped bacteria, designated TW-4^T and TNP-2 were obtained from oil-contaminated soil. Both strains degrade diesel oil, hydrolyse aesculin, DNA, Tween 40 and Tween 60. A phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain TW-4^T formed a lineage within the family Erythrobacteraceae and clustered as members of the genus Novosphingobium. The closest members of strain TW-4^T were Novosphingobium subterraneum DSM 12447^T (97.9 %, sequence similarity), Novosphingobium lubricantis KSS165-70^T (97.8 %), Novosphingobium taihuense T3-B9^T (97.8 %), Novosphingobium aromaticivorans DSM 12444^T (97.7 %), Novosphingobium flavum UCT-28^T (97.7 %), and Novosphingobium bradum STM-24^T (97.6 %). The sequence similarity for other members was ≤97.6 %. The genome of strain TW-4^T was 4 683 467 bp long with 44 scaffolds and 4280 protein-coding genes. The sole respiratory quinone was Q-10. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C_18 : 1  ω7c and/or C_18 : 1  ω6c), summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1  ω7c and/or C_16 : 1  ω6c), C_16 : 0 and C_14 : 0 2-OH. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidyl-n-methylethanolamine (PME) and sphingoglycolipid (SGL). The DNA G+C content of the type strain was 65.0 %. The average nucleotide identity (ANIu) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) relatedness values between strain TW-4^T and closest members were below the threshold value for species delineation. Based on polyphasic taxonomic analyses, strain TW-4^T represents novel species in the genus Novosphingobium, for which the name Novosphingobium olei sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TW-4^T (=KACC 21628^T=NBRC 114364^T) and strain TNP-2 (=KACC 21629=NBRC 114365) represents an additional strain. Based on new data obtained in this study, it is also proposed to reclassify Novosphingobium stygium as a later heterotypic synonym of Novosphingobium aromaticivorans.

Chitinophaga fulva sp. nov., isolated from forest soil

An aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and yellow-coloured bacterium designated strain G-6-1-13^T was isolated from Gwanggyo mountain forest soil. Strain G-6-1-13^T could grow at 15-40 °C (optimum, 20-32 °C), pH 4.5-10.5 (optimum, pH 6.0-9.0), at 2 % (w/v) NaCl concentration, and produced flexirubin-type pigments. Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain G-6-1-13^T formed a lineage within the genus Chitinophaga that was distinct from other species of the genus. Closest member was Chitinophaga varians 10-7 W-9003^T (98.6 % sequence similarity) followed by C. eiseniae DSM 22224^T (98.4 %), C. qingshengii JN246^T (97.6 %) and C. terrae KP01^T (97.4%). The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C_15 : 0, C_16 : 1  ω5c, and summed feature 3 (iso-C_15 : 0 2-OH and/or C_16 : 1  ω6c). MK-7 was the sole respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified phospholipid. The DNA G+C content of strain G-6-1-13^T was 48.7 mol%. Average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization were below the species threshold. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic characterization, G-6-1-13^T represents a novel species in the genus Chitinophaga, for which the name Chitinophaga fulva sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is G-6-1-13^T (=KACC 21624^T=NBRC 114361^T).

Caenimonas soli sp. nov., isolated from soil

A non-motile, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain S4^T, was obtained from soil sampled at Wonju, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. Cells were white-coloured, aerobic, grew optimally at 25-32 °C on R2A agar plate. A phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain S4^T formed a lineage within the family Comamonadaceae. The closest members were Caenimonas terrae SGM1-15^T (98.1% sequence similarity), Caenimonas koreensis EMB320^T (97.5%) and Ramlibacter solisilvae 5-10^T (97.8%). The sequence similarities of strain S4^T with other members of the family Comamonadaceae were ≤ 97.5%. The sole respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) and the principal polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (iso-C_15 :0 2-OH/C_16 :1 ω7c), C_16:0 and summed feature 8 (C_18:1 ω7c and/or C_18:1 ω6c). The DNA G + C content was 65.1 mol%. In addition, the average nucleotide identity (ANIu) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) relatedness values between strain S4^T and Caenimonas koreensis were 77.6 and 21%, respectively. Based on genomic, chemotaxonomic, phenotypic, and phylogenetic analyses, strain S4^T represents a novel species in the genus Caenimonas, for which the name Caenimonas soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S4^T (= KCTC 72742^T = NBRC 114610^T).

Chryseobacterium cheonjiense sp. nov., isolated from forest soil

A yellow-pigmented, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated RJ-7-14^T was obtained from forest soil sampled at Cheonji-dong, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do, South Korea. Cells were Gram-stain-negative and produced flexirubin type pigments. A phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain RJ-7-14^T formed a lineage within the family Weeksellaceae and clustered as members of the genus Chryseobacterium. The closest members were Chryseobacterium geocarposphaerae DSM 27617^T (98.2% sequence similarity), Chryseobacterium hispalense DSM 25574^T (98.0%) and Chryseobacterium nepalense KACC 18907^T (98.0%). The sequence similarity for other members was < 98.0%. The genome was 4,276,416 bp long with 9 scaffolds and 3779 protein-coding genes. The sole respiratory quinone was MK-6. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C_15:0, summed feature 9 (iso-C_17:1 ω9c and/or C_16:0 10-methyl), summed feature 3 (iso-C_15:0 2-OH and/or C_{16: 1}ω7c) and iso-C_17:0 3-OH. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The DNA G + C content of the type strain was 37.2 mol%. In addition, the average nucleotide identity (ANIu) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) relatedness values between strain RJ-7-14^T and phylogenetically closest members were ≤ 88.2% and ≤ 35.0%, respectively, which were below the threshold values of 95-96% (for ANI) and 70% (for dDDH), suggesting the allocation of novel strain to a new species. Based on genomic, chemotaxonomic, phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strain RJ-7-14^T represents novel species in the genus Chryseobacterium, for which the name Chryseobacterium cheonjiense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RJ-7-14^T (= KACC 21625^T = NBRC 114362^T).

Luteolibacter luteus sp. nov., isolated from stream bank soil

A non-motile, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped and yellow-colored bacterium, designated G-1-1-1^T was obtained from soil sampled at Gwanggyo stream bank, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. Cells were aerobic, catalase positive, grew optimally at 25-30 °C and hydrolysed aesculin and casein. A phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain G-1-1-1^T formed a lineage within the genus Luteolibacter. The closest members were Luteolibacter flavescens GKX^T (97.7% sequence similarity) and Luteolibacter arcticus MC 3726^T (97.3%). The sequence similarities with other members of the genus Luteolibacter were ≤ 93.9%. The genome of strain G-1-1-1^T was 6,412,079 bp long with 5176 protein-coding genes. The diagnostic amino acid of cell-wall peptidoglycan of strain G-1-1-1^T was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The only respiratory quinone was menaquinone-9 and the principal polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and unidentified phospholipids. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C_14:0, C_16:1 ω9c, C_16:0, C_14:0 and anteiso-C_15:0. The DNA G + C content was 61.0 mol%. The anti-SMASH analysis of whole genome showed eight putative biosynthetic gene clusters responsible for various secondary metabolites. Based on genomic, chemotaxonomic, phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strain G-1-1-1^T represents a novel species in the genus Luteobacter, for which the name Luteolibacter luteus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is G-1-1-1^T (= KACC 21614^T = NBRC 114341^T).

Zoogloea dura sp. nov., a N2-fixing bacterium isolated from forest soil and emendation of the genus Zoogloea and the species Zoogloea oryzae and Zoogloea ramigera

A motile, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, designated G-4-1-14^T, was obtained from forest soil sampled at Gwanggyo mountain, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. Cells were colourless, aerobic, grew optimally at 28-35 °C and hydrolysed DNA and casein. Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain G-4-1-14^T formed a lineage within the genus Zoogloea. The closest members were Zoogloea resiniphila ATCC 70068^T (98.6 % sequence similarity), Zoogloea caeni EMB43^T (98.2 %), Zoogloea oryzae A-7^T (97.7 %), Zoogloea ramigera IAM 12136^T (96.9 %) and Zoogloea oleivorans Buc^T (96.2 %). The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8 and the principal polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (iso-C_15 :0 2-OH/C_{16  : 1} ω7c) and C_16 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 65.9 mol%. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization relatedness values between strain G-4-1-14^T and other type strains were ≤81.6 and ≤24.9 %, respectively, which are below the species demarcation thresholds. Based on the results of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genomic analyses, strain G-4-1-14^T represents a novel species in the genus Zoogloea, for which the name Zoogloea dura sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is G-4-1-14^T (=KACC 21618^T=NBRC 114358^T). In addition, we propose emendation of the genus Zoogloea and the species Zoogloea oryzae and Zoogloea ramigera.

Hymenobacter polaris sp. nov., a psychrotolerant bacterium isolated from an Arctic station

A pink-pigmented, non-motile, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, designated RP-2-7^T, was obtained from soil sampled at the Arctic station, Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway. Cells were strictly aerobic, psychrotolerant, grew optimally at 15-20 °C and hydrolysed CM-cellulose. Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain RP-2-7^T formed a lineage within the family Hymenobacteraceae and clustered with members of the genus Hymenobacter. Its closest relative was Hymenobacter marinus KJ035^T (97.6 % sequence similarity). The sequence similarities to other strains were ≤96.9 %. The principal respiratory quinone was MK-7 and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified aminophospholipid. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1  ω7c and/or C_16 : 1  ω6c), anteiso-C_15 : 0, iso-C_15 : 0, C_16 : 1  ω5c and summed featured 4 (iso-C_17 : 1 I and/or anteiso-C_17 : 1 B). The DNA G+C content was 62.8 mol%. In addition, the average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization relatedness values between strain RP-2-7^T and closely related strains were lower than species demarcation thresholds. Based on the resuls of genomic, chemotaxonomic, phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strain RP-2-7^T represents novel species in the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter polaris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RP-2-7^T (=KACC 21670^T=NBRC 114391^T).

Dyadobacter flavalbus sp. nov., isolated from lake sediment

A novel bacterial strain, designated NS28^T, was isolated from interfacial sediment sampled at Taihu Lake, PR China. Cells were rod-shaped, Gram-negative, aerobic and non-motile on Reasoner's 2A medium. The results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain NS28^T was most closely related to species from the genus Dyadobacter, with 98.4 and 96.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to its closest phylogenetic neighbours Dyadobacter sediminis CGMCC 1.12895^T and Dyadobacter luticola CCTCC AB 2017091^T, respectively. MK-7 was the only cellular menaquinone. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1ω7c and/or C_16 : 1ω6c), iso-C_15 : 0 and C_16 : 1ω5c. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one phospholipid, one aminolipid, one lipid and two unidentified lipids. Genomic analysis of strain NS28^T indicated that the total genome size was 6 477 094 bp with a G+C content of 44.8 mol%, 5380 protein-coding genes, 79 contigs and an N50 length of 299584 bp. On the basis of the genomic DNA sequence, the average nucleotide identity values were 90.5 and 74.1 % with D. sediminis CGMCC 1.12895^T and D. luticola CCTCC AB 2017091^T, respectively. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization results of strain NS28^T with D. sediminis CGMCC 1.12895^T and D. luticola CCTCC AB 2017091^T were 40.9 and 18.6 %, respectively. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic and genome sequence data presented here, it is proposed that strain NS28^T represents a novel species of the genus Dyadobacter for which the name Dyadobacter flavalbus is proposed . The type strain is NS28^T (=NBRC 113854^T=MCCC 1K03764^T).

Dyadobacter luteus sp. nov., isolated from rose rhizosphere soil

A novel Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, RS19^T, was isolated from rose rhizosphere soil. The strain was psychrophilic and showed good growth over a temperature range of 1-37 ℃. Colonies on TSB agar were circular, smooth, mucoid, convex with clear edges and yellow. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences characterized RS19^T in the genus Dyadobacter and showed that strain RS19^T was most closely related to Dyadobacter psychrophilus CGMCC 1.8951^T (97.4%) and Dyadobacter alkalitolerans CGMCC 1.8973^T (97.1%). The average nucleotide identity values to the closest related species type strains were less than 84.0%. The DNA G + C content was 43.1 mol%, and the predominant respiratory menaquinone was MK-7. The major fatty acids were summed features 3 (C_16:1ω7c and/or C_16:1ω6c), iso-C_15:0, C_16:1ω5c and iso-C_17:0 3-OH. Based on genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data, strain RS19^T is different from closely related species of the genus Dyadobacter. RS19^T represents a novel species within the genus Dyadobacter, for which the name Dyadobacter luteus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RS19^T (= CGMCC 1.13719^T = ACCC 60381^T = JCM 32940^T).

Pigments from Soil Bacteria and Their Therapeutic Properties: A Mini Review

Advancement in research on dyes obtained from natural sources e.g., plants, animals, insects and micro-organisms is widening the application of natural dyes in various fields. The natural dyes substituted their synthetic analogs at the beginning of twentieth century due to their improved quality, value, ease of production, ease of dyeing and some other factors. This era of dominance ended soon when toxic effects of synthetic dyes were reported. In the last few decades, pigments from micro-organisms especially soil derived bacteria is replacing dyes from other natural sources because of the increasing demand for safe, non-toxic, and biodegradable natural product. Apart from application in agriculture practices, cosmetics, textile, food and paper industries, bacterial pigments have additional biological activities e.g., anti-tumor, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, immunosuppressive anti-viral, and many more which make them a potential candidate for pharmaceutical industry. Optimization of culture conditions and fermentation medium is the key strategies for large scale production of these natural dyes. An effort has been done to give an overview of pigments obtained from bacteria of soil origin, their dominance over dyes from other sources (natural and synthetic) and applications in the medical world in the underlying study.