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Krylov D, Rodimova S, Karabut M, Kuznetsova D. Experimental Models for Studying Structural and Functional State of the Pathological Liver (Review). Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2023; 15:65-82. [PMID: 38434194 PMCID: PMC10902899 DOI: 10.17691/stm2023.15.4.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver pathologies remain one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Despite a high prevalence of liver diseases, the possibilities of diagnosing, prognosing, and treating non-alcoholic and alcoholic liver diseases still have a number of limitations and require the development of new methods and approaches. In laboratory studies, various models are used to reconstitute the pathological conditions of the liver, including cell cultures, spheroids, organoids, microfluidic systems, tissue slices. We reviewed the most commonly used in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo models for studying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease, toxic liver injury, and fibrosis, described their advantages, limitations, and prospects for use. Great emphasis was placed on the mechanisms of development of pathological conditions in each model, as well as the assessment of the possibility of reconstructing various key aspects of pathogenesis for all these pathologies. There is currently no consensus on the choice of the most adequate model for studying liver pathology. The choice of a certain effective research model is determined by the specific purpose and objectives of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.P. Krylov
- Laboratory Assistant, Scientific Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnologies, Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia; Student, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine; National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Prospekt Gagarina, Nizhny Novgorod, 603022, Russia
| | - S.A. Rodimova
- Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Scientific Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnologies, Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - M.M. Karabut
- Researcher, Laboratory of Genomics of Adaptive Antitumor Immunity, Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - D.S. Kuznetsova
- Head of Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnologies, Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia; Head of the Research Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Researches, Institute of Clinical Medicine; National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Prospekt Gagarina, Nizhny Novgorod, 603022, Russia
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Functional differences between l- and d-carnitine in metabolic regulation evaluated using a low-carnitine Nile tilapia model. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:625-638. [PMID: 32124711 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451900148x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
l-Carnitine is essential for mitochondrial β-oxidation and has been used as a lipid-lowering feed additive in humans and farmed animals. d-Carnitine is an optical isomer of l-carnitine and dl-carnitine has been widely used in animal feeds. However, the functional differences between l- and d-carnitine are difficult to study because of the endogenous l-carnitine background. In the present study, we developed a low-carnitine Nile tilapia model by treating fish with a carnitine synthesis inhibitor, and used this model to investigate the functional differences between l- and d-carnitine in nutrient metabolism in fish. l- or d-carnitine (0·4 g/kg diet) was fed to the low-carnitine tilapia for 6 weeks. l-Carnitine feeding increased the acyl-carnitine concentration from 3522 to 10 822 ng/g and alleviated the lipid deposition from 15·89 to 11·97 % in the liver of low-carnitine tilapia. However, as compared with l-carnitine group, d-carnitine feeding reduced the acyl-carnitine concentration from 10 822 to 5482 ng/g, and increased lipid deposition from 11·97 to 20·21 % and the mRNA expression of the genes involved in β-oxidation and detoxification in the liver. d-Carnitine feeding also induced hepatic inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. A metabolomic investigation further showed that d-carnitine feeding increased glycolysis, protein metabolism and activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, l-carnitine can be physiologically utilised in fish, whereas d-carnitine is metabolised as a xenobiotic and induces lipotoxicity. d-Carnitine-fed fish demonstrates increases in peroxisomal β-oxidation, glycolysis and amino acid degradation to maintain energy homeostasis. Therefore, d-carnitine is not recommended for use in farmed animals.
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Karabacak M, Kanbur M, Eraslan G, Siliğ Y, Soyer Sarıca Z, Tekeli MY, Taş A. The effects of colostrum on some biochemical parameters in the experimental intoxication of rats with paracetamol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:23897-23908. [PMID: 29881964 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, the possible prophylactic and therapeutic effects of colostrum (COL) on acute organ injury caused by paracetamol (PAR) in rats were evaluated. Within the scope of this study, a 2-month-old male (150-200 g) 70 Wistar Albino rat was used and a total of seven groups were designed. The first group (CNT) was maintained for control purposes. The second group (COL-1) was given COL for 1 day, at a dose of 500 mg/kg at 6-h intervals, and blood and tissue sampling was performed at 24 h. The third group (COL-7) received COL for 7 days, at a dose of 500 mg/kg at 6-h intervals on day 1 and at a daily dose of 500 mg/kg on the following days, and blood and tissue samples were taken at the end of seventh day. The fourth group (PAR-1) was administered with PAR at a dose of 1.0 g/kg bw and was blood and tissue sampled at 24 h. The fifth group (PAR-7) received PAR at a dose of 1.0 g/kg bw on day 1 and was blood and tissue was removed at the end of day 7. The sixth group (PAR+COL-1) was administered with a combination of PAR (1 g/kg bw) and COL (500 mg/kg at 6-h intervals), and blood and tissue samples were collected at 24 h. The seventh group (PAR+COL-7) received 1.0 g/kg bw of PAR on day 1 and was given COL throughout the 7-day study period (at a dose of 500 mg/kg at 6-h intervals on day 1 and at a daily dose of 500 mg/kg on the following days). In the seventh group, blood and tissue samples were taken at the end of seventh day. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose, creatinine, triglyceride, total bilirubin, total protein and albumin levels/activities were analysed in the serum samples. The malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels/activities, known as oxidative stress parameters, were assayed for tissue homogenates and blood (erythrocytes/plasma); in addition, enzyme activities of GSH S-transferase (GST), cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1), NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase (CYTB5), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), NADPH-cytochrome P450 C reductase (CYTC) and glutathione (GSH) levels/activities defined as drug metabolising parameters were measured in liver homogenates. In result, it was determined that PAR caused significant alterations in some biochemical and lipid peroxidation parameters and the activities/levels of drug metabolising parameters in the liver and that COL normalised some of these parameters and reduced PAR-induced tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mürsel Karabacak
- Safiye Çıkrıkçıoğlu Vocational College, Laboratory and Veterinary Health Department, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Murat Kanbur
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Eraslan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Yavuz Siliğ
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Soyer Sarıca
- Experimental Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Yasin Tekeli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ayça Taş
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Diet, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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Wang X, Wu Q, Liu A, Anadón A, Rodríguez JL, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Yuan Z, Martínez MA. Paracetamol: overdose-induced oxidative stress toxicity, metabolism, and protective effects of various compounds in vivo and in vitro. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:395-437. [PMID: 28766385 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1354014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Paracetamol (APAP) is one of the most widely used and popular over-the-counter analgesic and antipyretic drugs in the world when used at therapeutic doses. APAP overdose can cause severe liver injury, liver necrosis and kidney damage in human beings and animals. Many studies indicate that oxidative stress is involved in the various toxicities associated with APAP, and various antioxidants were evaluated to investigate their protective roles against APAP-induced liver and kidney toxicities. To date, almost no review has addressed the APAP toxicity in relation to oxidative stress. This review updates the research conducted over the past decades into the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and oxidative stress as a result of APAP treatments, and ultimately their correlation with the toxicity and metabolism of APAP. The metabolism of APAP involves various CYP450 enzymes, through which oxidative stress might occur, and such metabolic factors are reviewed within. The therapeutics of a variety of compounds against APAP-induced organ damage based on their anti-oxidative effects is also discussed, in order to further understand the role of oxidative stress in APAP-induced toxicity. This review will throw new light on the critical roles of oxidative stress in APAP-induced toxicity, as well as on the contradictions and blind spots that still exist in the understanding of APAP toxicity, the cellular effects in terms of organ injury and cell signaling pathways, and finally strategies to help remedy such against oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- a Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.,b National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- c College of Life Science , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , China.,d Faculty of Informatics and Management , Center for Basic and Applied Research, University of Hradec Kralove , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Aimei Liu
- b National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Arturo Anadón
- a Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - José-Luis Rodríguez
- a Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga
- a Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- b National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei , China.,e MAO Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei , China.,f Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - María-Aránzazu Martínez
- a Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
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Shoda LK, Battista C, Siler SQ, Pisetsky DS, Watkins PB, Howell BA. Mechanistic Modelling of Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Investigating the Role of Innate Immune Responses. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:1177625017696074. [PMID: 28615926 PMCID: PMC5459514 DOI: 10.1177/1177625017696074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains an adverse event of significant concern for drug development and marketed drugs, and the field would benefit from better tools to identify liver liabilities early in development and/or to mitigate potential DILI risk in otherwise promising drugs. DILIsym software takes a quantitative systems toxicology approach to represent DILI in pre-clinical species and in humans for the mechanistic investigation of liver toxicity. In addition to multiple intrinsic mechanisms of hepatocyte toxicity (ie, oxidative stress, bile acid accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction), DILIsym includes the interaction between hepatocytes and cells of the innate immune response in the amplification of liver injury and in liver regeneration. The representation of innate immune responses, detailed here, consolidates much of the available data on the innate immune response in DILI within a single framework and affords the opportunity to systematically investigate the contribution of the innate response to DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisl Km Shoda
- DILIsym Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christina Battista
- DILIsym Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Scott Q Siler
- DILIsym Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David S Pisetsky
- Medical Research Service, Durham VA Medical Center and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Paul B Watkins
- UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Alotaibi SA, Alanazi A, Bakheet SA, Alharbi NO, Nagi MN. Prophylactic and Therapeutic Potential of Acetyl-l-carnitine against Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2015; 30:5-11. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Salman A. Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy; King Saud University; Riyadh 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrazaq Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy; King Saud University; Riyadh 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy; King Saud University; Riyadh 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif O. Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy; King Saud University; Riyadh 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud N. Nagi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy; King Saud University; Riyadh 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Bucaretchi F, Fernandes CB, Branco MM, De Capitani EM, Hyslop S, Caldas JPS, Moreno CA, Porta G. Acute liver failure in a term neonate after repeated paracetamol administration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 32:144-8. [PMID: 24676202 PMCID: PMC4183003 DOI: 10.1590/s0103-05822014000100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Severe hepatotoxicity caused by paracetamol is rare in neonates. We report a case
of paracetamol-induced acute liver failure in a term neonate. Case description: A 26-day-old boy was admitted with intestinal bleeding, shock signs, slight liver
enlargement, coagulopathy, metabolic acidosis (pH=7.21; bicarbonate: 7.1mEq/L),
hypoglycemia (18mg/dL), increased serum aminotransferase activity (AST=4,039IU/L;
ALT=1,087IU/L) and hyperbilirubinemia (total: 9.57mg/dL; direct: 6.18mg/dL) after
receiving oral paracetamol (10mg/kg/dose every 4 hours) for three consecutive days
(total dose around 180mg/kg; serum concentration 36-48 hours after the last dose
of 77µg/ mL). Apart from supportive measures, the patient was successfully treated
with intravenous N-acetylcysteine infusion during 11 consecutive days, and was
discharged on day 34. The follow-up revealed full recovery of clinical and of
laboratory findings of hepatic function. Comments: The paracetamol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in neonates and infants
differ substantially from those in older children and adults. Despite the reduced
rates of metabolism by the P-450 CYP2E1 enzyme system and the increased ability to
synthesize glutathione - which provides greater resistance after overdoses -, it
is possible to produce hepatotoxic metabolites (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone) that
cause hepatocellular damage, if glutathione sources are depleted. Paracetamol
clearance is reduced and the half-life of elimination is prolonged. Therefore, a
particular dosing regimen should be followed due to the toxicity risk of
cumulative doses. This report highlights the risk for severe hepatotoxicity in
neonates after paracetamol multiple doses for more than two to three days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Bucaretchi
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Unicamp, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Carla Borrasca Fernandes
- Centro de Controle de Intoxicacoes, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Unicamp, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Maíra Migliari Branco
- Centro de Controle de Intoxicacoes, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Unicamp, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Stephen Hyslop
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Unicamp, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Jamil Pedro S Caldas
- Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal, Hospital da Mulher Professor Doutor Jose Aristodemo Pinotti, Unicamp, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Gilda Porta
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Bogusiewicz A, Boysen G, Mock DM. In HepG2 cells, coexisting carnitine deficiency masks important indicators of marginal biotin deficiency. J Nutr 2015; 145:32-40. [PMID: 25527659 PMCID: PMC4264022 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.201343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of birth defects are related to nutrient deficiencies; concern that biotin deficiency is teratogenic in humans is reasonable. Surprisingly, studies indicate that increased urinary 3-hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine (3HIAc), a previously validated marker of biotin deficiency, is not a valid biomarker in pregnancy. OBJECTIVE In this study we hypothesized that coexisting carnitine deficiency can prevent the increase in 3HIAc due to biotin deficiency. METHODS We used a 2-factor nutrient depletion design to induce isolated and combined biotin and carnitine deficiency in HepG2 cells and then repleted cells with carnitine. To elucidate the metabolic pathogenesis, we quantitated intracellular and extracellular free carnitine, acylcarnitines, and acylcarnitine ratios using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Relative to biotin-sufficient, carnitine-sufficient cells, intracellular acetylcarnitine increased by 90%, propionylcarnitine more than doubled, and 3HIAc increased by >10-fold in biotin-deficient, carnitine-sufficient (BDCS) cells, consistent with a defensive mechanism in which biotin-deficient cells transesterify the acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) substrates of the biotin-dependent carboxylases to the related acylcarnitines. Likewise, in BDCS cells, the ratio of acetylcarnitine to malonylcarnitine and the ratio of propionylcarnitine to methylmalonylcarnitine both more than tripled, and the ratio of 3HIAc to 3-methylglutarylcarnitine (MGc) increased by >10-fold. In biotin-deficient, carnitine-deficient (BDCD) cells, the 3 substrate-derived acylcarnitines changed little, but the substrate:product ratios were masked to a lesser extent. Moreover, carnitine repletion unmasked biotin deficiency in BDCD cells as shown by increases in acetylcarnitine, propionylcarnitine, and 3HIAc (each increased by >50-fold). Likewise, ratios of acetylcarnitine:malonylcarnitine, propionylcarnitine:methylmalonylcarnitine, and 3HIAc:MGc all increased by >8-fold. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide strong evidence that coexisting carnitine deficiency masks some indicators of biotin deficiency and support the potential importance of the ratios of acylcarnitines arising from the acyl-CoA substrates and products for biotin-dependent carboxylases in detecting the biotin deficiency that is masked by coexisting carnitine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gunnar Boysen
- Fay W Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Donald M Mock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
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Nassiri A, Dashti-Khavidaki S, Khalili H, Nassiri-Toosi M, Abdollahi A. Serum carnitine level and its associated factors in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. Future Virol 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.14.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Aim: Serum carnitine level and its associated factors have been evaluated in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. Methods: Patients with confirmed chronic viral hepatitis based on the serological markers and liver biopsy were included. In total, 86 volunteers and 86 patients with chronic viral hepatitis completed the study. Demographic data, type of treatment regimen and nutritional status of the patients were recorded and one blood sample was collected from each patient after an overnight fasting. A double antibody sandwich ELISA kit was used to measure carnitine serum level. Results: Mean ± standard deviation of serum carnitine level in the case and control groups were 34.3 ± 15.3 and 55.7 ± 28.4 μmol/l, respectively (p = 0.001). Regarding carnitine deficiency definition, 64 out of 86 patients (74.4%) and 21 out of 86 (24.5%) healthy individuals suffered from carnitine deficiency (p < 0.001). Carnitine dietary intake was significantly lower (p < 0.001). Compared with patients with chronic hepatitis C infection, a more severe form of carnitine deficiency was detected in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection (18.39 ± 15.68 μmol/l vs 42.30 ± 32.92 μmol/l; p = 0.03). In addition, serum carnitine level (41.1 ± 14.8 μmol/l) was significantly higher in the cirrhotic than noncirrhotic patients (31.60 ± 13.2 μmol/l; p = 0.04). Conclusion: Although the cirrhotic patients had higher serum carnitine level compared with noncirrhotic patients, serum carnitine level in the patients with chronic hepatitis was significantly lower than the healthy individuals. Also compared with the defined cut-off point for normal carnitine serum level, carnitine deficiency was common in Iranian patients with chronic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azin Nassiri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Khalili
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nassiri-Toosi
- Imam-Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdollahi
- Vali-E-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bhattacharyya S, Pence L, Beger R, Chaudhuri S, McCullough S, Yan K, Simpson P, Hennings L, Hinson J, James L. Acylcarnitine profiles in acetaminophen toxicity in the mouse: comparison to toxicity, metabolism and hepatocyte regeneration. Metabolites 2013; 3:606-22. [PMID: 24958141 PMCID: PMC3901280 DOI: 10.3390/metabo3030606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High doses of acetaminophen (APAP) result in hepatotoxicity that involves metabolic activation of the parent compound, covalent binding of the reactive intermediate N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) to liver proteins, and depletion of hepatic glutathione. Impaired fatty acid β-oxidation has been implicated in previous studies of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. To better understand relationships between toxicity and fatty acid β-oxidation in the liver in APAP toxicity, metabolomic assays for long chain acylcarnitines were examined in relationship to established markers of liver toxicity, oxidative metabolism, and liver regeneration in a time course study in mice. Male B6C3F1 mice were treated with APAP (200 mg/kg IP) or saline and sacrificed at 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 or 48 h after APAP. At 1 h, hepatic glutathione was depleted and APAP protein adducts were markedly increased. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were elevated at 4 and 8 h, while proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression, indicative of hepatocyte regeneration, was apparent at 24 h and 48 h. Elevations of palmitoyl, oleoyl and myristoyl carnitine were apparent by 2–4 h, concurrent with the onset of Oil Red O staining in liver sections. By 8 h, acylcarnitine levels were below baseline levels and remained low at 24 and 48 h. A partial least squares (PLS) model suggested a direct association of acylcarnitine accumulation in serum to APAP protein adduct and hepatic glutathione levels in mice. Overall, the kinetics of serum acylcarnitines in APAP toxicity in mice followed a biphasic pattern involving early elevation after the metabolism phases of toxicity and later depletion of acylcarnitines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeepa Bhattacharyya
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
| | - Lisa Pence
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Richard Beger
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Shubhra Chaudhuri
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
| | - Sandra McCullough
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
| | - Ke Yan
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Pippa Simpson
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Leah Hennings
- Departments of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Jack Hinson
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Laura James
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
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Manicam C, Teng Khoo L, Ong Abdull J, Rahayu Moh E, Seman Z, Chin Sieo C, Hamid M. Subacute Toxic Effects of Melastoma malabathricum Linn. Aqueous Leaf Extract
on Liver and Kidney Histopathology of Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2013. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2013.358.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Role of oxidative stress and nitric oxide in the protective effects of α-lipoic acid and aminoguanidine against isoniazid–rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1869-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Arafa HMM, Hemeida RAM, Hassan MIA, Abdel-Wahab MH, Badary OA, Hamada FMA. Acetyl-L-carnitine ameliorates caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 105:30-6. [PMID: 19371263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we have addressed the possible protective role of acetyl-L-carnitine in caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in male Swiss albino rats. Acute pancreatitis paradigm was developed by challenging animals with a supramaximal dose of caerulein (20 microg/kg, SC) four times at hourly intervals. Caerulein induced acute pancreatitis that was well-characterized morphologically and biochemically. Severe oedema with marked increased relative pancreatic weight, marked atrophy of acini with increased interacinar spaces, vacuolization, and extensive leucocytic infiltration were diagnostic fingerprints of the pancreatitis phenotype. A biochemical test battery that confirmed the model comprised increased plasma amylase and lipase activities, calcium levels as well as increased pancreatic enzymatic myeloperoxidase and glutathione-S-transferase activities, beside increased pancreatic contents of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde and reduced pancreatic glutathione level. Prior administration of acetyl-L-carnitine (200 mg/kg, IP) for seven consecutive days ahead of caerulein challenge alleviated all the histological and biochemical manifestations of acute pancreatitis. These results suggest a possible protective role of the carnitine ester in such a murine acute pancreatitis model probably via regulation of the oxidant/antioxidant balance, beside modulation of the myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide systems, which are involved in the inflammatory cascade that most often associate the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam M M Arafa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Arafa HMM. Carnitine deficiency aggravates carboplatin nephropathy through deterioration of energy status, oxidant/anti-oxidant balance, and inflammatory endocoids. Toxicology 2008; 254:51-60. [PMID: 18852009 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that carnitine deficiency could represent a risk factor in paracetamol hepatotoxicity. By the same token, d-carnitine-induced carnitine deficiency aggravated carboplatin nephropathy following challenge with a single dose (35mg/kg, IP) of the platinum drug in male Swiss albino rats. The combination modality induced marked degenerative changes and severe inflammation in kidney tissues that surpassed either carboplatin or d-carnitine given alone. The combined regimen synergistically increased the serum levels of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), palmitate, and kidney malondialdehyde (MDA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), nitric oxide (NO) contents as well as kidney myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. The only parameter that has been notably decreased was the kidney reduced glutathione (GSH) level. Exaggeration by carnitine deficit of the deleterious effects of carboplatin is most probably ascribed to energy starvation. The reduction in kidney content of ATP parcels was associated with elevation of serum palmitate level that reflected debilitated fatty acid oxidation, and this further deteriorated energy resources in kidney tissues. Compromising the oxidant/anti-oxidant balance and modulating the release of some inflammatory endocoids namely, TNF-alpha and NO could also possibly account for such combinatorial detrimental toxicity. The current study was further extended to elucidate any possible nephroprotective effects of l-carnitine. Interestingly, carnitine supplementation ahead of carboplatin challenge ameliorated and almost normalized all the biochemical parameters and also mitigated the injurious effects of the cytotoxic drug. Thus, one could conclude that carnitine deficiency, whether being a causative clue or a sequela, might represent a risk factor in carboplatin nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam M M Arafa
- Department of Pharmacol & Toxicol, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
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