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Baranauskas G, Rysevaite-Kyguoliene K, Sabeckis I, Pauza DH. Saturation of visual responses explains size tuning in rat collicular neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:285-309. [PMID: 36451583 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The receptive field of many visual neurons is composed of a central responsive area, the classical receptive field, and a non-classical receptive field, also called the "suppressive surround." A visual stimulus placed in the suppressive surround does not induce any response but modulates visual responses to stimuli within the classical receptive field, usually by suppressing them. Therefore, visual responses become smaller when stimuli exceed the classical receptive field size. The stimulus size inducing the maximal response is called the preferred stimulus size. In cortex, there is good correspondence between the sizes of the classical receptive field and the preferred stimulus. In contrast, in the rodent superior colliculus, the preferred size is often several fold smaller than the classical receptive field size. Here, we show that in the rat superior colliculus, the preferred stimulus size changes as a square root of the contrast inverse and the classical receptive field size is independent of contrast. In addition, responses to annulus were largely independent of the inner hole size. To explain these data, three models were tested: the divisive modulation of the gain by the suppressive surround (the "normalization" model), the difference of the Gaussians, and a divisive model that incorporates saturation to light flux. Despite the same number of free parameters, the model incorporating saturation to light performed the best. Thus, our data indicate that in rats, the saturation to light can be a dominant phenomenon even at relatively low illumination levels defining visual responses in the collicular neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gytis Baranauskas
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Ignas Sabeckis
- Anatomy Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dainius H Pauza
- Anatomy Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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2
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Tkatch T, Rysevaite-Kyguoliene K, Sabeckis I, Sabeckiene D, Pauza DH, Baranauskas G. An efficient rAAV vector for protein expression in cortical parvalbumin expressing interneurons. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17851. [PMID: 36284123 PMCID: PMC9596399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21867-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAV) are extensively used in both research and clinical applications. Despite significant advances, there is a lack of short promoters able to drive the expression of virus delivered genes in specific classes of neurons. We designed an efficient rAAV vector suitable for the rAAV-mediated gene expression in cortical interneurons, mainly in the parvalbumin expressing cells. The vector includes a short parvalbumin promoter and a specialized poly(A) sequence. The degree of conservation of the parvalbumin gene adjoining non-coding regions was used in both the promoter design and the selection of the poly(A) sequence. The specificity was established by co-localizing the fluorescence of the virus delivered eGFP and the antibody for a neuronal marker. rAAV particles were injected in the visual cortex area V1/V2 of adult rats (2-4 months old). Neurons expressing the virus delivered eGFP were mainly positive for interneuronal markers: 66.5 ± 2.8% for parvalbumin, 14.6 ± 2.4% for somatostatin, 7.1 ± 1.2% for vasoactive intestinal peptide, 2.8 ± 0.6% for cholecystokinin. Meanwhile, only 2.1 ± 0.5% were positive for CaMKII, a marker for principal cells in the cortex. The efficiency of the construct was verified by optogenetic experiments: the expression of the virus delivered ChR2 channels was sufficient to evoke by blue light laser high frequency bursts of action potentials in putative fast spiking neurons. We conclude that our promoter allows highly specific expression of the rAAV delivered cDNAs in cortical interneurons with a strong preference for the parvalbumin positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Tkatch
- grid.45083.3a0000 0004 0432 6841Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Present Address: Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - Ignas Sabeckis
- grid.45083.3a0000 0004 0432 6841Anatomy Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Deimante Sabeckiene
- grid.45083.3a0000 0004 0432 6841Anatomy Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dainius H. Pauza
- grid.45083.3a0000 0004 0432 6841Anatomy Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Gytis Baranauskas
- grid.45083.3a0000 0004 0432 6841Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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3
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Interlandi C, Leonardi F, Spadola F, Costa GL. Evaluation of the paw withdrawal latency for the comparison between tramadol and butorphanol administered locally, in the plantar surface of rat, preliminary study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254497. [PMID: 34310642 PMCID: PMC8312927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of tramadol compared to butorphanol administered locally in ventral surface of the hind paw of rats. Prospective, randomized experimental study; twenty-one adult male Wistar rats were selected. Heart rate (beats minute-1), respiratory rate (breaths minute-1), and paw withdrawal latency (onset of radiant heat until paw withdrawal/seconds) were measured prior (T0) and after (T5, T10, T15, T20) intraplantar injection with saline solution 0,9% (group S), butorphanol 1 mg kg-1 (group B), and tramadol 1 mg kg-1 (group T). Shapiro-Wilk normality test and Friedman test were used to analyze the data expressed by median and range. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Statistical analysis of heart rate showed that there were significant differences between groups at different monitoring times. There were no significant differences in respiratory rate after intraplantar injection in any of the treatment groups. The paw withdrawal latency values at T5, T10, and T15 minutes after intraplantar injection in the group B were significantly higher compared to baseline value and to the values of the other groups. The paw withdrawal latency were no significant changes in the measurements of intragroup in S and T. Intraplantar administration of butorphanol provides a good analgesia and significantly increases paw withdrawal latency compared to tramadol. Intraplantar injection of butorphanol could be useful and safe and safe technique to achieve local analgesia for minor surgical procedures in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Interlandi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Fabio Leonardi
- Department of Medicine and Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Filippo Spadola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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4
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Baranauskas G. Limited Spatial Spread Explains the Dependence of Visual Response Adaptation on Stimulus Size in Rat Superior Colliculus Neurons. Neuroscience 2020; 451:60-78. [PMID: 33141032 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although adaptation to light occurs in the eye and mainly preserves the full dynamic range of neuronal responses during changing background illumination, it affects the entire visual system and helps to optimize visual information processing. We have shown recently that in rat superior colliculus (SC) neurons adaptation to light acts as a local low-pass filter because, in contrast to the primate SC, in rat collicular neurons adaptation to small stimuli is largely limited to the vicinity of the adaptor stimulus. However, it was unclear whether large visual stimuli would induce the same spatially limited adaptation. We addressed this question by evaluating the effects of 1.8°, 6.2° and 20.8° wide adaptor stimuli on test stimuli of variable size. Single unit recordings in the adult rat SC were employed to estimate the response amplitude. Small, 1.8° and 6.2° adaptors habituated visual responses only to stimuli smaller than the adaptive stimuli. However, the 20.8° adaptor dramatically reduced responses even to test stimuli >3 times wider than the adaptor (up to 70° wide). The latter result may be explained by a nearly complete occlusion by a large adaptor of the neuron's receptive field (RF). All these results are consistent with the idea of a limited spatial spread of adaptation in rat SC neurons that is the consequence of high convergence of retinal inputs, in which small RFs limit the spatial spread of adaptation. It is concluded that, in this limited spatial spread of adaptation, rodent SC resembles higher visual system areas in primates and indicates potential differences in visual information processing between rodents and primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gytis Baranauskas
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
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5
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Sun S, Guo Y, Wang T, Huang S. Analgesic Effect Comparison Between Nalbuphine and Sufentanil for Patient-Controlled Intravenous Analgesia After Cesarean Section. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:574493. [PMID: 33364949 PMCID: PMC7751695 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.574493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Efficient maternal pain relief after cesarean delivery remains challenging, but it is important to improve outcomes for the mother and the newborn during the puerperium. We compared the analgesic effect of nalbuphine (a κ receptor agonist/μ receptor antagonistic) with that of sufentanil (a µ-receptor agonist) in patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) after cesarean section. Methods: We enrolled 84 patients scheduled for elective cesarean sections with spinal anesthesia and randomized them into either nalbuphine or sufentanil groups (42 patients each). Pain scores, PCIA drug consumptions, degree of satisfaction, and adverse events were recorded as outcome measures. Results: The pain scores at rest and uterine cramping pain scores in the nalbuphine group were lower than those in the sufentanil group at 6, 12, and 24 h after the operation. Also, the pain scores while switching to a seated position were lower in the nalbuphine group than in the sufentanil group at 6 and 12 h after the operation (p < 0.05). We found no significant differences in the PCIA drug consumption between the two groups. The degree of satisfaction in patients in the nalbuphine group was higher than that of patients in the sufentanil group (p = 0.01). Adverse events did not differ in the two groups. Conclusion: PCIA with nalbuphine provides better analgesia and higher patient satisfaction than sufentanil after cesarean section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yundong Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoqiang Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Custodio-Patsey L, Donahue RR, Fu W, Lambert J, Smith BN, Taylor BK. Sex differences in kappa opioid receptor inhibition of latent postoperative pain sensitization in dorsal horn. Neuropharmacology 2019; 163:107726. [PMID: 31351975 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tissue injury produces a delicate balance between latent pain sensitization (LS) and compensatory endogenous opioid receptor analgesia that continues for months, even after re-establishment of normal pain thresholds. To evaluate the contribution of mu (MOR), delta (DOR), and/or kappa (KOR) opioid receptors to the silencing of chronic postoperative pain, we performed plantar incision at the hindpaw, waited 21 days for the resolution of hyperalgesia, and then intrathecally injected subtype-selective ligands. We found that the MOR-selective inhibitor CTOP (1-1000 ng) dose-dependently reinstated mechanical hyperalgesia. Two DOR-selective inhibitors naltrindole (1-10 μg) and TIPP[Ψ] (1-20 μg) reinstated mechanical hyperalgesia, but only at the highest dose that also produced itching, licking, and tail biting. Both the prototypical KOR-selective inhibitors nor-BNI (0.1-10 μg) and the newer KOR inhibitor with more canonical pharmocodynamic effects, LY2456302 (0.1-10 μg), reinstated mechanical hyperalgesia. Furthermore, LY2456302 (10 μg) increased the expression of phosphorylated signal-regulated kinase (pERK), a marker of central sensitization, in dorsal horn neurons but not glia. Sex studies revealed that LY2456302 (0.3 μg) reinstated hyperalgesia and pERK expression to a greater degree in female as compared to male mice. Our results suggest that spinal MOR and KOR, but not DOR, maintain LS within a state of remission to reduce the intensity and duration of postoperative pain, and that endogenous KOR but not MOR analgesia is greater in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Custodio-Patsey
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA
| | - Renée R Donahue
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA
| | - Weisi Fu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA
| | - Joshua Lambert
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, 302 Multidisciplinary Science Building, Lexington, KY, 40536-0082, USA
| | - Bret N Smith
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA
| | - Bradley K Taylor
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, and the Pittsburgh Project to End Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Negus SS. Core Outcome Measures in Preclinical Assessment of Candidate Analgesics. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:225-266. [PMID: 30898855 PMCID: PMC6448246 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.017210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
All preclinical procedures for analgesic drug discovery involve two components: 1) a “pain stimulus” (the principal independent variable), which is delivered to an experimental subject with the intention of producing a pain state; and 2) a “pain behavior” (the principal dependent variable), which is measured as evidence of that pain state. Candidate analgesics are then evaluated for their effectiveness to reduce the pain behavior, and results are used to prioritize drugs for advancement to clinical testing. This review describes a taxonomy of preclinical procedures organized into an “antinociception matrix” by reference to their types of pain stimulus (noxious, inflammatory, neuropathic, disease related) and pain behavior (unconditioned, classically conditioned, operant conditioned). Particular emphasis is devoted to pain behaviors and the behavioral principals that govern their expression, pharmacological modulation, and preclinical-to-clinical translation. Strengths and weaknesses are compared and contrasted for procedures using each type of behavioral outcome measure, and the following four recommendations are offered to promote strategic use of these procedures for preclinical-to-clinical analgesic drug testing. First, attend to the degree of homology between preclinical and clinical outcome measures, and use preclinical procedures with behavioral outcome measures homologous to clinically relevant outcomes in humans. Second, use combinations of preclinical procedures with complementary strengths and weaknesses to optimize both sensitivity and selectivity of preclinical testing. Third, take advantage of failed clinical translation to identify drugs that can be back-translated preclinically as active negative controls. Finally, increase precision of procedure labels by indicating both the pain stimulus and the pain behavior in naming preclinical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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8
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Bytautiene J, Baranauskas G. Experimentally derived model shows that adaptation acts as a powerful spatiotemporal filter of visual responses in the rat collicular neurons. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8942. [PMID: 29895940 PMCID: PMC5997664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of visual responses enhances visual information processing mainly by preserving the full dynamic range of neuronal responses during changing light conditions and is found throughout the whole visual system. Although adaptation in the primate superior colliculus neurons has received much attention little is known about quantitative properties of such adaptation in rodents, an increasingly important model in vision research. By employing single unit recordings, we demonstrate that in the rat collicular neurons visual responses are shaped by at least two forms of adaptation. When visual stimuli were repeatedly presented in the same location, visual responses were reduced in the majority of single units. However, when the adaptor stimulus was outside a small diameter receptive field (RF), responses to stimulus onset but not offset were enhanced in the majority of units. Responses to stimulus offset were reduced less and recovered faster than responses to stimulus onset and the effect was limited to a fraction of RF area. Simulations showed that such adaptation acted as a powerful spatiotemporal filter and could explain several tuning properties of collicular neurons. These results demonstrate that in rodents the adaption of visual responses has a complex spatiotemporal structure and can profoundly shape visual information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntaute Bytautiene
- Faculty of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, 50161, Lithuania
| | - Gytis Baranauskas
- Neurophysiology laboratory, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, 50161, Lithuania.
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9
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Musey PI, Linnstaedt SD, Platts-Mills TF, Miner JR, Bortsov AV, Safdar B, Bijur P, Rosenau A, Tsze DS, Chang AK, Dorai S, Engel KG, Feldman JA, Fusaro AM, Lee DC, Rosenberg M, Keefe FJ, Peak DA, Nam CS, Patel RG, Fillingim RB, McLean SA. Gender differences in acute and chronic pain in the emergency department: results of the 2014 Academic Emergency Medicine consensus conference pain section. Acad Emerg Med 2014; 21:1421-30. [PMID: 25422152 DOI: 10.1111/acem.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pain is a leading public health problem in the United States, with an annual economic burden of more than $630 billion, and is one of the most common reasons that individuals seek emergency department (ED) care. There is a paucity of data regarding sex differences in the assessment and treatment of acute and chronic pain conditions in the ED. The Academic Emergency Medicine consensus conference convened in Dallas, Texas, in May 2014 to develop a research agenda to address this issue among others related to sex differences in the ED. Prior to the conference, experts and stakeholders from emergency medicine and the pain research field reviewed the current literature and identified eight candidate priority areas. At the conference, these eight areas were reviewed and all eight were ratified using a nominal group technique to build consensus. These priority areas were: 1) gender differences in the pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions for pain, including differences in opioid tolerance, side effects, or misuse; 2) gender differences in pain severity perceptions, clinically meaningful differences in acute pain, and pain treatment preferences; 3) gender differences in pain outcomes of ED patients across the life span; 4) gender differences in the relationship between acute pain and acute psychological responses; 5) the influence of physician-patient gender differences and characteristics on the assessment and treatment of pain; 6) gender differences in the influence of acute stress and chronic stress on acute pain responses; 7) gender differences in biological mechanisms and molecular pathways mediating acute pain in ED populations; and 8) gender differences in biological mechanisms and molecular pathways mediating chronic pain development after trauma, stress, or acute illness exposure. These areas represent priority areas for future scientific inquiry, and gaining understanding in these will be essential to improving our understanding of sex and gender differences in the assessment and treatment of pain conditions in emergency care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul I. Musey
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis IN
| | - Sarah D. Linnstaedt
- TRYUMPH Research Program; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC
- Department of Anesthesiology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC
| | | | - James R. Miner
- Department of Emergency Medicine; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis MN
| | - Andrey V. Bortsov
- Department of Anesthesiology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC
| | - Basmah Safdar
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Yale University; New Haven CT
| | - Polly Bijur
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx NY
| | - Alex Rosenau
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Lehigh Valley Health Network; Allentown PA
- Morsani School of Medicine; University of South Florida; Tampa FL
| | - Daniel S. Tsze
- Department of Pediatrics; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons; New York NY
| | - Andrew K. Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Montefiore Medical Center; Bronx NY
| | - Suprina Dorai
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Lehigh Valley Health Network; Allentown PA
| | - Kirsten G. Engel
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Northwestern University; Chicago IL
| | - James A. Feldman
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Boston Medical Center; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston MA
| | - Angela M. Fusaro
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta GA
| | - David C. Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine; North Shore University Hospital; Manhasset NY
| | - Mark Rosenberg
- Department of Emergency Medicine; St. Joseph's Regional Medical Center; Paterson NJ
- New York Medical College; Valhalla NY
| | - Francis J. Keefe
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience; Duke University; Durham NC
| | - David A. Peak
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA
| | - Catherine S. Nam
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Boston Medical Center; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston MA
| | - Roma G. Patel
- University of Minnesota Medical School; Minneapolis MN
| | | | - Samuel A. McLean
- TRYUMPH Research Program; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC
- Department of Anesthesiology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC
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10
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Zambelli VO, Fernandes ACDO, Gutierrez VP, Ferreira JCB, Parada CA, Mochly-Rosen D, Cury Y. Peripheral sensitization increases opioid receptor expression and activation by crotalphine in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90576. [PMID: 24594607 PMCID: PMC3942445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation enhances the peripheral analgesic efficacy of opioid drugs, but the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon have not been fully elucidated. Crotalphine (CRP), a peptide that was first isolated from South American rattlesnake C.d. terrificus venom, induces a potent and long-lasting anti-nociceptive effect that is mediated by the activation of peripheral opioid receptors. Because the high efficacy of CRP is only observed in the presence of inflammation, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the CRP anti-nociceptive effect induced by inflammation. Using real-time RT-PCR, western blot analysis and ELISA assays, we demonstrate that the intraplantar injection of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) increases the mRNA and protein levels of the µ- and κ-opioid receptors in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and paw tissue of rats within 3 h of the injection. Using conformation state-sensitive antibodies that recognize activated opioid receptors, we show that PGE2, alone does not increase the activation of these opioid receptors but that in the presence of PGE2, the activation of specific opioid receptors by CRP and selective µ- and κ-opioid receptor agonists (positive controls) increases. Furthermore, PGE2 down-regulated the expression and activation of the δ-opioid receptor. CRP increased the level of activated mitogen-activated protein kinases in cultured DRG neurons, and this increase was dependent on the activation of protein kinase Cζ. This CRP effect was much more prominent when the cells were pretreated with PGE2. These results indicate that the expression and activation of peripheral opioid receptors by opioid-like drugs can be up- or down-regulated in the presence of an acute injury and that acute tissue injury enhances the efficacy of peripheral opioids.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/isolation & purification
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Crotalus/metabolism
- Dinoprostone
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/immunology
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Hyperalgesia/chemically induced
- Hyperalgesia/drug therapy
- Hyperalgesia/genetics
- Hyperalgesia/immunology
- Male
- Peptides/isolation & purification
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Peptides/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Opioid/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Amilcar Parada
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências (UNICAMP) Rua Monteiro Lobato, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Yara Cury
- Laboratório Especial de Dor e Sinalização, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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11
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Lee CWS, Ho IK. Sex differences in opioid analgesia and addiction: interactions among opioid receptors and estrogen receptors. Mol Pain 2013; 9:45. [PMID: 24010861 PMCID: PMC3844594 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-9-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids are widely used as the pain reliever and also notorious for being addictive drugs. Sex differences in the opioid analgesia and addiction have been reported and investigated in human subjects and animal models. Yet, the molecular mechanism underlying the differences between males and females is still unclear. Here, we reviewed the literature describing the sex differences in analgesic responses and addiction liabilities to clinically relevant opioids. The reported interactions among opioids, estrogens, opioid receptors, and estrogen receptors are also evaluated. We postulate that the sex differences partly originated from the crosstalk among the estrogen and opioid receptors when stimulated by the exogenous opioids, possibly through common secondary messengers and the downstream gene transcriptional regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Wei-Sheng Lee
- Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital, 2 Yuh-Der Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
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12
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Auh QS, Ro JY. Effects of peripheral κ opioid receptor activation on inflammatory mechanical hyperalgesia in male and female rats. Neurosci Lett 2012; 524:111-5. [PMID: 22819973 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of peripheral κ opioid receptors (KOR) effectively relieves pain and hyperalgesia in preclinical and clinical models of pain. Although centrally located KOR activation results in sexually dimorphic effects, it is unclear whether peripheral KOR also produces sex dependent effects in persistent inflammatory pain conditions. In this study, we investigated whether local administration of a specific KOR agonist, U50, 488 relieve mechanical hyperalgesia induced by the injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in the rat hindpaw, and whether there are sex differences. The effects of U50, 488 were assessed three days after the induction of CFA-induced inflammation, a time point at which mechanical hyperalgesia was most prominent. There were no sex differences in baseline and CFA-induced changes in mechanical thresholds between male and female rats. Local treatment of U50, 488 produced moderate, but significant, anti-hyperalgesia in both male and female rats. However, U50, 488 was significantly more effective in male rats at the highest dose of U50, 488. We confirmed that the highest dose of U50, 488 used in this study did not produce systemic effects, and that the drug effect is receptor specific. On the basis of these results, we suggest that local KOR agonists are effective in mitigating mechanical hyperalgesia under a persistent inflammatory pain condition and that sex differences in anti-hyperalgesic effects become more evident at high doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q-Schick Auh
- Kyung Hee University School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Medicine, Hoegi Dong, Dongdaemun Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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13
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Opioid system and Alzheimer's disease. Neuromolecular Med 2012; 14:91-111. [PMID: 22527793 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-012-8180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The opioid system may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD, including cognitive impairment, hyperphosphorylated tau, Aβ production, and neuroinflammation. Opioid receptors influence the regulation of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, norepinephrine, GABA, glutamate, and serotonin which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. Opioid system has a close relation with Aβ generation since dysfunction of opioid receptors retards the endocytosis and degradation of BACE1 and γ-secretase and upregulates BACE1 and γ-secretase, and subsequently, the production of Aβ. Conversely, activation of opioid receptors increases the endocytosis of BACE1 and γ-secretase and downregulates BACE1 and γ-secretase, limiting the production of Aβ. The dysfunction of opioid system (opioid receptors and opioid peptides) may contribute to hyperphosphorylation of tau and neuroinflammation, and accounts for the degeneration of cholinergic neurons and cognitive impairment. Thus, the opioid system is potentially related to AD pathology and may be a very attractive drug target for novel pharmacotherapies of AD.
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14
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Rasakham K, Liu-Chen LY. Sex differences in kappa opioid pharmacology. Life Sci 2010; 88:2-16. [PMID: 20951148 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In recent years it has become apparent that sex is a major factor involved in modulating the pharmacological effects of exogenous opioids. The kappa opioid receptor (KOPR) system is a potential therapeutic target for pain, mood disorders and addiction. In humans mixed KOPR/MOPR ligands have been found to produce greater analgesia in women than men. In contrast, in animals, selective KOPR agonists have been found to produce greater antinociceptive effects in males than females. Collectively, the studies indicate that the direction and magnitude of sex differences of KOPR-mediated antinociception/analgesia are dependent on species, strain, ligand and pain model examined. Of interest, and less studied, is whether sex differences in other KOPR-mediated effects exist. In the studies conducted thus far, greater effects of KOPR agonists in males have been found in neuroprotection against stroke and suppression of food intake behavior. On the other hand, greater effects of KOPR agonists were found in females in mediation of prolactin release. In modulation of drugs of abuse, sex differences in KOPR effects were observed but appear to be dependent on the drug examined. The mechanism(s) underlying sex differences in KOPR-mediated effects may be mediated by sex chromosomes, gonadal hormonal influence on organization (circuitry) and/or acute hormonal influence on KOPR expression, distribution and localization. In light of the diverse pharmacology of KOPR we discuss the need for future studies characterizing the sexual dimorphism of KOPR neural circuitry and in examining other behaviors and processes that are modulated by the KOPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khampaseuth Rasakham
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
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15
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Banks ML, Rice KC, Negus SS. Antinociceptive interactions between Mu-opioid receptor agonists and the serotonin uptake inhibitor clomipramine in rhesus monkeys: role of Mu agonist efficacy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 335:497-505. [PMID: 20675432 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mu-opioid agonists are effective analgesics but have undesirable effects such as sedation and abuse liability that limit their clinical effectiveness. Serotonergic systems also modulate nociception, and serotonin uptake inhibitors may be useful as adjuncts to enhance analgesic effects and/or attenuate undesirable effects of mu agonists. This study examined the effects of the serotonin uptake inhibitor clomipramine on behavioral effects produced in rhesus monkeys by mu agonists with varying efficacy at mu receptors (nalbuphine < morphine < methadone). Clomipramine and each mu agonist were studied alone and in fixed-proportion mixtures in assays of schedule-controlled responding, thermal nociception, and capsaicin-induced thermal allodynia. In the assay of schedule-controlled responding, all mu agonists dose-dependently decreased response rates. Clomipramine was inactive alone and did not alter the effects of mu agonists. In the assay of thermal nociception, all mu agonists produced dose-dependent antinociception. Clomipramine was inactive alone but produced a proportion-dependent enhancement of the antinociceptive effects of nalbuphine > morphine > methadone. In the assay of capsaicin-induced allodynia, nalbuphine produced dose-dependent antiallodynia. Clomipramine alone was inactive, but as in the assay of thermal nociception, it produced a proportion-dependent enhancement in the effects of nalbuphine. These findings suggest that serotonin uptake inhibitors can selectively enhance the antinociceptive effects of mu agonists in nonhuman primates. These effects of serotonin uptake inhibitors may depend on the proportion of the serotonin uptake inhibitor and the efficacy of the mu agonist. The greatest enhancement was observed with intermediate proportions of clomipramine in combination with the low-efficacy mu agonist nalbuphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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16
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Bodnar RJ, Kest B. Sex differences in opioid analgesia, hyperalgesia, tolerance and withdrawal: central mechanisms of action and roles of gonadal hormones. Horm Behav 2010; 58:72-81. [PMID: 19786031 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews sex differences in opiate analgesic and related processes as part of a Special Issue in Hormones and Behavior. The research findings on sex differences are organized in the following manner: (a) systemic opioid analgesia across mu, delta and kappa opioid receptor subtypes and drug efficacy at their respective receptors, (b) effects of the activational and organizational roles of gonadal steroid hormones and estrus phase on systemic analgesic responses, (c) sex differences in spinal opioid analgesia, (d) sex differences in supraspinal opioid analgesia and gonadal hormone effects, (e) the contribution of genetic variance to analgesic sex differences, (f) sex differences in opioid-induced hyperalgesia, (g) sex differences in tolerance and withdrawal-dependence effects, and (h) implications for clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, NY 11367, USA.
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17
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Abstract
This paper is the thirtieth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2007 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia; stress and social status; tolerance and dependence; learning and memory; eating and drinking; alcohol and drugs of abuse; sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology; mental illness and mood; seizures and neurologic disorders; electrical-related activity and neurophysiology; general activity and locomotion; gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd.,Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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18
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Abstract
Traditionally, biomedical research in the field of pain has been conducted with male animals and subjects. Over the past 20-30 yr, it has been increasingly recognized that this narrow approach has missed an important variable: sex. An ever-increasing number of studies have established sex differences in response to pain and analgesics. These studies have demonstrated that the differences between the sexes appear to have a biological and psychological basis. We will provide brief review of the epidemiology, rodent, and human experimental findings. The controversies and widespread disagreement in the literature highlight the need for a progressive approach to the questions involving collaborative efforts between those trained in the basic and clinical biomedical sciences and those in the epidemiological and social sciences. In order for patients suffering from acute and/or chronic pain to benefit from this work, the approach has to involve the use or development of clinically relevant models of nociception or pain to answer the basic, but complex, question. The present state of the literature allows no translation of the work to our clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Hurley
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Sex differences in NMDA antagonist enhancement of morphine antihyperalgesia in a capsaicin model of persistent pain: comparisons to two models of acute pain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 89:127-36. [PMID: 18221780 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In acute pain models, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists enhance the antinociceptive effects of morphine to a greater extent in males than females. The purpose of this investigation was to extend these findings to a persistent pain model which could be distinguished from acute pain models on the basis of the nociceptive fibers activated, neurochemical substrates, and duration of the nociceptive stimulus. To this end, persistent hyperalgesia was induced by administration of capsaicin in the tail of gonadally intact F344 rats, following which the tail was immersed in a mildly noxious thermal stimulus, and tail-withdrawal latencies measured. For comparison, tests were conducted in two acute pain models, the hotplate and warm water tail-withdrawal procedures. In males, the non-competitive NMDA antagonist dextromethorphan enhanced the antihyperalgesic effect of low to moderate doses of morphine in a dose-and time-dependent manner. Across the doses and pretreatment times examined, enhancement was not observed in females. Enhancement of morphine antinociception by dextromethorphan was seen in both males and females in the acute pain models, with the magnitude of this effect being greater in males. These findings demonstrate a sexually-dimorphic interaction between NMDA antagonists and morphine in a persistent pain model that can be distinguished from those observed in acute pain models.
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