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Mani R, Asper L, Arunachalam V, Khuu SK. The impact of traumatic brain injury on inhibitory control processes assessed using a delayed antisaccade task. Neurosci Lett 2023; 797:137081. [PMID: 36690058 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It has been well established that traumatic brain injury (TBI) can affect cognitive function such as attention, working memory and executive functions. In the present study, we further investigated TBI-related changes in cognitive functions by investigating the ability to reorient visuospatial attention using a modified antisaccade task. Performing an antisaccade requires disengaging attention, inhibiting a reflexive saccade, and then engaging attention to execute a voluntary saccade in a direction opposite to a peripheral target. Particularly we quantified the time (latency), and accuracy (directional and disinhibition errors) of 26 TBI and 33 normal participants in making an antisaccade after a variable period of delay (0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.250, 0.500 or 1.0 s). Changing the delay period allowed to systematically quantify the temporal and spatial characteristics of preparing and initiating an antisaccade and whether this process is affected by TBI. TBI participants took longer (approximately 33-66 ms for variable delays) to generate correct delayed antisaccades and showed increased directional errors (2-11 % for variable delays) and increased disinhibition prosaccade errors (2-6 % for variable delays) compared to controls. However, both groups made similar disinhibition antisaccade errors. These findings indicate that TBI participants required a longer time to process information, and a possible poorer response inhibition and poor spatial information processing due to head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Mani
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Lisa Asper
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Valarmathi Arunachalam
- Department of Optometry, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sieu K Khuu
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Joshi YB. Cholinergic Functioning, Cognition, and Anticholinergic Medication Burden in Schizophrenia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 63:393-406. [PMID: 36441495 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) signaling is critical for central nervous function and is known to be abnormal in schizophrenia (SZ), a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder in which cognitive deficits persist, despite treatment. This review provides a summary of the clinical evidence linking ACh abnormalities to SZ-associated cognitive deficits, an overview of ACh-based pro-cognitive strategies attempted in SZ, and a survey of recent studies that describe the impact of anticholinergic medication burden on cognitive outcomes in SZ. Methodological challenges that currently limit more substantial investigation of ACh in SZ patients and future directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash B Joshi
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Zhou MX, Wang Q, Lin Y, Xu Q, Wu L, Chen YJ, Jiang YH, He Q, Zhao L, Dong YR, Liu JR, Chen W. Oculomotor impairments in de novo Parkinson’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:985679. [PMID: 36437987 PMCID: PMC9682176 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.985679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Reliable electrophysiological indicators are urgently needed in the precise evaluation of Parkinson’s disease (PD). It is still elusive whether oculomotor performance is impaired or has clinical value in early PD. This study aims to explore oculomotor performance in newly diagnosed, drug-naïve PD and its correlation with clinical phenotype. Methods Seventy-five patients with de novo PD, 75 patients with essential tremor (ET), and 46 gender-and age-matched healthy controls (HCs) were included in this cross-sectional study. All subjects underwent oculomotor test via videonystagmography. Visually guided saccade latency, saccadic accuracy and gain in smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM) at three frequencies of the horizontal axis were compared among the three groups. Patients with PD also received detailed motor and non-motor evaluation by serial scales. The association between key oculomotor parameters and clinical phenotypes were explored in PD patients. Results Both de novo PD and ET patients showed prolonged saccadic latency and decreased saccadic accuracy relative to HCs. SPEM gain in PD was uniformly reduced at each frequency. SPEM gain at 0.4 Hz was also decreased in ET compared with HCs. However, there was no significant difference of oculomotor parameters between de novo PD and ET patients. Furthermore, prolonged saccadic latency was correlated with long disease duration, whereas decreased SPEM gain was associated with severe motor symptoms in de novo PD patients. Conclusion Ocular movements are impaired in de novo, drug naïve PD patients; these changes could be indicators for disease progression in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Xi Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Lin
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Jing Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Han Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - You-Rong Dong
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Ren Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jian-Ren Liu,
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Wei Chen,
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Effects of psychotropic drugs on ocular parameters relevant to traffic safety: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104831. [PMID: 35995080 PMCID: PMC10067018 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Driving is a complex neurobehavioural task necessitating the rapid selection, uptake, and processing of visual information. Eye movements that are critical for the execution of visually guided behaviour such as driving are also sensitive to the effects of psychotropic substances. The Embase (via Ovid), EBSCOHost, Psynet, Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science databases were examined from January 01st, 2000 to December 31st, 2021. Study selection, data extraction and Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB2) assessments were conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. The review was prospectively registered (CRD42021267554). In total, 36 full-text articles examined the effects of six principal psychotropic drug classes on measures of oculomotor parameters relevant to driving. Centrally depressing substances affect oculomotor responses in a dose-dependent manner. Psychostimulants improve maximal speed, but not accuracy, of visual search behaviours. Inhaled Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) increases inattention (saccadic inaccuracy) but does not consistently affect other oculomotor parameters. Alterations to composite ocular parameters due to psychoactive substance usage likely differently compromises performance precision during driving through impaired ability to select and process dynamic visual information.
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Barton JJS, Ranalli PJ. Vision Therapy: Ocular Motor Training in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Ann Neurol 2020; 88:453-461. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.25820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason J. S. Barton
- Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and PsychologyUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Paul J. Ranalli
- Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Oto‐LaryngologyUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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Stuart S, Lawson RA, Yarnall AJ, Nell J, Alcock L, Duncan GW, Khoo TK, Barker RA, Rochester L, Burn DJ. Pro-Saccades Predict Cognitive Decline in Parkinson's Disease: ICICLE-PD. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1690-1698. [PMID: 31442355 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cumulative dementia incidence in Parkinson's disease (PD) is significant, with major personal and socioeconomic impacts on individuals with PD and their carers. Early identification of dementia risk is vital to ensuring optimal intervention. Saccadic deficits often distinguish neurodegenerative disorders and cognitive impairment, but their ability to predict cognitive decline in PD has yet to be determined. The aims of this study were to (1) evaluate baseline (6.4 ± 6.1 months since PD diagnosis) differences in pro-saccadic metrics between those with early PD and healthy age-matched adults; and (2) assess the ability of baseline pro-saccades to predict subsequent cognitive decline over 4.5 years. METHODS One hundred and forty-one PD and 90 age-matched participants recruited at diagnosis underwent saccadometric assessment of pro-saccades at baseline and had cognition assessed at baseline, 18, 36, and 54 months. Pro-saccadic characteristics included latency, duration, amplitude, peak, and average velocity. Cognitive assessment included executive function, attention, fluctuating attention, and memory. Linear mixed-effects models examined pro-saccadic metrics as predictors of cognitive decline over 54 months. RESULTS Pro-saccades were significantly impaired at baseline in PD compared with controls. Pro-saccadic characteristics of latency, duration, peak, and average velocity predicted decline in global cognition, executive function, attention, and memory over 54 months in PD. In addition, only reduction in global cognition and attention were predicted by pro-saccadic metrics in age-matched adults, indicating that PD findings were not purely age related. CONCLUSIONS Saccadic characteristics are impaired in early PD and are predictive of cognitive decline in several domains. Assessment of saccades may provide a useful non-invasive biomarker for long-term PD cognitive decline in early disease. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Stuart
- Institute of Neuroscience/Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Neurology, Balance Disorders Laboratory, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Rachael A Lawson
- Institute of Neuroscience/Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alison J Yarnall
- Institute of Neuroscience/Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jeremy Nell
- Institute of Neuroscience/Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lisa Alcock
- Institute of Neuroscience/Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gordon W Duncan
- Institute of Neuroscience/Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tien K Khoo
- School of Medicine & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wallongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roger A Barker
- Cambridge University, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and Department of Neurology, E.D. Adrian Building, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lynn Rochester
- Institute of Neuroscience/Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - David J Burn
- Faculty of Medical Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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Abstract
Many physiological and pathological changes in brain function manifest in eye-movement control. As such, assessment of oculomotion is an invaluable part of a clinical examination and affords a non-invasive window on several key aspects of neuronal computation. While oculomotion is often used to detect deficits of the sort associated with vascular or neoplastic events; subtler (e.g. pharmacological) effects on neuronal processing also induce oculomotor changes. We have previously framed oculomotor control as part of active vision, namely, a process of inference comprising two distinct but related challenges. The first is inferring where to look, and the second is inferring how to implement the selected action. In this paper, we draw from recent theoretical work on the neuromodulatory control of active inference. This allows us to simulate the sort of changes we would expect in oculomotor behaviour, following pharmacological enhancement or suppression of key neuromodulators-in terms of deciding where to look and the ensuing trajectory of the eye movement itself. We focus upon the influence of cholinergic and GABAergic agents on the speed of saccades, and consider dopaminergic and noradrenergic effects on more complex, memory-guided, behaviour. In principle, a computational approach to understanding the relationship between pharmacology and oculomotor behaviour affords the opportunity to estimate the influence of a given pharmaceutical upon neuronal function, and to use this to optimise therapeutic interventions on an individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Parr
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG UK
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG UK
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