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Bahremand T, Payandemehr P, Riazi K, Noorian AR, Payandemehr B, Sharifzadeh M, Dehpour AR. Modulation of the anticonvulsant effect of swim stress by agmatine. Epilepsy Behav 2018; 78:142-148. [PMID: 29195160 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Agmatine is an endogenous l-arginine metabolite with neuroprotective effects in the stress-response system. It exerts anticonvulsant effects against several seizure paradigms. Swim stress induces an anticonvulsant effect by activation of endogenous antiseizure mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the interaction of agmatine with the anticonvulsant effect of swim stress in mice on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure threshold. Then we studied the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) pathway and endogenous opioid system in that interaction. Swim stress induced an anticonvulsant effect on PTZ seizures which was opioid-independent in shorter than 1-min swim durations and opioid-dependent with longer swims, as it was completely reversed by pretreatment with naltrexone (NTX) (10mg/kg), an opioid receptor antagonist. Agmatine significantly enhanced the anticonvulsant effect of opioid-independent shorter swim stress, in which a combination of subthreshold swim stress duration (45s) and subeffective dose of agmatine (1mg/kg) revealed a significantly higher seizure threshold compared with either one. This effect was significantly reversed by NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine (L-NAME (Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester), 5mg/kg), suggesting an NO-dependent mechanism, and was unaffected by NTX (10mg/kg), proving little role for endogenous opioids in the interaction. Our data suggest that pretreatment of animals with agmatine acts additively with short swim stress to exert anticonvulsant responses, possibly by mediating NO pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taraneh Bahremand
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooya Payandemehr
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiarash Riazi
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Ali Reza Noorian
- Stroke Program, Kaiser Permanente Orange County, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Borna Payandemehr
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ozcetin A, Cevreli B, Uzbay T. Investigation of the role of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors on prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle reflex in rats. Synapse 2016; 70:501-507. [PMID: 27399264 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors target several behavioral functions. These receptors may connect with the brain pathways mediating sensorimotor gating system that associate with psychoses, and the literature that investigate the relationship between alpha-2 receptors and sensorimotor gating system is very limited and some results are controversial. Thus, we aimed to investigate the role of alpha-2 receptors on prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle reflex which is a measure of sensorimotor gating. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Adult male Wistar rats were subjects. PPI was measured as the per cent inhibition of the startle reflex produced by a startling pulse stimulus. The average PPI levels were used in the further analyses. Clonidine (0.03-1 mg/kg), an agonist of alpha-2 receptors, idazoxan (10 mg/kg), an antagonist alpha-2 receptors, and saline were injected to rats intraperitoneally. PPI was evaluated at two different startle intensity levels (78 and 86 dB, respectively). PRINCIPAL OBSERVATIONS Treatments produced some significant changes on PPI of startle reflex at all two levels of startle intensity. While clonidine (0.06, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg) disrupted significantly PPI, idazoxan (10 mg/kg) did not produce any significant effect on PPI. However, pretreatment with idazoxan reversed significantly clonidine-induced disruption of PPI. Neither idazoxan (10 mg/kg) nor clonidine (1 mg/kg) produces any significant change on locomotor activity in naive rats. CONCLUSION Because idazoxan and clonidine also act through imidazoline receptors, our results suggest that alpha-2 and/or imidazoline receptors are associated with PPI of acoustic startle reflex in rats. Stimulation of these receptors may cause sensorimotor gating disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Ozcetin
- Uskudar University, Neuropsychopharmacology Application and Research Center (NPARC), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu Cevreli
- Uskudar University, Neuropsychopharmacology Application and Research Center (NPARC), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tayfun Uzbay
- Uskudar University, Neuropsychopharmacology Application and Research Center (NPARC), Istanbul, Turkey.
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Hiroyama S, Horiuchi M, Abe K, Itoh T. Involvement of dopaminergic system in stress-induced anticonvulsant effect in juvenile mice. Brain Res 2012; 1473:104-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Stress is among the most frequently self-reported precipitants of seizures in patients with epilepsy. This review considers how important stress mediators like corticotropin-releasing hormone, corticosteroids, and neurosteroids could contribute to this phenomenon. Cellular effects of stress mediators in the rodent hippocampus are highlighted. Overall, corticosterone--with other stress hormones--rapidly enhances CA1/CA3 hippocampal activity shortly after stress. At the same time, corticosterone starts gene-mediated events, which enhance calcium influx several hours later. This later effect serves to normalize activity but also imposes a risk for neuronal injury if and when neurons are concurrently strongly depolarized, for example, during epileptic activity. In the dentate gyrus, stress-induced elevations in corticosteroid level are less effective in changing membrane properties such as calcium influx; here, enhanced inhibitory tone mediated through neurosteroid effects on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors might dominate. Under conditions of repetitive stress (e.g., caused from experiencing repetitive and unpredictable seizures) and/or early life stress, hormonal influences on the inhibitory tone, however, are diminished; instead, enhanced calcium influx and increased excitation become more important. In agreement, perinatal stress and elevated steroid levels accelerate epileptogenesis and lower seizure threshold in various animal models for epilepsy. It will be interesting to examine how curtailing the effects of stress in adults, for example, by brief treatment with antiglucocorticoids, may be beneficial to the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Joëls
- SILS-CNS, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Fournier N, Galic M, Kalynchuk L, Persinger M. Profound hypothermia determines the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of swim stress. Brain Res 2008; 1240:153-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Anuradha H, Srikumar BN, Shankaranarayana Rao BS, Lakshmana M. Euphorbia hirta reverses chronic stress-induced anxiety and mediates its action through the GABAA receptor benzodiazepine receptor-Cl− channel complex. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2007; 115:35-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Peričić D, Štrac DŠ, Vlainić J. Interaction of diazepam and swim stress. Brain Res 2007; 1184:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pericić D, Svob Strac D. The role of 5-HT7 receptors in the control of seizures. Brain Res 2007; 1141:48-55. [PMID: 17276417 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin exerts its effects via at least 14 different receptor subtypes, but the role of only a few of them has been studied in relation to the control of seizures. A negative role of 5-HT(7) receptors has recently been proposed. To evaluate further in unstressed and stressed animals the possible role of this receptor subtype in the control of brain excitability, we treated mice with antagonists and agonists of these receptors prior to exposure to swim stress and the intravenous infusion of picrotoxin, a non-competitive GABA(A) receptor antagonist. In accordance with the previous studies, swim stress increased the doses of picrotoxin producing two convulsant signs (running/bouncing clonus, tonic hindlimb extension) and death, i.e., swim stress increased the seizure threshold for picrotoxin. SB-269970 (10-30 mg/kg ip), a selective antagonist of 5-HT(7) receptors, and ritanserin (1 mg/kg ip), a nonselective 5-HT (2/7) antagonist, failed to affect, while 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT), a potent 5-HT (1/7) receptor agonist, increased in unstressed and swim-stressed mice the doses of picrotoxin producing convulsions and death. The anticonvulsant effect obtained with 5-CT 0.5 mg/kg was not greater than that obtained with 0.1 mg/kg. The 5-CT (0.1 mg/kg ip)-induced increase of the seizure threshold for picrotoxin in stressed mice was abolished with SB-269970 (10 mg/kg), but not with WAY-100635 (0.3 mg/kg), a selective antagonist of 5-HT(1A) receptors, suggesting that the anticonvulsant effect of 5-CT against convulsions produced by picrotoxin was achieved via 5-HT(7) receptors. The results suggest a positive role of 5-HT(7) receptors in the control of seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danka Pericić
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropharmacology, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Bosković Institute, P.O. Box 180, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Pericić D, Strac DS, Vlainić J. Zimelidine decreases seizure susceptibility in stressed mice. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2006; 113:1863-71. [PMID: 16736239 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-006-0489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2005] [Accepted: 02/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To further evaluate whether selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have pro- or anticonvulsant properties and whether these properties will be modified by stress, we studied the effect of zimelidine on the convulsions produced by picrotoxin, a GABA(A) receptor antagonist, in unstressed and swim stressed mice. Zimelidine potentiated the ability of swim stress to enhance the threshold doses of intravenously administered picrotoxin producing convulsant signs and death, without having an effect in unstressed mice. The anticonvulsant effect of zimelidine was counteracted with mianserin, the antagonist of 5-HT(2A/2C), and diminished with WAY-100635, a selective antagonist of 5-HT(1A) receptors. In stressed mice, WAY-100635 prevented the anticonvulsant effect of 8-OH-DPAT, a 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist. SB-269970 and ketanserin, the antagonists of 5-HT(7) and 5-HT(2A) receptors, respectively, failed to reduce the effect of zimelidine. The results suggest the involvement of 5-HT(2C) and 5-HT(1A) receptors in the anticonvulsant effects of zimelidine and possibly other SSRIs in stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pericić
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropharmacology, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Bosković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Pirnik Z, Jezova D, Mikkelsen JD, Kiss A. Xylazine activates oxytocinergic but not vasopressinergic hypothalamic neurons under normal and hyperosmotic conditions in rats. Neurochem Int 2005; 47:458-65. [PMID: 16125277 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Role of central alpha2-adrenoceptors in the regulation of hypothalamic magnocellular cells was studied under hyperosmotic challenge elicited by hypertonic saline (HS). Rats pretreated with receptor agonist, xylazine (XYL), were injected intraperitoneally with different (low: 0.375, moderate: 0.75, high: 1.5 M) HS 30 min later. The activity of the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) vasopressin and oxytocin perikarya was established by Fos-dual-immunohistochemistry 60 min after HS administration. Results showed that 1/XYL is a potent stimulus for oxytocin but not vasopressin magnocellular cells under basal and weak hyperosmotic conditions 2/highHS completely overlaps the effect of XYL. In addition, XYL partially suppressed Fos expression in the parvocellular PVN cells activated by highHS. The data suggest that alpha2-adrenoceptors may play an important role in the regulation of oxytocinergic PVN and SON neurons under basal and weak hyperosmotic conditions and that alpha2-adrenoceptors may also participate in the control of PVN parvocellular cells under intense osmotic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Pirnik
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska str. 3, 833 06 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Pericić D, Lazić J, Jazvinsćak Jembrek M, Svob Strac D. Stimulation of 5-HT 1A receptors increases the seizure threshold for picrotoxin in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 527:105-10. [PMID: 16313900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Revised: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the possible role of 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 2A receptors in the anticonvulsant effect of swim stress, mice were pre-treated with agonists and antagonists of these receptors prior to exposure to stress and the intravenous infusion of picrotoxin. 8-OH-DPAT ((+/-)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin) and WAY-100635 (a selective agonist and antagonist of 5-HT 1A receptors), DOI (1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane) and ketanserin (a 5-HT 2A/2C receptor agonist and antagonist) were used. Results demonstrated that 1 and 3 mg/kg of 8-OH-DPAT increased the doses of picrotoxin producing running/bouncing clonus, tonic hindlimb extension and death in stressed and unstressed mice, respectively. Pre-treatment with WAY (0.3 mg/kg) prevented the effect of 8-OH-DPAT (3 mg/kg). DOI (2.5 mg/kg) and ketanserin (1 mg/kg) failed to affect the seizure threshold for picrotoxin. The results show that stimulation of 5-HT 1A receptors exerts anticonvulsant actions in stressed and unstressed mice, while stimulation of 5-HT 2A/2C receptors does not interfere with the effect of stress on picrotoxin-induced convulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danka Pericić
- Ruder Bosković Institute, Laboratory for Molecular Neuropharmacology, Division of Molecular Medicine, P.O.B. 180, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Pericić D, Lazić J, Svob Strac D. Anticonvulsant effects of acute and repeated fluoxetine treatment in unstressed and stressed mice. Brain Res 2005; 1033:90-5. [PMID: 15680343 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Comorbidity of epilepsy and depression is not rare. Stress can affect both depression and seizures. Therefore, it is important to know whether an antidepressant drug has pro- or anticonvulsant properties and whether these properties will be modified by stress. We tested the effects of the antidepressant drug fluoxetine on the seizure threshold for picrotoxin in unstressed and swim-stressed mice. The mice were, prior to exposure to swim stress and the intravenous infusion of picrotoxin (a non-competitive GABA(A) receptor antagonist), pretreated with fluoxetine (a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor), either acutely or repeatedly (5 days), and the latency to the onset of two convulsant signs and death was registered. The convulsant signs were running/bouncing clonus and tonic hindlimb extension. As expected, swim stress enhanced the seizure threshold for picrotoxin. Fluoxetine (20 mg/kg ip) given acutely increased in unstressed and swim-stressed mice the dose of picrotoxin producing tonic hindlimb extension and in unstressed mice the dose of picrotoxin producing death. Neither 10 nor 20 mg/kg of fluoxetine affected doses of picrotoxin needed to produce running bouncing/clonus. Repeated treatment with fluoxetine (20 mg/kg ip) enhanced significantly in unstressed and swim-stressed mice doses of picrotoxin needed to produce tonic hindlimb extension and death, and in stressed mice also the dose of picrotoxin producing running/bouncing clonus. The results demonstrate that the antidepressant drug fluoxetine, given acutely or repeatedly, shows anticonvulsant properties against convulsions induced in unstressed and swim-stressed mice by antagonist of GABA(A) receptors, picrotoxin. Swim stress failed to modify the anticonvulsant properties of fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danka Pericić
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropharmacology, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Bosković Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, P.O. Box 180, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Pericić D. Swim stress inhibits 5-HT2A receptor-mediated head twitch behaviour in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003; 167:373-9. [PMID: 12695874 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-002-1357-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2002] [Accepted: 11/11/2002] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Several studies have shown that swim stress lowers the convulsant potency of different convulsants. The involvement of alpha(2)-()adrenoceptors has been proposed. Drugs active at alpha(2)-adrenoceptors are known to modulate the head twitch response, the behaviour supposedly mediated by 5-HT(2A) receptors. OBJECTIVES We tested whether swim stress modulates head twitch behaviour in mice and whether alpha(2)-adrenoceptors interfere with this effect. METHODS The mice were stressed (10 min swimming at 18-19 degrees C), and the head twitch response was produced by 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP, the precursor of serotonin) or by 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI, a selective 5-HT(2) receptor agonist) administered IP before or after swimming. Yohimbine (a non-selective alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist), idazoxan (a selective alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist) and diazepam were also used. RESULTS Swim stress inhibited profoundly the 5-HTP-induced head twitch behaviour in mice. alpha(2)-Adrenoceptor antagonists and diazepam failed to counteract this effect. The head twitch behaviour produced by DOI given before or after stress was also inhibited. Repeatedly stressed mice had only a mild inhibition of the head twitch response. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that swim stress inhibits, by an alpha(2)-adrenoceptor unrelated mechanism, 5-HT(2A) receptor-mediated head twitch behaviour in mice, suggesting that this effect and the swim stress-induced anticonvulsant effect are produced by two separate and independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danka Pericić
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropharmacology, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruether Boskovae Institute, POB 180, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Pericić D, Svob D. Interaction of stress and noradrenergic drugs in the control of picrotoxin-induced seizures. Epilepsy Res 2002; 51:179-87. [PMID: 12350393 DOI: 10.1016/s0920-1211(02)00124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the possible role of noradrenergic system in the anticonvulsant effect of swim stress, the mice were prior to exposure to swim stress and the i.v. infusion of picrotoxin, pre-treated with desipramine (a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor), N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4, a neurotoxin which destructs noradrenergic axons) or alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MPT, an inhibitor of catecholamine synthesis) and the latency to the onset of two convulsant signs and death was registered. While in control unstressed animals desipramine (20 mg/kg i.p.) and alpha-MPT (200 mg/kg i.p.) failed to affect, DSP-4 (50 mg/kg i.p., given 3 weeks prior to experiment) tended to decrease the dose of picrotoxin needed to produce tonic hindlimb extension (THE) and death. Swim stress prolonged the latency, i.e. increased (64-116% above control) the dose of picrotoxin needed to produce convulsant signs and death. In swim stressed mice desipramine enhanced the doses of picrotoxin needed to produce running-bouncing clonus (RB clonus), THE and death. alpha-MPT and DSP-4 pre-treatment failed to prevent the anticonvulsant effect of stress. Moreover, the effect of stress was greater in DSP-4 pre-treated mice. Although further studies are needed, the results suggest that the integrity of noradrenergic system is not substantial for the anticonvulsant effect of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danka Pericić
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropharmacology, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Bosković Institute, PO Box 180, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia.
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