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Huidobro-López B, Martínez-Hernández V, Barbero L, Meffe R, Nozal L, de Bustamante I. Evaluation of contaminants of emerging concern attenuation through a vegetation filter managed using different operating conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132217. [PMID: 37544173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In wastewater treatment using Vegetation Filters (VFs), natural processes reduce contaminants present in water although some of them can reach the environment. In this study, 39 contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are evaluated in a pilot VF under different operating conditions during almost four years. The use of woodchip amendments and the change from surface irrigation through furrows to drip irrigation (and from weekly to daily water application) provide CEC concentration reductions in the water infiltrating through the vadose zone. Biodegradation is the main process taking place and has been favoured mainly by woodchip soil amendments and the increased residence. Median attenuation percentages of the CECs most frequently detected with highest concentrations in applied wastewater vary between 52% and 100% at the end of the study (at 45 cm depth). Among targeted CECs, caffeine, and its transformation product paraxanthine are the most attenuated. Flecainide and venlafaxine show a persistent behaviour. However, their leaching concentrations are very low (< 31 ng/L). Concerning the underlying aquifer, the groundwater quality in terms of CEC concentrations is conditioned by the surrounding area rather than the operation of the VF. Levels in groundwater are always below those in wastewater and infiltrating water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Huidobro-López
- IMDEA Water Institute, Avda. Punto Com 2, 28805 Madrid, Spain; Alcalá University, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, E-28871 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Lucía Barbero
- IMDEA Water Institute, Avda. Punto Com 2, 28805 Madrid, Spain; Alcalá University, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, E-28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raffaella Meffe
- IMDEA Water Institute, Avda. Punto Com 2, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonor Nozal
- Alcalá University and General Foundation of Alcalá University, Center of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, E-28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene de Bustamante
- IMDEA Water Institute, Avda. Punto Com 2, 28805 Madrid, Spain; Alcalá University, Department of Geology, Geography and Environment, A-II km 33,0, 28805 Madrid, Spain
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2
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Castro G, Sørmo E, Yu G, Sait STL, González SV, Arp HPH, Asimakopoulos AG. Analysis, occurrence and removal efficiencies of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in sludge undergoing anaerobic digestion followed by diverse thermal treatments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161856. [PMID: 36708840 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are a complex group of contaminants to deal with in sewage sludge, as currently there is a lack of robust analytical methods to measure them and management strategies to remove them. To facilitate quantifications of the occurrence of OPFRs in sludge and to establish their removal efficiencies (REs%) during thermal treatments, a simple, reliable, and rapid sample preparation methodology was developed for the determination of 21 OPFRs in diverse sludge, ash and biochar matrices. Matrix-solid phase dispersion (MSPD) tailored to ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was applied. Under optimal conditions, 0.5 g of freeze-dried sample were dispersed in 2 g of Bondesil C18, and 1.5 g of deactivated florisil were used as clean-up sorbent. The target analytes were extracted with 5 mL of acetone. The obtained extract was ready for analysis within 20 min without the need of any further treatment. The proposed methodology was assessed, providing absolute recoveries (Abs%) ranging from 50.4 to 112 % with good method repeatability (RSDs <17.9 %). Method limits of quantification ranged from 0.10 to 14.0 ng g-1 dry weight (d.w.). The optimized methodology was applied to raw-, digested-, combusted and pyrolyzed sludge samples collected from different waste treatment plants located in Norway, where 16 out of 21 OPFRs were detected in digested sludge samples up to 2186 ng g-1 (d.w.; sum concentration of OPFRs). Diverse thermal treatments of combustion and dry pyrolysis were assessed for the removal of OPFRs from sludge. Combustion at 300 °C reduced the concentrations of OPFRs by 98 % (in the ashes formed), whereas pyrolysis at temperatures >500 °C effectively removed the OPFRs in the produced biochar. Thermal treatments, in particularly dry pyrolysis, showed potential for achieving zero pollution management and recycling of OPFR contaminated sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Erlend Sørmo
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), NO-0806 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Guanhua Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Shannen T L Sait
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Susana V González
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandros G Asimakopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Solid-phase extraction and fractionation of multiclass pollutants from wastewater followed by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4149-4165. [PMID: 35461386 PMCID: PMC9124662 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a modular solid-phase extraction (SPE) setup, combining three sorbents, for the effective extraction of neutrals, acidic, and basic micropollutants from wastewater, followed by their further elution in three independent extracts. The performance of this approach was demonstrated for a suite of 64 compounds, corresponding to different chemical families, using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Target compounds were effectively extracted from wastewater samples; moreover, 62 out of 64 species were isolated in just one of the three fractions (neutrals, acids, and bases) obtained from the combination of sorbents. Globally, the efficiency and the selectivity of the SPE methodology improved the features obtained using generic SPE polymers, displaying just reversed-phase interactions. The overall recoveries of the analytical method, calculated against solvent-based calibration standards, stayed between 80 and 120% for 57 and 60 compounds, in raw and treated wastewater, respectively. Procedural limits of quantification (LOQs) varied from 1 to 20 ng L−1. Analysis of urban wastewater samples identified a group of 19 pollutants showing either negligible median removal efficiencies (± 20%) during wastewater treatment, or even a noticeable enhancement (case of the biodegradation product of the drug valsartan), which might be useful as markers of wastewater discharges in the aquatic environment.
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4
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Huidobro-López B, López-Heras I, Alonso-Alonso C, Martínez-Hernández V, Nozal L, de Bustamante I. Analytical method to monitor contaminants of emerging concern in water and soil samples from a non-conventional wastewater treatment system. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1671:463006. [PMID: 35395450 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nonconventional wastewater treatments, such as vegetation filters (VFs), are propitious systems to attenuate contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in small municipalities. The development of standardised multiresidue and multimatrix methods suitable for measuring a reliable number of CEC in environmental samples is crucial for monitoring infiltrating concentrations and for ensuring these systems' treatment capacity. The objective of this study is to develop and validate an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of CECs, including transformation products (TPs), with diverse physico-chemical properties, in environmental samples. The optimised method is based on sample clean-up and preconcentration by solid-phase extraction (SPE), followed by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method is able to detect and quantify 40 target CECs, including pharmaceuticals of different classes (analgesics, antibiotics, antihypertensives, lipid regulators, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, antiarrhythmics, beta-blockers, amongst others), hormones and lifestyle products with good reproducibility (variations below 23%), in different water matrices, and 28 CECs, in soil samples. Acceptable recoveries (65-120%) were obtained for most of the CECs in all the matrices. However in the soil samples, as complexity required a prior extraction treatment, the recovery of some analytes was affected, which reduced the number of target CECs. The achieved methodological quantification limits (0.05-5 ng/L and 0.04-1.1 ng/g levels for the water and the soil matrices, respectively) were reasonably low for most CECs. The proposed method was successfully applied to monitor CECs in a VF. The CECs detected at higher concentrations are some of the world's most widely used products (e.g. acetaminophen or caffeine and its main TP, paraxanthine). The results showed an almost 70% reduction in CEC concentrations during infiltration. The groundwater data indicated that the VF treatment operation did not affect the underlying aquifer (Cmax found in GW <1 µg/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Huidobro-López
- IMDEA Water, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Geology, Geography and Environment Department, University of Alcala, A-II km 33.0, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel López-Heras
- IMDEA Water, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Leonor Nozal
- IMDEA Water, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Center of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology (CQAB), University of Alcala and General Foundation of Alcala University (FGUA), A-II km 33.0, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene de Bustamante
- IMDEA Water, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Geology, Geography and Environment Department, University of Alcala, A-II km 33.0, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Rapid and sensitive analysis of trace β-blockers by magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. J Pharm Anal 2021; 12:293-300. [PMID: 35582395 PMCID: PMC9091926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method for analyzing trace β-blockers in complex biological samples, which involved magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS), was developed. Novel nanosilver-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles with an interlayer of poly(3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) (polyDOPA@Ag-MNPs) were synthesized and used as MSPE adsorbents to extract trace β-blockers from biological samples. After extraction, the analytes loaded on the polyDOPA@Ag-MNPs were desorbed using an organic solvent and analyzed by FTICR-MS. The method was rapid and sensitive, with a total detection procedure of less than 10 min as well as limits of detection and quantification in the ranges of 3.5–6.8 pg/mL and 11.7–22.8 pg/mL, respectively. The accuracy of the method was also desirable, with recoveries ranging from 80.9% to 91.0% following the detection of analytes in human blood samples. All the experimental results demonstrated that the developed MSPE-FTICR-MS method was suitable for the rapid and sensitive analysis of trace β-blockers in complex biological samples. A MSPE-FTICR-MS method was developed for the rapid and sensitive analysis of β-blockers. Novel magnetic nanoparticles (polyDOPA@Ag-MNPs) were synthesized. The polyDOPA@Ag-MNPs showed high enrichment capacity during MSPE of β-blockers. The loaded β-blockers were desorbed and analyzed using ESI-FTICR-MS. Trace β-blockers in human blood were successfully detected.
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Arab N, Fotouhi L, Salis A. Electrosynthesised CdS@ZnS quantum dots decorated multi walled carbon nanotubes for analysis of propranolol in biological fluids and pharmaceutical samples. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Castro G, Ramil M, Cela R, Rodríguez I. Identification and determination of emerging pollutants in sewage sludge driven by UPLC-QTOF-MS data mining. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146256. [PMID: 33714823 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sludge from sewage treatment plants (STPs) is recognized as a sink of moderate to high lipophilic compounds resistant to biodegradation. Herein, we investigate the presence of emerging pollutants in sewage sludge combining the information provided by mass spectrometry detection, following ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), with the use of an accurate spectral database of pesticides and pharmaceuticals. In a first step, the performance of matrix solid-phase dispersion, as sample preparation technique, and two non-target data acquisition strategies (data dependent, DDA, and data independent analysis modes, DIA), used in combination with a UPLC quadrupole time-of-flight system, are assessed using a selection of deuterated compounds added either to freeze-dried sludge samples, or to sludge extracts. Possibilities and limitations of both modes are discussed. Following the DDA approach, a group of 68 micropollutants was identified in sludge from different STPs. Some of them are reported in this compartment for the first time. Finally, semi-quantitative concentration data are reported for a group of 37 pollutants in samples obtained from 16 STPs. Out of them, 10 pharmaceuticals, showing detection frequencies and median sludge residues above 50% and 100 ng g-1, respectively; are highlighted as pollutants to be monitored in sludge in order to understand their behaviour during the wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Ramil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - I Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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8
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Castro G, Ramil M, Cela R, Rodríguez I. Assessment of UV combined with free chlorine for removal of valsartan acid from water samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:143173. [PMID: 33139010 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Valsartan acid (VALA) is a persistent and mobile pollutant, ubiquitously distributed in the aquatic environment. Herein, we assessed the efficiency of UV/free chlorine for the removal of this pollutant. Degradation experiments were performed using different water samples, considering several pH values and concentrations of inorganic anions. Time-course of VALA was measured by injection of different reaction time aliquots in a liquid chromatography (LC) triple quadrupole (QqQ) mass spectrometry (MS) system, whilst the study of potential transformation products (TPs) was evaluated by LC combined with a hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) MS system. Formation of volatile disinfection by-products (DBPs) was investigated by gas chromatography (GC) with TOF-MS detection. Compared to free chlorine treatment and UV photolysis, the combination of both parameters significantly enhanced the degradability of VALA. At neutral pH, UV/free chlorine was also more effective than UV/H2O2 to remove VALA from spiked water solutions. Three TPs of VALA were tentatively identified by LC-QTOF-MS, although only one was stable in the UV/free chlorine media. As regards volatile DBPs, the formation of chloroform, dichloroacetonitrile, di- and trichloroacetic acid was noticed. The mass yield of DBPs formation from VALA varied from 0.3% (dichloroacetonitrile) to 1.1% (chloroform). The efficiency of UV/free chlorine was first investigated in spiked solutions with increasing complexities: ultrapure, river and treated wastewater. Thereafter, the feasibility of reducing VALA levels in polluted river water was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Ramil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - I Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Darwish IA, Darwish HW, Bakheit AH, Al-Kahtani HM, Alanazi Z. Irbesartan (a comprehensive profile). PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2020; 46:185-272. [PMID: 33461698 DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Irbesartan, (2-butyl-3-({4-[2-(2H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl]phenyl}methyl)-1,3-diazaspiro[4.4]non-1-en-4-one), is a member of non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists used worldwide in the treatment of hypertension and diabetic nephropathy in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes, elevated serum creatinine, and proteinuria. Irbesartan can be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide). These combination products are indicated for hypertension in patients with uncontrolled hypertension with monotherapy or first line in patients not expected to be well controlled with monotherapy. Irbesartan is also indicated for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension, an elevated serum creatinine, and proteinuria. Irbesartan exerts its action mainly via a selective blockade action on AT1 receptors and the consequent reduced pressor effect of angiotensin II. This article discusses, by a critical comprehensive review of the literature on irbesartan in terms of its description, names, formulae, elemental composition, appearance, and therapeutic uses. The article also discusses the methods for preparation of irbesartan, its physical-chemical properties, analytical methods for its determination, pharmacological-toxicological properties, and dosing information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Hany W Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H Bakheit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hamad M Al-Kahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahi Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Di Lorenzo T, Di Cicco M, Di Censo D, Galante A, Boscaro F, Messana G, Paola Galassi DM. Environmental risk assessment of propranolol in the groundwater bodies of Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113189. [PMID: 31542673 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A growing concern for contamination due to pharmaceutical compounds in groundwater is expanding globally. The β-blocker propranolol is a β-adrenoceptors antagonist commonly detected in European groundwater bodies. The effect of propranolol on stygobiotic species (obligate groundwater dweller species) is compelling in the framework of environmental risk assessment (ERA) of groundwater ecosystems. In fact, in Europe, ERA procedures for pharmaceuticals in groundwater are based on data obtained with surrogate surface water species. The use of surrogates has aroused some concern in the scientific arena since the first ERA guideline for groundwater was issued. We performed an ecotoxicological and a behavioural experiment with the stygobiotic crustacean species Diacyclops belgicus (Copepopda) to estimate a realistic value of the Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) of propranolol for groundwater ecosystems and we compared this value with the PNEC estimated based on EU ERA procedures. The results of this study showed that i) presently, propranolol does not pose a risk to groundwater bodies in Europe at the concentrations shown in this study and ii) the PNEC of propranolol estimated through the EU ERA procedures is very conservative and allows to adequately protect these delicate ecosystems and their dwelling fauna. The methodological approach and the results of this study represent a first contribution to the improvement of ERA of groundwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Di Lorenzo
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Mattia Di Cicco
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, Coppito, 67100, 10 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Davide Di Censo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, Coppito, 67100, 10 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Angelo Galante
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, Coppito, 67100, 10 L'Aquila, Italy; Institute for superconductors, oxides and other innovative materials and devices, National Research Council (CNR-SPIN), Via Vetoio 1, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Boscaro
- Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Messana
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Diana Maria Paola Galassi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, Coppito, 67100, 10 L'Aquila, Italy
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11
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Castro G, Rodríguez I, Ramil M, Cela R. Selective determination of sartan drugs in environmental water samples by mixed-mode solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 224:562-571. [PMID: 30836251 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a method for the simultaneous determination of the currently prescribed sartan drugs (eprosartan, EPR; olmesartan, OLM; losartan, LOS; candesartan, CAN; telmisartan, TEL; irbesartan, IRB; and valsartan, VAL), and the biodegradation product valsartan acid (VALA), in water samples (raw and treated wastewater, river and tap water) was developed. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) were employed as concentration and determination techniques, respectively. Different sorbents and elution solvents were tested for sample preparation. Under optimized conditions, samples at neutral pH (6-8 units) were concentrated using mixed-mode (reversed-phase and anionic exchange) cartridges. Thereafter, the sorbent was washed with 5 mL of a methanol: water (1:1) solution, dried under a nitrogen stream and compounds were eluted with 2 mL of methanol: NH3 (98:2). The accuracy of the method (accounting for SPE efficiency and matrix effects during electrospray ionization) was investigated using solvent-based calibration standards. Global recoveries, obtained for different water matrices (tap, river, treated and raw wastewater), ranged from 82% to 134%, with standard deviations between 2 and 18%. LOQs varied from 2 to 50 ng L-1. Analysis of un-spiked samples confirmed: (1) the incomplete removal of sartans at sewage treatment plants (STPs), (2) the formation of VALA during municipal water treatment, and (3) the presence of VALA in the processed tap water samples. Additional findings of the current study are the detection of hydroxylated derivatives of the sartan drugs IRB and LOS in wastewater, and the E-Z isomerization of EPR in environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences. Institute for Research and Food Analysis (IIAA). Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - I Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences. Institute for Research and Food Analysis (IIAA). Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - M Ramil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences. Institute for Research and Food Analysis (IIAA). Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences. Institute for Research and Food Analysis (IIAA). Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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12
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Tong C, Guo K, Xu J, Tong X, Shi S. Online extraction and cleanup–quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry for rapid analysis of bioactive components in natural products. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:679-687. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1491-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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