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Cui L, Zheng J, Lu Y, Lin P, Lin Y, Zheng Y, Xu R, Mai Z, Guo B, Zhao X. New frontiers in salivary extracellular vesicles: transforming diagnostics, monitoring, and therapeutics in oral and systemic diseases. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:171. [PMID: 38610017 PMCID: PMC11015696 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Salivary extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key tools for non-invasive diagnostics, playing a crucial role in the early detection and monitoring of diseases. These EVs surpass whole saliva in biomarker detection due to their enhanced stability, which minimizes contamination and enzymatic degradation. The review comprehensively discusses methods for isolating, enriching, quantifying, and characterizing salivary EVs. It highlights their importance as biomarkers in oral diseases like periodontitis and oral cancer, and underscores their potential in monitoring systemic conditions. Furthermore, the review explores the therapeutic possibilities of salivary EVs, particularly in personalized medicine through engineered EVs for targeted drug delivery. The discussion also covers the current challenges and future prospects in the field, emphasizing the potential of salivary EVs in advancing clinical practice and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cui
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - Jiarong Zheng
- Department of Dentistry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - Pei Lin
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - Yunfan Lin
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - Yucheng Zheng
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - Rongwei Xu
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - Zizhao Mai
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - Bing Guo
- Department of Dentistry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China.
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Ni F, Zhu Q, Li H, Liu F, Chen H. Efficient preparation of high-purity and intact mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1797-1808. [PMID: 38355844 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have shown great promise for regeneration and immunomodulation. However, efficient and scalable methods for their preparation are still lacking. In this study, we present the adoption of a label-free technique known as "EXODUS" to isolate and purify MSC-EVs from the conditioned medium. Our findings indicate that EXODUS can rapidly isolate EVs from 10 mL of conditioned medium with a 5-fold higher yield compared to conventional approaches, including ultracentrifugation (UC) and polyethylene glycol precipitation (PEG) methods. Additionally, pre-storing the conditioned medium at 4°C for 1 week resulted in a ~2-fold higher yield of MSC-EVs compared to the freshly prepared medium. However, storing the purified EV particles at 4°C for 1 month led to a 2-fold reduction in particle concentration. Furthermore, we found that MSC-EVs isolated using EXODUS exhibit higher expression levels of EV markers such as Alix, Flotillin1, CD81, and TSG101 in comparison to PEG and UC methods. We also discovered that MSC-EVs isolated using EXODUS are enriched in response to cytokine, collagen-containing extracellular matrix, and calcium ion binding compared to PEG method and enriched in extracellular structure organization, extracellular matrix, and extracellular matrix structure constituents compared to UC. Finally, we demonstrated that MSC-EVs isolated using EXODUS exhibit greater potential in animal organ development, tissue development, and anatomical structure morphogenesis compared to the UC. These findings suggest that EXODUS is a suitable method for the large-scale preparation of high-quality MSC-EVs for various clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Ni
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Qingfu Zhu
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Hengrui Li
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Fei Liu
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Hao Chen
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
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Gardner JJ, Cushen SC, Oliveira da Silva RDN, Bradshaw JL, Hula N, Gorham IK, Tucker SM, Zhou Z, Cunningham RL, Phillips NR, Goulopoulou S. Oxidative stress induces release of mitochondrial DNA into the extracellular space in human placental villous trophoblast BeWo cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.02.578433. [PMID: 38352590 PMCID: PMC10862877 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.02.578433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) is an indicator of cell death, inflammation, and oxidative stress. ccf-mtDNA differs in pregnancies with placental dysfunction from healthy pregnancies and the direction of this difference depends on gestational age and method of mtDNA quantification. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) trigger release of mtDNA from non-placental cells; yet it is unknown whether trophoblast cells release mtDNA in response to oxidative stress, a common feature of pregnancies with placental pathology. We hypothesized that oxidative stress would induce cell death and release of mtDNA from trophoblast cells. BeWo cells were treated with antimycin A (10-320 μM) or rotenone (0.2-50 μM) to induce oxidative stress. A multiplex real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was used to quantify mtDNA and nuclear DNA in membrane bound, non-membrane bound, and vesicular-bound forms in cell culture supernatants and cell lysates. Treatment with antimycin A increased ROS (p<0.0001), induced cell necrosis (p=0.0004) but not apoptosis (p=0.6471) and was positively associated with release of membrane-bound and non-membrane bound mtDNA (p<0.0001). Antimycin A increased mtDNA content in exosome-like extracellular vesicles (vesicular-bound form; p=0.0019) and reduced autophagy marker expression (LC3A/B, p=0.0002; p62, p<0.001). Rotenone treatment did not influence mtDNA release or cell death (p>0.05). Oxidative stress induces release of mtDNA into the extracellular space and causes non-apoptotic cell death and a reduction in autophagy markers in BeWo cells, an established in vitro model of human trophoblast cells. Intersection between autophagy and necrosis may mediate the release of mtDNA from the placenta in pregnancies exposed to oxidative stress. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to test whether trophoblast cells release mitochondrial DNA in response to oxidative stress and to identify mechanisms of release and biological forms of mtDNA from this cellular type. This research identifies potential cellular mechanisms that can be used in future investigations to establish the source and biomarker potential of circulating mitochondrial DNA in preclinical experimental models and humans.
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Ceccherini E, Michelucci E, Signore G, Coco B, Zari M, Bellini M, Brunetto MR, Cecchettini A, Rocchiccioli S. The Clinical Utility of the Saliva Proteome in Rare Diseases: A Pilot Study for Biomarker Discovery in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. J Clin Med 2024; 13:544. [PMID: 38256678 PMCID: PMC10816894 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare chronic inflammatory liver disease characterized by biliary strictures and cholestasis. Due to the lack of effective serological indicators for diagnosis and prognosis, in the present study, we examined the potentiality of the saliva proteome to comprehensively screen for novel biomarkers. METHODS Saliva samples of PSC patients and healthy controls were processed and subsequently analyzed using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technique. A bioinformatic approach was applied to detect the differentially expressed proteins, their related biological functions and pathways, and the correlation with the clinical evidence in order to identify a possible marker for the PSC group. RESULTS We identified 25 differentially expressed proteins in PSC patients when compared to the healthy control group. Among them, eight proteins exhibited area under the curve values up to 0.800, suggesting these saliva proteins as good discriminators between the two groups. Multiple positive correlations were also identified between the dysregulated salivary proteins and increased serum alkaline phosphatase levels and the presence of ulcerative colitis. Pathway analysis revealed significant enrichments in the immune system, neutrophil degranulation, and in the interleukine-17 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION We demonstrated the potentiality of saliva as a useful biofluid to obtain a fingerprint of the pathology, suggesting disulfide-isomerase A3 and peroxiredoxin-5 as the better discriminating proteins in PSC patients. Hence, analysis of saliva proteins could become, in future, a useful tool in the screening of patients with suspected PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ceccherini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.M.); (G.S.); (A.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Elena Michelucci
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.M.); (G.S.); (A.C.); (S.R.)
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Signore
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.M.); (G.S.); (A.C.); (S.R.)
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Coco
- Hepatology Unit, Reference Centre of the Tuscany Region for Chronic Liver Disease and Cancer, University Hospital of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (M.R.B.)
| | - Michela Zari
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.Z.); (M.B.)
| | - Massimo Bellini
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.Z.); (M.B.)
| | - Maurizia Rossana Brunetto
- Hepatology Unit, Reference Centre of the Tuscany Region for Chronic Liver Disease and Cancer, University Hospital of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (M.R.B.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Cecchettini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.M.); (G.S.); (A.C.); (S.R.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Rocchiccioli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.M.); (G.S.); (A.C.); (S.R.)
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Chen M, Lin S, Zhou C, Cui D, Haick H, Tang N. From Conventional to Microfluidic: Progress in Extracellular Vesicle Separation and Individual Characterization. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202437. [PMID: 36541411 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane vesicles, which contain a wide variety of cargo such as proteins, miRNAs, and lipids. A growing body of evidence suggests that EVs are promising biomarkers for disease diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. Although the excellent clinical value, their use in personalized healthcare practice is not yet feasible due to their highly heterogeneous nature. Taking the difficulty of isolation and the small size of EVs into account, the characterization of EVs at a single-particle level is both imperative and challenging. In a bid to address this critical point, more research has been directed into a microfluidic platform because of its inherent advantages in sensitivity, specificity, and throughput. This review discusses the biogenesis and heterogeneity of EVs and takes a broad view of state-of-the-art advances in microfluidics-based EV research, including not only EV separation, but also the single EV characterization of biophysical detection and biochemical analysis. To highlight the advantages of microfluidic techniques, conventional technologies are included for comparison. The current status of artificial intelligence (AI) for single EV characterization is then presented. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects of microfluidics and its combination with AI applications in single EV characterization are also discussed. In the foreseeable future, recent breakthroughs in microfluidic platforms are expected to pave the way for single EV analysis and improve applications for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Chen
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shujing Lin
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Ning Tang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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A review on comparative studies addressing exosome isolation methods from body fluids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1239-1263. [PMID: 35838769 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes emerged as valuable sources of disease biomarkers and new therapeutic tools. However, extracellular vesicles isolation with exosome-like characteristics from certain biofluids is still challenging which can limit their potential use in clinical settings. While ultracentrifugation-based procedures are the gold standard for exosome isolation from cell cultures, no unique and standardized method for exosome isolation from distinct body fluids exists. The complexity, specific composition, and physical properties of each biofluid constitute a technical barrier to obtain reproducible and pure exosome preparations, demanding a detailed characterization of both exosome isolation and characterization methods. Moreover, some isolation procedures can affect downstream proteomic or RNA profiling analysis. This review compiles and discussed a set of comparative studies addressing distinct exosome isolation methods from human biofluids, including cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, serum, saliva, and urine, also focusing on body fluid specific challenges, physical properties, and other potential variation sources. This summarized information will facilitate the choice of exosome isolation methods, based on the type of biological samples available, and hopefully encourage the use of exosomes in translational and clinical research.
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Wang H, Yang Z, Ai S, Xiao J. Updated Methods of Extracellular Vesicles Isolation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1418:3-14. [PMID: 37603269 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1443-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered as cargo and mediate intercellular communication. As natural biological nanoparticles, EVs can be secreted by almost all kinds of cells and exist in biofluids such as milk, urine, blood, etc. In the past decades, several methods have been utilized to isolate EVs from cell culture medium, biofluids, and tissues. Here in this chapter, we summarized conventional and novel methods and fundamental procedures of EVs extraction and purification from different biofluids (plasma, urine, milk, and saliva) and tissues (brain, intestinal tissue, muscles, and heart). The present section also discusses how to choose appropriate methods to extract EVs from tissues based on downstream analysis. This chapter will expand the horizons of EVs isolation and purification from different mediums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Wang
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, China
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zijiang Yang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Songwei Ai
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, China
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
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Yao X, Liao B, Chen F, Liu L, Wu K, Hao Y, Li Y, Wang Y, Fan R, Yin J, Liu L, Guo Y. Comparison of proteomic landscape of extracellular vesicles in pleural effusions isolated by three strategies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1108952. [PMID: 37122867 PMCID: PMC10130534 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1108952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from pleural effusion (PE) is emerging as disease biomarkers. However, the methods for isolation of EVs from PE (pEVs) were rarely studied. In our study, three methods for isolating pEVs of lung cancer patients were compared, including ultracentrifugation (UC), a combination of UC and size exclusion chromatography (UC-SEC) and a combination of UC and density gradient ultracentrifugation (UC-DGU). The subpopulation of pEVs was identified by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Western blotting (WB) and nano-flow cytometry (nFCM). Additionally, the proteomic landscape of pEVs was analyzed by Label-free proteomics. The results showed that, compared with UC and UC-DGU, the UC-SEC method separated pEVs with the highest purity. In the proteomic analysis, on average, 1595 proteins were identified in the pEVs isolated by UC-SEC, much more than pEVs isolated by UC (1222) or UC-DGU (807). Furthermore, approximately 90% of identified proteins in each method were found in the EVs public database ExoCarta. Consistent with this, GO annotation indicated that the core proteins identified in each method were mainly enriched in "extracellular exosome." Many of the top 100 proteins with high expression in each method were suggested as protein markers to validate the presence of EVs in the MISEV2018 guidelines. In addition, combined with lung tissue-specific proteins and vesicular membrane proteins, we screened out and validated several novel protein markers (CD11C, HLA DPA1 and HLA DRB1), which were enriched in pEVs rather than in plasma EVs. In conclusion, our study shows that the method of UC-SEC could significantly improve the purity of EVs and the performance of mass spectrometry-based proteomic profiling in analyzing pEVs. The exosomal proteins CD11C, HLA DPA1 and HLA DRB1 may act as potential markers of pEVs. The proteomic analysis of pEVs provides important information and new ideas for studying diseases complicated with PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yao
- School of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Baixue Liao
- School of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Respiratory, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lüye Liu
- Medical Research Center, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaiwen Wu
- School of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaying Hao
- Medical Research Center, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Respiratory, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuebin Wang
- Department of Respiratory, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruiling Fan
- School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Respiratory, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Medical Research Center, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Liu, ; Yuanbiao Guo,
| | - Yuanbiao Guo
- Medical Research Center, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Liu, ; Yuanbiao Guo,
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Xu D, Di K, Fan B, Wu J, Gu X, Sun Y, Khan A, Li P, Li Z. MicroRNAs in extracellular vesicles: Sorting mechanisms, diagnostic value, isolation, and detection technology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:948959. [PMID: 36324901 PMCID: PMC9618890 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.948959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short, single-stranded, noncoding RNAs, with a length of about 18–22 nucleotides. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are derived from cells and play a vital role in the development of diseases and can be used as biomarkers for liquid biopsy, as they are the carriers of miRNA. Existing studies have found that most of the functions of miRNA are mainly realized through intercellular transmission of EVs, which can protect and sort miRNAs. Meanwhile, detection sensitivity and specificity of EV-derived miRNA are higher than those of conventional serum biomarkers. In recent years, EVs have been expected to become a new marker for liquid biopsy. This review summarizes recent progress in several aspects of EVs, including sorting mechanisms, diagnostic value, and technology for isolation of EVs and detection of EV-derived miRNAs. In addition, the study reviews challenges and future research avenues in the field of EVs, providing a basis for the application of EV-derived miRNAs as a disease marker to be used in clinical diagnosis and even for the development of point-of-care testing (POCT) platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Xu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Kaili Di
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Boyue Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xinrui Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Adeel Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education (Southeast University), Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Li, ; Zhiyang Li,
| | - Zhiyang Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Li, ; Zhiyang Li,
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Extracellular Vesicles of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Are More Effectively Accessed through Polyethylene Glycol-Based Precipitation than by Ultracentrifugation. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:3577015. [PMID: 36110890 PMCID: PMC9470370 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3577015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as cell-cell communication agents, and EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit therapeutic effects similar to those of the cells of origin. Precipitation methods have been used extensively for EV harvests, such as UC- (ultracentrifugation-) or PEG- (polyethylene glycol-) based methods, and the difference in EVs derived from MSCs by UC and PEG is not fully understood. We harvested EVs from amniotic fluid MSCs (AF-MSCs) by UC- or PEG-based precipitation methods and conducted a comparison study of those EVs derived by the two methods: output, RNA, and protein expression of EVs and EV biological reaction in a THP-1-cell model of LPS induction, which was considered an infection model. There was no difference in morphology, size, or specific marker-positive ratio of PEG-EVs and UC-EVs, but PEG obtained more EV particles, protein, and RNA than the UC method. In our THP-1 model of LPS induction, MSC-EVs did not lead to a change in protein expression but inhibited the LPS-induced increase in cytokine secretion. UC-EVs were more effective for TNF-α inhibition, and PEG-EVs were more effective for IL10 inhibition. Thus, our findings provide evidence that PEG-based precipitation is a more efficient mesenchymal stem cell-extracellular vesicle-derived method than UC.
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Salivary Proteomics Markers for Preclinical Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Pilot Study. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060738. [PMID: 35740863 PMCID: PMC9221050 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is a complex autoimmune disorder that particularly affects the salivary and lachrymal glands, generally causing a typical dryness of the eyes and of the mouth. The disease encompasses diverse clinical representations and is characterized by B-cell polyclonal activation and autoantibodies production, including anti-Ro/SSA. Recently, it has been suggested that autoantibody profiling may enable researchers to identify susceptible asymptomatic individuals in a pre-disease state. In this pilot study, we used mass spectrometry to analyze and compare the salivary proteomics of patients with established pSS and patients with pre-clinical SS, identifying a common protein signature in their salivary fluid. We found that several inflammatory, immunity-related, and typical acinar proteins (such as MUC5B, PIP, CST4, and lipocalin 1) were differently expressed in pSS and in pre-clinical SSA+ carriers, compared to healthy controls. This suggests that saliva may closely reflect exocrine gland inflammation from the early phases of the disease. This study confirms the value of salivary proteomics for the identification of reliable biomarkers for SS that could be identified, even in a preclinical phase of the disease.
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Zeng W, Wen Z, Chen H, Duan Y. Exosomes as Carriers for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. Pharm Res 2022; 40:873-887. [PMID: 35352281 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by cells with a particle size of 30-150 nm in diameter. Exosomes can be used as natural drug carriers. The treatment of cancer with drug-loaded exosomes is an area of high interest. This review introduces the composition, function, isolation and characterization of exosomes, and briefly describes the selection of exosome donor cells and methods for drug loading. Through studies on therapies with drug-loaded exosomes in gastric cancer, lung cancer, brain cancer and other cancers, the advantages and disadvantages of drug-loaded exosomes have been analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Zeng
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengbo Wen
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuyou Duan
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Zhang F, Guo J, Zhang Z, Duan M, Wang G, Qian Y, Zhao H, Yang Z, Jiang X. Application of engineered extracellular vesicles for targeted tumor therapy. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:14. [PMID: 35189894 PMCID: PMC8862579 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00798-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
All cells, including prokaryotes and eukaryotes, could release extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs contain many cellular components, including RNA, and surface proteins, and are essential for maintaining normal intercellular communication and homeostasis of the internal environment. EVs released from different tissues and cells exhibit excellent properties and functions (e.g., targeting specificity, regulatory ability, physical durability, and immunogenicity), rendering them a potential new option for drug delivery and precision therapy. EVs have been demonstrated to transport antitumor drugs for tumor therapy; additionally, EVs' contents and surface substance can be altered to improve their therapeutic efficacy in the clinic by boosting targeting potential and drug delivery effectiveness. EVs can regulate immune system function by affecting the tumor microenvironment, thereby inhibiting tumor progression. Co-delivery systems for EVs can be utilized to further improve the drug delivery efficiency of EVs, including hydrogels and liposomes. In this review, we discuss the isolation technologies of EVs, as well as engineering approaches to their modification. Moreover, we evaluate the therapeutic potential of EVs in tumors, including engineered extracellular vesicles and EVs' co-delivery systems. Technologies such as microfluidics can improve EVs isolation efficiency. Engineering technologies can improve EVs drug loading efficiency and tumor targeting. EVs-based drug co-delivery systems are being developed, such as those with liposomes and hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinshuai Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenghou Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meiqi Duan
- Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yiping Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haiying Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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14
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Wu K, He C, Wu Y, Zhou X, Liu P, Tang W, Yu M, Tian W. Preservation of Small Extracellular Vesicle in Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogel Through Reduced Particles Aggregation for Therapeutic Applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7831-7846. [PMID: 34876812 PMCID: PMC8643206 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s334194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) play an irreplaceable role in cell-cell communication. However, sEV in solution aggregate with each other during preservation, leading to impairment of the structures, contents, and functions of sEV. Therefore, there is a need to develop an optimal preservation method that combines high recovery rate, low cost, convenience, and easy-transportation in one. In this study, a new preservation strategy different from the cryopreservation or lyophilization was developed by reducing sEV particles aggregation. METHODS The sEV were encapsulated in thermoresponsive gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels at 4°C to reduce particles aggregation during the reversible cross-linking process. The sEV movement was visualized in different mediums and particles' number, size, structure and protein of 28 days preserved sEV were compared to fresh sEV. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells (rASC) were isolated and cultured with fresh and preserved sEV to test the cellular response. A mice subcutaneous model was adopted to detect controlled release and angiogenesis ability of preserved sEV. RESULTS Through particles tracks visualization, GelMA hydrogels significantly decreased the sEV movement. After 28 days preservation in GelMA at 4°C, the particles number, size, structure and protein of sEV were similar to fresh sEV. In vitro, preserved sEV had the same ability to promote cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis as fresh sEV. In vivo, preserved sEV-GelMA could artificially regulate the absorptivity of GelMA hydrogels and controlled released sEV for therapeutic application, and preserved sEV encapsulated in GelMA significantly promoted angiogenesis in mice. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that sEV encapsulated in GelMA could be a novel strategy for long-term preservation of sEV for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Kaddour H, Tranquille M, Okeoma CM. The Past, the Present, and the Future of the Size Exclusion Chromatography in Extracellular Vesicles Separation. Viruses 2021; 13:2272. [PMID: 34835078 PMCID: PMC8618570 DOI: 10.3390/v13112272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membranous particles secreted by all cell types (including virus infected and uninfected cells) into the extracellular milieu. EVs carry, protect, and transport a wide array of bioactive cargoes to recipient/target cells. EVs regulate physiological and pathophysiological processes in recipient cells and are important in therapeutics/drug delivery. Despite these great attributes of EVs, an efficient protocol for EV separation from biofluids is lacking. Numerous techniques have been adapted for the separation of EVs with size exclusion chromatography (SEC)-based methods being the most promising. Here, we review the SEC protocols used for EV separation, and discuss opportunities for significant improvements, such as the development of novel particle purification liquid chromatography (PPLC) system capable of tandem purification and characterization of biological and synthetic particles with near-single vesicle resolution. Finally, we identify future perspectives and current issues to make PPLC a tool capable of providing a unified, automated, adaptable, yet simple and affordable particle separation resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Kaddour
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Malik Tranquille
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Chioma M. Okeoma
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
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16
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Xue VW, Yang C, Wong SCC, Cho WCS. Proteomic profiling in extracellular vesicles for cancer detection and monitoring. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000094. [PMID: 33665903 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanometer-size lipid vesicles released by cells, which play essential biological functions in intercellular communication. Increasing evidence indicates that EVs participate in cancer development, including invasion, migration, metastasis, and cancer immune modulation. One of the key mechanisms is that EVs affect different cells in the tumor microenvironment through surface-anchor proteins and protein cargos. Moreover, proteins specifically expressed in tumor-derived EVs can be applied in cancer diagnosis and monitoring. Besides, the EV proteome also helps to understand drug resistance in cancers and to guide clinical medication. With the development of mass spectrometry and array-based multi-protein detection, the research of EV proteomics has entered a new era. The high-throughput parallel proteomic profiling based on these new platforms allows us to study the impact of EV proteome on cancer progression more comprehensively and to describe the proteomic landscape in cancers with more details. In this article, we review the role and function of different types of EVs in cancer progression. More importantly, we summarize the proteomic profiling of EVs based on different methods and the application of EV proteome in cancer detection and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Weiwen Xue
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chenxi Yang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sze Chuen Cesar Wong
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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