1
|
Fendler A, Stephan C, Ralla B, Jung K. Discordant Health Implications and Molecular Mechanisms of Vitamin D in Clinical and Preclinical Studies of Prostate Cancer: A Critical Appraisal of the Literature Data. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5286. [PMID: 38791324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical and preclinical studies have provided conflicting data on the postulated beneficial effects of vitamin D in patients with prostate cancer. In this opinion piece, we discuss reasons for discrepancies between preclinical and clinical vitamin D studies. Different criteria have been used as evidence for the key roles of vitamin D. Clinical studies report integrative cancer outcome criteria such as incidence and mortality in relation to vitamin D status over time. In contrast, preclinical vitamin D studies report molecular and cellular changes resulting from treatment with the biologically active vitamin D metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) in tissues. However, these reported changes in preclinical in vitro studies are often the result of treatment with biologically irrelevant high calcitriol concentrations. In typical experiments, the used calcitriol concentrations exceed the calcitriol concentrations in normal and malignant prostate tissue by 100 to 1000 times. This raises reasonable concerns regarding the postulated biological effects and mechanisms of these preclinical vitamin D approaches in relation to clinical relevance. This is not restricted to prostate cancer, as detailed data regarding the tissue-specific concentrations of vitamin D metabolites are currently lacking. The application of unnaturally high concentrations of calcitriol in preclinical studies appears to be a major reason why the results of preclinical in vitro studies hardly match up with outcomes of vitamin D-related clinical studies. Regarding future studies addressing these concerns, we suggest establishing reference ranges of tissue-specific vitamin D metabolites within various cancer entities, carrying out model studies on human cancer cells and patient-derived organoids with biologically relevant calcitriol concentrations, and lastly improving the design of vitamin D clinical trials where results from preclinical studies guide the protocols and endpoints within these trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Fendler
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Stephan
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ralla
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wise SA, Kuszak AJ, Camara JE. Evolution and impact of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) for determining vitamin D metabolites. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:2335-2358. [PMID: 38236394 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05143-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements (NIH ODS), introduced the first Standard Reference Material® (SRM) for determining vitamin D metabolites in 2009 motivated by significant concerns about the comparability and accuracy of different assays to assess vitamin D status. After 14 years, a suite of five serum matrix SRMs and three calibration solution SRMs are available. Values were also assigned for vitamin D metabolites in five additional SRMs intended primarily to support measurements of other clinical diagnostic markers. Both the SRMs and the certification approach have evolved from significant exogenous serum content to primarily endogenous content and from value assignment by combining the results of multiple analytical methods to the use of measurements exclusively from reference measurement procedures (RMPs). The impact of the availability of these SRMs can be assessed by both the distribution information (sales) and by reports in the scientific literature describing their use for method validation, quality control, and research. In this review, we describe the development of these SRMs, the evolution in design and value assignment, the expansion of information reported, and SRM use in validating analytical methods and providing quality assurance within the vitamin D measurement community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Wise
- Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA.
| | - Adam J Kuszak
- Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Johanna E Camara
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jin Z, Bertholf RL, Yi X. Advances and challenges in the measurement of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D: a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2023; 60:535-548. [PMID: 37272827 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2023.2212765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D has received significant attention from clinical societies, researchers, and the general population in recent years. While 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) is the most commonly-used biomarker of vitamin D status, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), its bioactive form, plays a critical role in regulating calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and is also involved in the immune system and cellular differentiation. Consequently, accurate measurements of 1,25(OH)2D can aid in the differential diagnosis of calcium-related disorders such as hypocalcemia in vitamin D-dependent rickets and hypercalcemia due to inappropriate increase of serum 1,25(OH)2D in granulomatous diseases. However, due to its lipophilicity and very low circulating concentration, the measurement of 1,25(OH)2D is particularly challenging. Over the past several decades, numerous efforts have been made to develop sensitive, specific, and practical laboratory methods for measuring 1,25(OH)2D. Methods using radioreceptor assay, radioimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, automated chemiluminescent immunoassay, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry have been described. Each of these methods has unique advantages and limitations, and some are no longer used. Despite the sophisticated methods in use today, substantial variations between methods still exist. A concerted effort toward standardization of 1,25(OH)2D measurement is needed to ensure accurate and reliable results across laboratories and methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Roger L Bertholf
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xin Yi
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wise SA, Hahm G, Burdette CQ, Tai SSC, Camara JE, Sempos CT, Williams EL. Determination of 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 [24,25(OH) 2D 3] in Archived Vitamin D External Quality Assessment Scheme (DEQAS) Samples using a Reference Measurement Procedure with Comparison to DEQAS Participant Results and Assessment of Contribution of 24,25(OH) 2D 3 to DEQAS Assay Results. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 231:106318. [PMID: 37169270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ninety archived human serum samples from the Vitamin D External Quality Assessment Scheme (DEQAS) were analyzed using a reference measurement procedure (RMP) based on isotope dilution liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (ID LC-MS/MS) for the determination of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24,25(OH)2D3]. These 24,25(OH)2D3 results, in conjunction with concentration values assigned using RMPs for 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 [25(OH)D2] and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3], provide a valuable resource for assessing the accuracy of measurements for 24,25(OH)2D3 and for investigating the relationship between 24,25(OH)2D3 and 25(OH)D3. Results for 24,25(OH)2D3 using the RMP were compared to DEQAS consensus values demonstrating that the consensus values were not sufficient to assess the accuracy of measurements among different laboratories and methods. A multivariable regression analysis approach using historical DEQAS consensus values for various total 25(OH)D assays was used to assess the contribution of 24,25(OH)2D3 concentration on the assay response. The response of several ligand binding assays for total 25(OH)D was shown to be impacted by the presence of 24,25(OH)2D3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Wise
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Grace Hahm
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Carolyn Q Burdette
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Susan S-C Tai
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Johanna E Camara
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dirks NF, Cavalier E, Heijboer AC. Vitamin D: marker, measurand & measurement. Endocr Connect 2023; 12:EC-22-0269. [PMID: 36688810 PMCID: PMC10083657 DOI: 10.1530/ec-22-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of vitamin D metabolites aids in assessing vitamin D status and in diagnosing disorders of calcium homeostasis. Most laboratories measure total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), while others have taken the extra effort to measure 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 separately and additional metabolites such as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. The aim of this review is to provide an updated overview of the main markers of vitamin D metabolism, define the intended measurands, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the two most widely used assays, automated assays and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Whether using the easy and fast automated assays or the more complex LC-MS/MS, one should know the pitfalls of the used technique in order to interpret the measurements. In conclusion, automated assays are unable to accurately measure 25(OH)D in all patient groups, including persons using D2. In these cases, an LC-MS/MS method, when appropriately developed and standardized, produces a more reliable measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niek F Dirks
- Atalmedial Diagnostics Centre, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Noordwest Ziekenhuis, Alkmaar, The Netherlands
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Annemieke C Heijboer
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence should be addressed to A C Heijboer:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu H, Ng CY, Liu Q, Teo TL, Loh TP, Wong MS, Sethi SK, Tan JG, Heng PY, Saw S, Lam LCW, Lee JMY, Khaled KB, Phyu HP, Ong NWT. Commutability assessment of human urine certified reference materials for albumin and creatinine on multiple clinical analyzers using different statistical models. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:787-800. [PMID: 36562812 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Urine albumin concentration and albumin-creatinine ratio are important for the screening of early-stage kidney damage. Commutable urine certified reference materials (CRMs) for albumin and creatinine are necessary for standardization of urine albumin and accurate measurement of albumin-urine ratio. Two urine CRMs for albumin and creatinine with certified values determined using higher-order reference measurement procedures were evaluated for their commutability on five brands/models of clinical analyzers where different reagent kits were used, including Roche Cobas c702, Roche Cobas c311, Siemens Atellica CH, Beckman Coulter AU5800, and Abbott Architect c16000. The commutability study was conducted by measuring at least 26 authentic patient urine samples and the human urine CRMs using both reference measurement procedures and the routine methods. Both the linear regression model suggested by the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines and log-transformed model recommended by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) Commutability Working Group were used to evaluate the commutability of the human urine CRMs. The commutability of the human urine CRMs was found to be generally satisfactory on all five clinical analyzers for both albumin and creatinine, suggesting that they are suitable to be used routinely by clinical laboratories as quality control or for method validation of urine albumin and creatinine measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Chemical Metrology Division, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, 1 Science Park Road, #01-05/06, The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore, 117528, Singapore
| | - Cheng Yang Ng
- Chemical Metrology Division, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, 1 Science Park Road, #01-05/06, The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore, 117528, Singapore
| | - Qinde Liu
- Chemical Metrology Division, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, 1 Science Park Road, #01-05/06, The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore, 117528, Singapore.
| | - Tang Lin Teo
- Chemical Metrology Division, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, 1 Science Park Road, #01-05/06, The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore, 117528, Singapore
| | - Tze Ping Loh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Moh Sim Wong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sunil Kumar Sethi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Guan Tan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ping Ying Heng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sharon Saw
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Khairee Bin Khaled
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hnin Pwint Phyu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Noel Wan Ting Ong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang L, Long Q, Zhang J, Zeng Q, Zhao H, Chen W, Zhang T, Zhang C. A candidate reference method and multiple commutable control materials for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurement. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24756. [PMID: 36371780 PMCID: PMC9756985 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the current study was to establish a reliable candidate reference method for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] measurement and to assess the commutability of multiple control materials among liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods. METHODS Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 [25(OH)D2] and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] together with spiked internal standards were extracted with a one-step approach and then analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The commutability assessment for 25(OH)D was conducted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) EP14-A3 protocol. 25(OH)D concentrations in 5 levels of unprocessed serum pools, 7 levels of serum pools spiked with 25(OH)D3 or 25(OH)D2, 3 levels of commercial control materials, 2 levels of spiked bovine serum, and 4 levels of external quality assessment (EQA) materials were measured along with 30 single-donor samples using the candidate reference method and two routine LC-MS/MS methods. RESULTS The candidate reference method could separate 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 from 14 potential interfering compounds completely within a 9-min analysis time. Good method precision was obtained, and measurement results on certified reference material NIST SRM 972a were within the uncertainty of the certified values. All candidate materials were assessed commutable for LC-MS/MS methods. CONCLUSIONS The candidate reference method for serum 25(OH)D measurement is precise, accurate, and robust against interferences and can provide an accuracy base for routine methods. The multiple alternative control materials with commutability among LC-MS/MS methods will facilitate the further standardization for serum 25(OH)D measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Qichen Long
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Jiangtao Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of GerontologyBeijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Qingzhang Zeng
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Haijian Zhao
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of GerontologyBeijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Wenxiang Chen
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of GerontologyBeijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Tianjiao Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of GerontologyBeijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Chuanbao Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of GerontologyBeijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory MedicineBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Miller WG, Myers G, Cobbaert CM, Young IS, Theodorsson E, Wielgosz RI, Westwood S, Maniguet S, Gillery P. Overcoming challenges regarding reference materials and regulations that influence global standardization of medical laboratory testing results. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 61:48-54. [PMID: 36239374 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standardized results for laboratory tests are particularly important when their interpretation depends on fixed medical practice guidelines or common reference intervals. The medical laboratory community has developed a roadmap for an infrastructure to achieve standardized test results described in the International Organization for Standardization standard 17511:2020 In vitro diagnostic medical devices - Requirements for establishing metrological traceability of values assigned to calibrators, trueness control materials and human samples. Among the challenges to implementing metrological traceability are the availability of fit-for-purpose matrix-based certified reference materials (CRMs) and requirements for regulatory review that differ among countries. A workshop in December 2021 focused on these two challenges and developed recommendations for improved practices. DISCUSSION The participants agreed that prioritization of measurands for standardization should be based on their impact on medical decisions in a clinical pathway. Ensuring that matrix-based CRMs are globally available for more measurands will enable fit-for-purpose calibration hierarchies for more laboratory tests. Regulation of laboratory tests is important to ensure safety and effectiveness for the populations served. Because regulations are country or region specific, manufacturers must submit recalibration changes intended to standardize results for regulatory review to all areas in which a measuring system is marketed. RECOMMENDATIONS A standardization initiative requires collaboration and planning among all interested stakeholders. Global collaboration should be further developed for prioritization of measurands for standardization, and for coordinating the production and supply of CRMs worldwide. More uniform regulatory submission requirements are desirable when recalibration is implemented to achieve internationally standardized results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Greg Miller
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Christa M Cobbaert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ian S Young
- Centre for Public Health, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Clinical Chemistry, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Robert I Wielgosz
- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Sèvres Cedex, France
| | - Steven Westwood
- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Sèvres Cedex, France
| | | | - Philippe Gillery
- Laboratory of Biochemistry-Pharmacology-Toxicology, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Deng Y, Liu Q, Liu Z, Zhao H, Zhou W, Zhang C. Commutability Assessment of Processed Human Plasma Samples for Normetanephrine and Metanephrine Measurements Based on the Candidate Reference Measurement Procedure. Ann Lab Med 2022; 42:575-584. [PMID: 35470275 PMCID: PMC9057823 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2022.42.5.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To identify candidate external quality assessment (EQA) materials for normetanephrine and metanephrine measurements, we assessed the commutability of eight processed human plasma samples. The agreement between routine assays and the candidate reference measurement procedure (cRMP) was also evaluated. Methods Fifty-three clinical samples and eight processed plasma samples were prepared. The processed samples included pooled and individual plasma samples spiked with pure normetanephrine and metanephrine and non-spiked pooled and individual plasma samples. The clinical and processed samples were subjected to four routine isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry assays and cRMP. Commutability was assessed based on two approaches recommended by the CLSI and International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC). Passing–Bablok regression and Bland–Altman analysis were used to evaluate the agreement between the routine assays and cRMP. Results The commutability results of the CLSI approach were better than those of the IFCC approach. For the CLSI approach, spiked individual plasma samples and spiked high-concentration pooled plasma samples were commutable for all routine assays for both analytes. The non-spiked pooled plasma sample was commutable for two out of four routine assays for metanephrine and three out of four routine assays for normetanephrine. The agreement between the routine assays and the cRMP was satisfactory, except for one routine assay showing significant bias. Conclusions High-concentration spiked pooled plasma samples and spiked individual plasma samples are candidate EQA materials for normetanephrine and metanephrine measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Deng
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qingxiang Liu
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenni Liu
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haijian Zhao
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiyan Zhou
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanbao Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tiller C, Black LJ, Ponsonby AL, Taylor B, van der Mei I, Clarke MW, Lucas RM. Vitamin D metabolites and risk of first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 218:106060. [PMID: 35031430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration is a recognised risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS). Associations with vitamin D metabolites and vitamin D binding globulin (VDBG) have not been widely studied. We assessed the association between vitamin D metabolites (25(OH)D2, 25(OH)D3, c3-epimer 25(OH)D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25(OH)2D3)) measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assays, VDBG measured using a polyclonal immunoassay, and calculated free and bioavailable 25(OH)D, free 1,25(OH)2D3, and the 24,25(OH)2D3: total 25(OH)D and total 1,25(OH)2D: total 25(OH)D ratios with risk of a first clinical diagnosis of CNS demyelination (FCD) in an Australian case-control study (n = 196 cases, n = 241 controls, matched on age, sex and study region). Higher 25(OH)D (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.94 (95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.85-1.03) per 10 nmol/L increment) and 24,25(OH)2D3 (AOR = 0.81 (95 %CI 0.65-1.00) per 1 nmol/L increment) concentrations were associated with reduced FCD risk. Our results were compatible with no association for the other vitamin D metabolites, ratios, or VDBG with FCD risk. Thus, using standardised assays, and a comprehensive range of vitamin D metabolites, we confirmed the association of higher 25(OH)D and reduced FCD risk, and describe a similar effect for 24,25(OH)2D3; free or bioavailable 25(OH)D were not associated with FCD risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Tiller
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Graduate Medicine, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lucinda J Black
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Anne-Louise Ponsonby
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bruce Taylor
- Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ingrid van der Mei
- Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Michael W Clarke
- Metabolomics Australia, Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sempos CT, Williams EL, Carter GD, Jones J, Camara JE, Burdette CQ, Hahm G, Nalin F, Duewer DL, Kuszak AJ, Merkel J, Hoofnagle AN, Lukas P, Cavalier É, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Crump PM, Popp C, Beckert C, Schultess J, Van Slooten G, Tourneur C, Pease C, Kaul R, Villarreal A, Ivison F, Fischer R, van den Ouweland JMW, Ho CS, Law EWK, Simard JN, Gonthier R, Holmquist B, Batista MC, Meadows S, Cox L, Jansen E, Khan DA, Robyak K, Creer MH, Kilbane M, Twomey PJ, Freeman J, Parker N, Yuan J, Fitzgerald R, Mushtaq S, Clarke MW, Breen N, Simpson C, Wise SA. Assessment of serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D assays for Vitamin D External Quality Assessment Scheme (DEQAS) materials distributed at ambient and frozen conditions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:1015-1028. [PMID: 34750644 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03742-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Vitamin D External Quality Assessment Scheme (DEQAS) distributes human serum samples four times per year to over 1000 participants worldwide for the determination of total serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D)]. These samples are stored at -40 °C prior to distribution and the participants are instructed to store the samples frozen at -20 °C or lower after receipt; however, the samples are shipped to participants at ambient conditions (i.e., no temperature control). To address the question of whether shipment at ambient conditions is sufficient for reliable performance of various 25(OH)D assays, the equivalence of DEQAS human serum samples shipped under frozen and ambient conditions was assessed. As part of a Vitamin D Standardization Program (VDSP) commutability study, two sets of the same nine DEQAS samples were shipped to participants at ambient temperature and frozen on dry ice. Twenty-eight laboratories participated in this study and provided 34 sets of results for the measurement of 25(OH)D using 20 ligand binding assays and 14 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods. Equivalence of the assay response for the frozen versus ambient DEQAS samples for each assay was evaluated using multi-level modeling, paired t-tests including a false discovery rate (FDR) approach, and ordinary least squares linear regression analysis of frozen versus ambient results. Using the paired t-test and confirmed by FDR testing, differences in the results for the ambient and frozen samples were found to be statistically significant at p < 0.05 for four assays (DiaSorin, DIAsource, Siemens, and SNIBE prototype). For all 14 LC-MS/MS assays, the differences in the results for the ambient- and frozen-shipped samples were not found to be significant at p < 0.05 indicating that these analytes were stable during shipment at ambient conditions. Even though assay results have been shown to vary considerably among different 25(OH)D assays in other studies, the results of this study also indicate that sample handling/transport conditions may influence 25(OH)D assay response for several assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Sempos
- Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Vitamin D Standardization Program LLC, Havre de Grace, MD, 21078, USA
| | | | | | - Julia Jones
- Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, London, W6 8RF, UK
| | - Johanna E Camara
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Carolyn Q Burdette
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Grace Hahm
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Federica Nalin
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - David L Duewer
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Adam J Kuszak
- Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joyce Merkel
- Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Andrew N Hoofnagle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98185, USA
| | - Pierre Lukas
- Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU de Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Étienne Cavalier
- Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU de Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ramón A Durazo-Arvizu
- Biostatistics Core, The Sabin Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Peter M Crump
- Computing and Biometry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Christian Popp
- Abbott Laboratories, ADD Wiesbaden Abbott GmbH, 65205, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Christian Beckert
- Abbott Laboratories, ADD Wiesbaden Abbott GmbH, 65205, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Jan Schultess
- Abbott Laboratories, ADD Wiesbaden Abbott GmbH, 65205, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ravi Kaul
- Bio-Rad Laboratories, Clinical Diagnostics, Hercules, CA, 94547, USA
| | | | - Fiona Ivison
- Central Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Ralf Fischer
- Chromsystems Instruments & Chemicals GmbH, 82166, Gräfelfing, Germany
| | | | - Chung S Ho
- Biochemical Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077
| | - Emmett W K Law
- Biochemical Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077
| | | | | | - Brett Holmquist
- Endocrine Sciences, LabCorp Specialty Testing Group, Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, USA
| | | | - Sarah Meadows
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Elsie Widdowson Laboratory (Closed Dec. 2018), Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK.,NIHR BRC Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Lorna Cox
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Elsie Widdowson Laboratory (Closed Dec. 2018), Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK.,NIHR BRC Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Eugene Jansen
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dilshad Ahmed Khan
- National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, 46000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Kimberly Robyak
- College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Michael H Creer
- College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Mark Kilbane
- Clinical Chemistry, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, D04 T6F4, Ireland
| | - Patrick J Twomey
- Clinical Chemistry, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, D04 T6F4, Ireland
| | | | - Neil Parker
- Siemens-Healthineers, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Jinyun Yuan
- SNIBE, Shenzhen, 518122, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert Fitzgerald
- Health Clinical Laboratories, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Michael W Clarke
- Metabolomics Australia, Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Norma Breen
- Waters Technologies Ireland Ltd., Wexford, Y35 D431, Ireland
| | | | - Stephen A Wise
- Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,Scientist Emeritus, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wise SA, Camara JE, Sempos CT, Lukas P, Le Goff C, Peeters S, Burdette CQ, Nalin F, Hahm G, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Kuszak AJ, Merkel J, Cavalier É. Vitamin D Standardization Program (VDSP) intralaboratory study for the assessment of 25-hydroxyvitamin D assay variability and bias. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 212:105917. [PMID: 34010687 PMCID: PMC8403635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An intralaboratory study assessing assay variability and bias for determination of serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was conducted by the Vitamin D Standardization Program (VDSP). Thirteen assays for serum total 25(OH)D were evaluated in a single laboratory including 11 unique immunoassays and one liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay. Fifty single-donor serum samples, including eight samples with high concentrations of 25(OH)D2 (> 30 nmol/L), were assigned target values for 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 using reference measurement procedures (RMP). Using four replicate measurements for each sample, the mean total percent coefficient of variation (%CV) and mean % bias from the target values were determined for each assay using the 50 single-donor samples and a 42-sample subset, which excluded 8 high 25(OH)D2 concentration samples, and compared with VDSP performance criteria of ≤ 10 % CV and ≤ ±5 % mean bias. All 12 assays achieved the performance criterion for % CV, and 9 of the 12 assays were within ≤ ±5 % mean bias. The Fujirebio Inc. assay exhibited the lowest %CV and highest percentage of individual measurements within ≤ ±5 % mean bias. Ten immunoassays exhibited changes in response due to the high 25(OH)D2 samples with Abbott, Biomérieux, DiaSorin, DIAsource, and IDS-iSYS assays having the largest deviations. The Fujirebio Inc. and Beckman Coulter assays were only minimally affected by the presence of the high 25(OH)D2 samples. Samples with high concentrations of 25(OH)D2 provided a critical performance test for immunoassays indicating that some assays may not have equal response or recovery for 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Wise
- Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Scientist Emeritus, Associate, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Johanna E Camara
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Christopher T Sempos
- Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Vitamin D Standardization Program LLC, Havre de Grace, MD 21078 USA
| | - Pierre Lukas
- Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Caroline Le Goff
- Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Peeters
- Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Carolyn Q Burdette
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Federica Nalin
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Grace Hahm
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Ramón A Durazo-Arvizu
- Biostatistics Core, The Sabin Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Adam J Kuszak
- Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joyce Merkel
- Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Étienne Cavalier
- Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wise SA, Camara JE, Burdette CQ, Hahm G, Nalin F, Kuszak AJ, Merkel J, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Williams EL, Hoofnagle AN, Ivison F, Fischer R, van den Ouweland JMW, Ho CS, Law EWK, Simard JN, Gonthier R, Holmquist B, Meadows S, Cox L, Robyak K, Creer MH, Fitzgerald R, Clarke MW, Breen N, Lukas P, Cavalier É, Sempos CT. Interlaboratory comparison of 25-hydroxyvitamin D assays: Vitamin D Standardization Program (VDSP) Intercomparison Study 2 - Part 1 liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays - impact of 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 on assay performance. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:333-349. [PMID: 34432104 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An interlaboratory comparison study was conducted by the Vitamin D Standardization Program (VDSP) to assess the performance of liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays used for the determination of serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), which is the sum of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (25(OH)D2) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3). A set of 50 single-donor samples was assigned target values for concentrations of 25(OH)D2, 25(OH)D3, 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (3-epi-25(OH)D3), and 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24R,25(OH)2D3) using isotope dilution liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (ID LC-MS/MS). VDSP Intercomparison Study 2 Part 1 includes results from 14 laboratories using 14 custom LC-MS/MS assays. Assay performance was evaluated using mean % bias compared to the assigned target values and using linear regression analysis of the test assay mean results and the target values. Only 53% of the LC-MS/MS assays met the VDSP criterion of mean % bias ≤ |±5%|. For the LC-MS/MS assays not meeting the ≤ |±5%| criterion, four assays had mean % bias of between 12 and 21%. Based on multivariable regression analysis using the concentrations of the four individual vitamin D metabolites in the 50 single-donor samples, the performance of several LC-MS/MS assays was found to be influenced by the presence of 3-epi-25(OH)D3. The results of this interlaboratory study represent the most comprehensive comparison of LC-MS/MS assay performance for serum total 25(OH)D and document the significant impact of the lack of separation of 3-epi-25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D3 on assay performance, particularly with regard to mean % bias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Wise
- Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,Scientist Emeritus, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
| | - Johanna E Camara
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Carolyn Q Burdette
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Grace Hahm
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Federica Nalin
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Adam J Kuszak
- Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joyce Merkel
- Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ramón A Durazo-Arvizu
- Biostatistics Core, The Sabin Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | | | - Andrew N Hoofnagle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98185, USA
| | - Fiona Ivison
- Central Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Ralf Fischer
- Chromsystems Instruments & Chemicals GmbH, 82166, Gräfelfing, Germany
| | | | - Chung S Ho
- Biochemical Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Emmett W K Law
- Biochemical Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong
| | | | | | - Brett Holmquist
- Endocrine Sciences, LabCorp Specialty Testing Group, Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, USA
| | - Sarah Meadows
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Elsie Widdowson Laboratory (closed Dec. 2018), Cambridge, UK.,NIHR BRC Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Lorna Cox
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Elsie Widdowson Laboratory (closed Dec. 2018), Cambridge, UK.,NIHR BRC Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Kimberly Robyak
- College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Michael H Creer
- College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Robert Fitzgerald
- Health Clinical Laboratories, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Michael W Clarke
- Metabolomics Australia, Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Norma Breen
- Waters Technologies Ireland Ltd., Wexford, Y35 D431, Ireland
| | - Pierre Lukas
- Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU de Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Étienne Cavalier
- Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU de Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christopher T Sempos
- Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Vitamin D Standardization Program LLC, Havre de Grace, MD, 217078, USA
| |
Collapse
|