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Shi X, Zhu X, Jiang Q, Ma T, Du Y, Wu T. Determination of Contaminants in Polyolefin Recyclates by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS). ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2101656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Shi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, and Research Center of Analysis and Test, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xixi Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, and Research Center of Analysis and Test, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- Technical Center for Industrial Products and Raw Materials Inspection and Testing, Shanghai Customs, Shanghai, China
| | - Tengzhou Ma
- Technical Center for Industrial Products and Raw Materials Inspection and Testing, Shanghai Customs, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiping Du
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, and Research Center of Analysis and Test, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Wu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, and Research Center of Analysis and Test, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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2
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Liu J, Chen X, Shu HY, Lin XR, Zhou QX, Bramryd T, Shu WS, Huang LN. Microbial community structure and function in sediments from e-waste contaminated rivers at Guiyu area of China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:171-179. [PMID: 29288930 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The release of toxic organic pollutants and heavy metals by primitive electronic waste (e-waste) processing to waterways has raised significant concerns, but little is known about their potential ecological effects on aquatic biota especially microorganisms. We characterized the microbial community composition and diversity in sediments sampled along two rivers consistently polluted by e-waste, and explored how community functions may respond to the complex combined pollution. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that Proteobacteria (particularly Deltaproteobacteria) dominated the sediment microbial assemblages followed by Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi and Firmicutes. PICRUSt metagenome inference provided an initial insight into the metabolic potentials of these e-waste affected communities, speculating that organic pollutants degradation in the sediment might be mainly performed by some of the dominant genera (such as Sulfuricurvum, Thiobacillus and Burkholderia) detected in situ. Statistical analyses revealed that toxic organic compounds contributed more to the observed variations in sediment microbial community structure and predicted functions (24.68% and 8.89%, respectively) than heavy metals (12.18% and 4.68%), and Benzo(a)pyrene, bioavailable lead and electrical conductivity were the key contributors. These results have shed light on the microbial assemblages in e-waste contaminated river sediments, indicating a potential influence of e-waste pollution on the microbial community structure and function in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Ecology and Evolution, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Ecology and Evolution, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Hao-Yue Shu
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Ecology and Evolution, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Xue-Rui Lin
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Qi-Xing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Torleif Bramryd
- Department of Environmental Strategy, University of Lund, Campus Helsingborg, PO Box 882, SE-251 08 Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Wen-Sheng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Ecology and Evolution, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Li-Nan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Ecology and Evolution, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
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3
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Puype F, Samsonek J, Vilímková V, Kopečková Š, Ratiborská A, Knoop J, Egelkraut-Holtus M, Ortlieb M, Oppermann U. Towards a generic procedure for the detection of relevant contaminants from waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) in plastic food-contact materials: a review and selection of key parameters. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1767-1783. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1332430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franky Puype
- Institute for Testing and Certification, Inc, Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Samsonek
- Institute for Testing and Certification, Inc, Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Věra Vilímková
- Institute for Testing and Certification, Inc, Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Kopečková
- Institute for Testing and Certification, Inc, Zlín, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jan Knoop
- Shimadzu Europa GmbH, Duisburg, Germany
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4
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Vitiello R, Tesser R, Turco R, Santacesaria E, Compagnone G, Di Serio M. A critical review on analytical methods and characterization of butyl and bromobutyl rubber. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2017.1297887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Vitiello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy
| | - R. Tesser
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy
| | - R. Turco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - M. Di Serio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy
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5
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Characterization of Some Real Mixed Plastics from WEEE: A Focus on Chlorine and Bromine Determination by Different Analytical Methods. SUSTAINABILITY 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/su8111107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Sindiku O, Babayemi J, Osibanjo O, Schlummer M, Schluep M, Watson A, Weber R. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers listed as Stockholm Convention POPs, other brominated flame retardants and heavy metals in e-waste polymers in Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:14489-501. [PMID: 25062546 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were the first brominated persistent organic pollutants (POPs) listed in the Stockholm Convention. Parties to the convention are currently establishing inventories for developing action plans for the environmentally sound management of PBDE-containing materials. The major use of commercial octabromodiphenyl ether (c-OctaBDE) has been in casings from cathode ray tube (CRT) TVs and computer monitors. Large quantities of used e-waste and electronic equipment have been exported to developing countries with Nigeria being a major importer in Africa. The casings from 382 TVs and computers imported from major world regions to Nigeria were sampled in backyards and waste dumps. The samples were screened with X-ray flourescence (XRF) for bromine and analysed by gas chromatography/ electron capture detection (GC/ECD) for brominated flame retardants (BFRs). A high proportion of the CRT casings (61 %) contained more than 10,000 ppm bromine from BFRs. Decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) was the major flame retardant used in TV sets and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) for computer CRTs.The screening suggests that average PBDE levels (of c-OctaBDE + DecaBDE) in Nigerian-stockpiled CRT casings were 1.1 % for TV and 0.13 % for PC CRTs. These are above the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) limit and should be separated for RoHS compliant recycling. The Nigerian e-waste inventory of 237,000 t of CRT plastic would therefore contain approx. 594 t c-OctaBDE and 1,880 t of DecaBDE. In Nigeria, as for most developing countries, there is currently no adequate e-waste management, plastic separation or destruction capacity. The data highlight the urgent need to develop environmentally sound management for this large material flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omotayo Sindiku
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Joshua Babayemi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oladele Osibanjo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- Basel Convention Coordinating Centre for Training and Technology Transfer for the African Region, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Martin Schlummer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Mathias Schluep
- Empa Technology and Society Lab, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alan Watson
- Public Interest Consultant, Swansea, SA4 3TY, Wales, UK
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, 73527, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany.
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Liang H, Rodrigue D, Brisson J. Characterization of recycled styrene butadiene rubber ground tire rubber: Combining X-ray fluorescence, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamical thermal analysis for quality control. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liang
- CERMA (Centre de recherche sur les matériaux avancés) and CQMF (Centre québécois sur les matériaux fonctionnels), Université Laval; Quebec City Quebec Canada G1V 0A6
- Department of Chemistry; Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval; Quebec City Quebec Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- CERMA (Centre de recherche sur les matériaux avancés) and CQMF (Centre québécois sur les matériaux fonctionnels), Université Laval; Quebec City Quebec Canada G1V 0A6
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval; Quebec City Quebec Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Josée Brisson
- CERMA (Centre de recherche sur les matériaux avancés) and CQMF (Centre québécois sur les matériaux fonctionnels), Université Laval; Quebec City Quebec Canada G1V 0A6
- Department of Chemistry; Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval; Quebec City Quebec Canada G1V 0A6
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8
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Puype F, Samsonek J, Knoop J, Egelkraut-Holtus M, Ortlieb M. Evidence of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) relevant substances in polymeric food-contact articles sold on the European market. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:410-26. [PMID: 25599136 PMCID: PMC4409035 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1009499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In order to confirm the possibility that recycled fractions from the waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) stream were illegally entering the European market in black polymeric food-contact articles (FCAs), bromine quantification, brominated flame retardant (BFR) identification combined with WEEE-relevant elemental analysis and polymer impurity analysis were performed. From the 10 selected FCAs, seven samples contained a bromine level ranging from 57 to 5975 mg kg−1, which is lower than expected to achieve flame retardancy. The BFRs that were present were tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), decabromodiphenylether (decaBDE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE). Typical elements used in electronic equipment and present in WEEE were detected either at trace level or at elevated concentrations. In all cases when bromine was detected at higher concentrations, concurrently antimony was also detected, which confirms the synergetic use of antimony in combination with BFRs. This study describes also the measurement of rare earth elements where combinations of cerium, dysprosium, lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium and yttrium were detected in four of the seven BFR-positive samples. Additionally, polymer purity was investigated where in all cases foreign polymer fractions were detected. Despite the fact that this study was carried out on a very small amount of samples, there is a significant likelihood that WEEE has been used for the production of FCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franky Puype
- a Institute for Testing and Certification, Inc ., Zlin , Czech Republic
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9
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Pérez-Belis V, Bovea MD, Ibáñez-Forés V. An in-depth literature review of the waste electrical and electronic equipment context: trends and evolution. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2015; 33:3-29. [PMID: 25406121 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x14557382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) is continuously increasing worldwide and, consequently, so is the amount of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) it generates at its end-of-life. In parallel to this growth, legislation related to this issue has been passed in different countries with the aim of improving the management of WEEE. In order to raise awareness about the situation in which the generation, composition, management or final treatment of this kind of waste currently finds itself, an extensive number of articles have been published around the world. The aim of this paper is to define and analyse the main areas of research on WEEE by offering a broader analysis of the relevant literature in this field published between 1992 and August 2014. The literature researched comprises 307 articles, which are analysed according to the topic they focus on (WEEE management, WEEE generation, WEEE characterisation, social aspects of WEEE, re-use of EEE or economic aspects of WEEE). In addition, a deeper analysis is also presented, which takes into account the temporal evolution (globally and by topic), location of the study, categories and subcategories analysed, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pérez-Belis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Construction, Universitat Jaume I, Spain
| | - M D Bovea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Construction, Universitat Jaume I, Spain
| | - V Ibáñez-Forés
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Construction, Universitat Jaume I, Spain
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10
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Quan SX, Yan B, Lei C, Yang F, Li N, Xiao XM, Fu JM. Distribution of heavy metal pollution in sediments from an acid leaching site of e-waste. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 499:349-355. [PMID: 25203827 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The spatial distribution, bioavailability, potential risks and emission sources of 12 heavy metals in sediments from an acid leaching site of e-waste were investigated. The results showed that the sediments from the acid leaching site were significantly contaminated with Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, Sb and Pb, especially in the middle sediments (30-50 cm), with average concentrations of 4820, 1260, 10.7, 2660, 5690 and 2570 mg/kg, respectively. Cu, Cd and Pb were mainly present in the non-residual fractions, suggesting that the sediments from the acid leaching site may exert considerable risks. Mn, Ni, Zn, Sn and Sb were predominantly associated with the residual fraction. Despite their low reactivity and bioavailability, uncommon pollutants, such as Sn and Sb, may exert environmental risks due to their extremely elevated total concentrations. All of these results indicate that there is an urgent need to control the sources of heavy metal emission and to remediate contaminated sediments. CAPTURE ABSTRACT In addition to Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb, the sediments from an acid leaching site in Guiyu were heavily polluted with uncommon heavy metal pollutants, such as Sn and Sb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Xiang Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Chang Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xian-Ming Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jia-Mo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Vander Hoogerstraete T, Jamar S, Wellens S, Binnemans K. Determination of Halide Impurities in Ionic Liquids by Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3931-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5000812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Vander Hoogerstraete
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box
2404, Heverlee, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Steven Jamar
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box
2404, Heverlee, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Sil Wellens
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box
2404, Heverlee, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box
2404, Heverlee, B-3001, Belgium
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12
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Ballesteros-Gómez A, Brandsma SH, de Boer J, Leonards PEG. Direct probe atmospheric pressure photoionization/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry for fast screening of flame retardants and plasticizers in products and waste. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:2503-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Vander Hoogerstraete T, Jamar S, Wellens S, Binnemans K. Determination of Halide Ions in Solution by Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence (TXRF) Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:1391-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403583u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Vander Hoogerstraete
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F P.O. Box
2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Steven Jamar
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F P.O. Box
2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Sil Wellens
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F P.O. Box
2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F P.O. Box
2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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14
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Development of a miniature dielectric barrier discharge–optical emission spectrometric system for bromide and bromate screening in environmental water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 809:30-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Accurate measurement of bromine contents in plastic samples by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 769:22-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Dimitrakakis E, Janz A, Bilitewski B, Gidarakos E. Determination of heavy metals and halogens in plastics from electric and electronic waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2009; 29:2700-2706. [PMID: 19581078 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The presence of hazardous substances and preparations in small waste electrical and electronic equipment (sWEEE) found in the residual household waste stream of the city of Dresden, Germany has been investigated. The content of sWEEE plastics in heavy metals and halogens is determined using handheld X-ray fluorescence analysis (HXRF), elemental analysis by means of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and ion exchange chromatography (IEC). Mean value of results for heavy metals in samples (n=51) by AAS are 17.4 mg/kg for Pb, 5.7 mg/kg for Cd, 8.4 mg/kg for Cr. The mass fraction of an additive as shown by HXRF (n=161) can vary over a wide range. Precise deductions as regards sWEEE plastics content in hazardous substances and preparations cannot be made. Additional research would be expedient regarding the influence of hazardous substances to recycling processes, in particular regarding the contamination of clean fractions in the exit streams of a WEEE treatment plant. Suitable standards for calibrating HXRF for use on EEE plastics or complex electr(on)ic components do not exist and should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Dimitrakakis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Laboratory of Toxic and Hazardous Waste Management, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece
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Dimitrakakis E, Janz A, Bilitewski B, Gidarakos E. Small WEEE: determining recyclables and hazardous substances in plastics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 161:913-919. [PMID: 18513864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An examination regarding the determination of recyclables and hazardous substances in small waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) found in the residual household waste stream of the city of Dresden, Germany, is described. Firstly, attitudes towards the disposal of small WEEE in the latter are assessed, and product types and categories which mostly contribute to its composition are identified. Physical parameters which could be used as mechanical sorting criteria are measured, and the material composition of the small WEEE found is determined. The hazardous substances' "base" charge in the residual waste is established by means of atomic absorption spectrometry and ionic chromatography, as a first step in estimating the contribution of small WEEE to its pollutant load. Consequently, the content of small WEEE plastics in key heavy metals and halogens is determined. Key conclusions are drawn concerning the future strategic development and practical implementation of the 2002/96/EC Directive, in relation to small WEEE management and recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Dimitrakakis
- Laboratory of Toxic & Hazardous Waste Management, Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Polytechnioupolis, 73100 Chania, Greece.
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Kemmlein S, Herzke D, Law RJ. Brominated flame retardants in the European chemicals policy of REACH—Regulation and determination in materials. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:320-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Vázquez AS, Costa-Fernandez JM, Encinar JR, Pereiro R, Sanz-Medel A. Bromine determination in polymers by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and its potential for fast first screening of brominated flame retardants in polymers and paintings. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 623:140-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Solà Vázquez A, Martín A, Costa-Fernandez JM, Ruiz Encinar J, Bordel N, Pereiro R, Sanz-Medel A. Quantification of bromine in flame-retardant coatings by radiofrequency glow discharge–optical emission spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:683-90. [PMID: 17565484 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing concern regarding the toxicity and environmental distribution and impact of brominated organic compounds employed as flame retardants. Thus, present interest in searching for new analytical techniques and methods allowing a rapid, simple and reliable detection of those compounds in materials and wastes potentially containing such flame retardants is not surprising. The feasibility of using radiofrequency glow discharge plasma spectrometry coupled with optical emission spectrometry (rf-GD-OES) as a rapid and simple tool to directly analyse bromine-containing flame-retardant polymeric layers is investigated here. Polymeric layers for calibration were made by mixing appropriate amounts of tetrabromobisphenol A, bisphenol A, phloroglucinol and diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate in tetrahydrofuran. The corresponding blanks (polymers without tetrabromobisphenol A) were also prepared. Detection of bromine was investigated both in the visible (at 470.48 nm) and in the near-infrared (at 827.24 nm) regions, using a charge-coupled device for detection. Discharge parameters affecting the emission intensity of bromine were first optimized (in argon and helium as possible plasma gases) and the analytical performance characteristics were then evaluated. The best detection limit (0.044% Br) was achieved measuring Br I 827.24 nm in a He discharge, using a forward power of 70 W and a pressure of 45 Torr. The linearity range extended up to 27% Br. Finally, the applicability of the rf-GD-OES method proposed to the quantitative analysis of bromine in solid materials coated with flame-retardant commercial paints was successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auristela Solà Vázquez
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julian Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Schlummer M, Gruber L, Mäurer A, Wolz G, van Eldik R. Characterisation of polymer fractions from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and implications for waste management. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:1866-76. [PMID: 17207844 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in the end-of-life management of polymers present in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). This is mainly due to high recycling and recovery quotas set by the European WEEE directive, which can only be fulfilled by including the plastic fraction in recycling and recovery approaches. Previous studies identified a high material diversity and various contaminants in WEEE plastics, including heavy metals, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as well as polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/F). These substances are regulated by European directives that limit their levels in marketable products. Consequently, both material diversity and contaminants are strong arguments against material recycling and point to hazardous waste treatment. However, recent developments in the production of flame retardants and electrical and electronic goods aimed to reduce contaminants and material diversity. Thus, the present study summarises updated contaminant levels of plastic fractions of European WEEE, as well as data on materials in waste housing polymers. Material characterisation revealed housing fractions to be interesting sources for polymer recycling, which however has to implement potent material separation and/or bromine elimination techniques. With respect to contaminants, our data indicate an effective phase-out of PBB, but still high levels of PBDE and PBDD/F are found. Sources and implications for the material recycling and thermal recovery approaches are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schlummer
- Department Product Safety and Analysis, Fraunhofer-Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Ernst T, Popp R, Wolf M, van Eldik R. Analysis of eco-relevant elements and noble metals in printed wiring boards using AAS, ICP-AES and EDXRF. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 375:805-14. [PMID: 12664182 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-003-1802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2002] [Revised: 06/07/2002] [Accepted: 06/10/2002] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Different analytical procedures were developed to investigate the chemical composition of printed wiring boards. A set of 11 samples from different electronic devices were ground and prepared for ICP-AES and AAS analyses by extraction with aqua regia and microwave digestion. Several sample preparation techniques were used for the analyses by EDXRF; the best results were obtained by embedding the samples in Vaseline. Since no standard reference material is available for printed wiring boards, a model reference material was created to compare the applicability and limitations of the employed analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ernst
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Fink H, Panne U, Niessner R. Process analysis of recycled thermoplasts from consumer electronics by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2002; 74:4334-42. [PMID: 12236340 DOI: 10.1021/ac025650v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An experimental setup for direct elemental analysis of recycled thermoplasts from consumer electronics by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS, or laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, LIBS) was realized. The combination of a echelle spectrograph, featuring a high resolution with a broad spectral coverage, with multivariate methods, such as PLS, PCR, and variable subset selection via a genetic algorithm, resulted in considerable improvements in selectivity and sensitivity for this complex matrix. With a normalization to carbon as internal standard, the limits of detection were in the ppm range. A preliminary pattern recognition study points to the possibility of polymer recognition via the line-rich echelle spectra. Several experiments at an extruder within a recycling plant demonstrated successfully the capability of LIPS for different kinds of routine on-line process analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Fink
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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Fink H, Panne U, Niessner R. Analysis of recycled thermoplasts from consumer electronics by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)01357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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