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Fuentes-Ferragud E, Miralles P, López A, Ibáñez M, Coscollà C. Non-target screening and human risk assessment for adult and child populations of semi-volatile organic compounds in residential indoor dust in Spain. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139879. [PMID: 37598947 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an analytical strategy based on non-target screening of semi-volatile organic compounds and subsequent risk assessment for adult and child populations has been conducted for the first time in household indoor dust samples in Spain. The methodology was based on a microwave-assisted extraction followed by gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry determination, using a hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap analyzer. The procedure was applied to 19 residential indoor dust samples, collected in different Spanish regions (namely Galicia, La Rioja, Catalunya, the Balearic Islands, and the Valencian Region). From the generated data, 4067 features were obtained, of which 474 compounds were tentatively identified with a high level of identification confidence (probable structure by library spectrum match or confirmed by reference standard), using a restrictive set of identification criteria. Most of the identified chemicals were natural products, metabolites, additives, and substances with industrial applications in the field of foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and plastics. Finally, risk assessment was carried out by applying the threshold of toxicological concern approach, showing that risk to adult and child populations associated with the presence of the identified substances in the indoor dust was not expected, although the existence of indoor environments with conditions of potential risk cannot be discarded under a worst-case scenario approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Fuentes-Ferragud
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Av. Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Pablo Miralles
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Av. Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Antonio López
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Av. Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Ibáñez
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Clara Coscollà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Av. Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
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Gunathilake TMSU, Ching YC, Kadokami K. An overview of organic contaminants in indoor dust, their health impact, geographical distribution and recent extraction/analysis methods. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:677-713. [PMID: 34170457 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
People spend a substantial proportion of their time indoors; therefore, exposure to contaminants in indoor dust is persistent and profuse. According to the findings of recent studies, contaminants such as flame retardants (FRs), organochlorines (OCs), and phthalate esters (PAEs) are more prevalent in indoor dust. The discrepancy in the geographical distribution of these chemicals indicates country-specific applications. However, many studies have revealed that chlorophosphates, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate are frequently detected in indoor dust throughout the world. Although some chemicals (e.g., OCs) were banned/severely restricted decades ago, they have still been detected in indoor dust. These organic contaminants have shown clear evidence of carcinogenic, neurotoxic, immunogenic, and estrogenic activities. Recent extraction methods have shown their advantages, such as high recoveries, less solvent consumption, less extraction time and simplicity of use. The latest separation techniques such as two-dimensional gas/liquid chromatography, latest ionization techniques (e.g., matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)), and modern techniques of mass spectrometry (e.g., tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), time-of-flight (TOF) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)) improve the detection limits, accuracy, reproducibility and simultaneous detection of organic contaminants. For future perspectives, it is suggested that the importance of the study of dust morphology for comprehensive risk analysis, introducing standard reference materials to strengthen the analytical methods, adopt common guidelines for comparison of research findings and the importance of dust analysis in the developing world since lack of records on the production and usage of hazardous substances. Such measures will help to evaluate the effectiveness of prevailing legislations and to set up new regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thennakoon M Sampath U Gunathilake
- Centre of Advanced Materials (CAM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yern Chee Ching
- Centre of Advanced Materials (CAM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Kiwao Kadokami
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, The University of Kitakyushu, Hibikino 1-1, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, 808-0135, Japan
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Ghadiri A, Salemi A. Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion Based on Carbon Nanotube Coupled with Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in Soil. J Chromatogr Sci 2017; 55:578-585. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Optimization of Membrane-Protected Micro-solid-Phase Extraction Coupled with Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in Soil Media. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Kaur R, Rani S, Malik AK, Aulakh JS. Determination of endosulfan isomers and their metabolites in tap water and commercial samples using microextraction by packed sorbent and GC-MS. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:966-73. [PMID: 24532542 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, accurate and sensitive method using microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) followed by GC-MS has been pursued for the determination of organochlorine insecticide endosulfan isomers (α and β) and their metabolites (ether, lactone and sulfate). MEPS is a miniaturised version of SPE employing C18 packing material. It is very efficient technique as it employs as low as 10 μL of sample volume. The distinct feature of MEPS is the magnitude of the elution volume that could be directly injected to GC system. Various parameters such as extraction cycles, washing solvent, elution solvent, elution volume and pH, which influenced the MEPS performance, were tested and optimised. The calibration curves were obtained in the concentration range 1-500 ng/mL. The results showed a close correlation coefficient (R(2) > 0.991) for all analytes in the calibration range studied. The LOD and LOQ obtained for GC-MS under selected ion monitoring acquisition are between 0.0038-0.01 and 0.0125-0.033 ng/mL, respectively. The developed method is applicable for the quantification of these compounds in tap water and commercial samples. This method has been shown to be selective as no interferences from endogenous substances were detected by analysis. This method not only decreases sample preparation time but is cheaper, eco-friendly and easier to perform compared to traditional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
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6
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Determination of 15 isomers of chlorobenzoic acid in soil samples using accelerated sample extraction followed by liquid chromatography. Talanta 2011; 84:1141-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sánchez-Rodríguez A, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodríguez JJ. Applicability of microwave-assisted extraction combined with LC-MS/MS in the evaluation of booster biocide levels in harbour sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 82:96-102. [PMID: 20947123 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A new sample treatment method for the determination of four common booster biocides (Diuron, TCMTB, Irgarol 1051 and Dichlofluanid) in harbour sediment samples has been developed that uses liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after microwave-assisted extraction, followed by clean-up and a solid phase extraction preconcentration step (MAE-SPE). The effects of different variables on MAE-SPE were studied. The recoveries obtained were greater than 75%, and the relative standard deviation was less than 7%. The detection limits ranged between 0.1 and 0.3 ng g⁻¹. The developed methodology was successfully applied to the evaluation of the presence of booster biocides in sediment samples from different harbours and marinas of Gran Canaria Island (Canary Islands, Spain).
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Park JH, Iqbal Rouf Mamun M, Abd El-Aty AM, Na TW, Choi JH, Ghafar MW, Kim KS, Kim SD, Shim JH. Development and validation of a multiresidue method for determination of 37 pesticides in soil using GC-NPD. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:1003-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Analysis of hexachlorocyclohexanes in aquatic samples by one-step microwave-assisted headspace controlled-temperature liquid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with electron capture detection. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1891-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 01/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Park JH, Mamun MIR, Choi JH, Abd El-Aty AM, Assayed ME, Choi WJ, Yoon KS, Han SS, Kim HK, Park BJ, Kim KS, Kim SD, Choi HG, Shim JH. Development of a multiresidue method for the determination of multiclass pesticides in soil using GC. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 24:893-901. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Cueva-Mestanza R, Torres-Padrón ME, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodríguez JJ. Microwave-assisted micellar extraction coupled with solid-phase extraction for preconcentration of pharmaceuticals in molluscs prior to determination by HPLC. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:1115-22. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Cueva-Mestanza R, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Torres-Padrón M, Santana-Rodríguez J. Preconcentration of pharmaceuticals residues in sediment samples using microwave assisted micellar extraction coupled with solid phase extraction and their determination by HPLC–UV. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 863:150-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Santana Rodríguez JJ, Sosa Ferrera Z, Vega Moreno D, Torres Padrón ME, Mahugo Santana C. Recent trends in the use of organized molecular systems combined with chromatographic techniques in environmental analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:725-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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SPME and SPE comparative study for coupling with microwave-assisted micellar extraction in the analysis of organochlorine pesticides residues in seaweed samples. Microchem J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Hussen A, Westbom R, Megersa N, Mathiasson L, Björklund E. Selective pressurized liquid extraction for multi-residue analysis of organochlorine pesticides in soil. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:247-53. [PMID: 17400237 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Revised: 02/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A selective pressurized liquid extraction (SPLE) procedure capable of performing simultaneous extraction and clean-up has been demonstrated for multi-residue analysis of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soil. The final method was performed at 100 degrees C for 3 x 10 min using acetone/n-heptane (1:1, v/v). Florisil was placed inside the extraction cell downstream the sample to remove interfering compounds. Extraction of two soil samples by SPLE gave a recovery which was over 80% for beta-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE compared to PLE with off-line clean-up. The same trend was observed when applying the SPLE method to a certified reference soil sample (CRM 811-050) containing 13 OCPs, where the SPLE method gave 80-90% recovery vis-à-vis the PLE method with off-line clean-up. Feasibility of the SPLE method was further demonstrated by applying it to five real soil samples collected in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hussen
- Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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16
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Vega Moreno D, Sosa Ferrera Z, Santana Rodríguez JJ. Sample extraction method combining micellar extraction-SPME and HPLC for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in agricultural soils. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:7747-52. [PMID: 17002448 DOI: 10.1021/jf0614544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A method for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in soil samples combining microwave assisted micellar extraction (MAME) with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and high-performance liquid chromatography-UV has been developed. A mixture of two nonionic surfactants (polyoxyethylene 10 lauryl ether and polyoxyethylene 10 stearyl ether) was used for the extraction of pesticides from agricultural soils, and different types of SPME fibers were compared. The different parameters which affect extraction efficiency in the SPME procedure were optimized such as extraction time and temperature. The method developed involves extraction and preconcentration for the target analytes in soil samples. The analytical parameters were also studied and good recoveries obtained, RSD being lower than 10% and detection limits ranging between 36 and 164 ng g(-1) for the pesticides studied. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of some organochlorine pesticides in several kinds of agricultural soil samples with different characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vega Moreno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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17
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Bélanger JMR, Paré JRJ. Applications of microwave-assisted processes (MAP™) to environmental analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1049-58. [PMID: 16947005 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0766-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of microwave-assisted extraction has gained wide acceptance as a powerful tool for the recovery of environmental contaminants and their subsequent analysis. This paper reviews the historical and fundamental basis of the technology. It also provides a cursory review of the current state-of-the-art and literature (2000-2006) in the area of environmental analysis in addition to providing a critical review of the level of efforts being devoted to its further development.
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18
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Navarro P, Cortazar E, Bartolomé L, Deusto M, Raposo JC, Zuloaga O, Arana G, Etxebarria N. Comparison of solid phase extraction, saponification and gel permeation chromatography for the clean-up of microwave-assisted biological extracts in the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1128:10-6. [PMID: 16843476 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Revised: 05/29/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of different clean-up procedures was studied for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in biota samples such as oysters, mussels and fish liver. In this sense, once the samples were extracted--essentially with acetone and in a microwave system--and before they could be analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), three different approaches were studied for the clean-up step: solid phase extraction (SPE), microwave-assisted saponification (MAS) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The main aim of this work was to maximise the recoveries of PAHs and to minimise the presence of interfering compounds in the last extract. In the case of SPE, Florisil cartridges of 1, 2 and 5 g, and silica cartridges of 5 g were studied. In that case, and with oysters and mussels, microwave-assisted extraction and 5 g Florisil cartridges provided good results. In addition, the concentrations obtained for Standard Reference Material (SRM) NIST 2977 (mussel tissue) were in good agreement with the certified values. In the case of microwave-assisted saponification, the extracts were not as clean as those obtained with 5 g Florisil and this fact lead to overestimate the concentration of the heaviest PAHs. Finally, the cleanest extracts were obtained by GPC. The method was successfully applied to mussels, oysters and hake liver, and the results obtained for NIST 2977 (mussel tissue) were within the confidence interval of the certified reference material for most of the certified analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Navarro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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Garrido-López A, Esquiu V, Tena MT. Determination of oleamide and erucamide in polyethylene films by pressurised fluid extraction and gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1124:51-6. [PMID: 16716333 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Revised: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A pressurized fluid extraction (PFE) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) method is proposed to determine the slip agents in polyethylene (PE) films. The study of PFE variables was performed using a fractional factorial design (FFD) for screening and a central composite design (CCD) for optimizing the main variables obtained from the Pareto charts. The variables that were studied include temperature, static time, percentage of cyclohexane and the number of extraction cycles. The final condition selected was pure isopropanol (two times) at 105 degrees C for 16min. The recovery of spiked oleamide and erucamide was around 100%. The repeatability of the method was between 9.6% for oleamide and 8% for erucamide, expressed as relative standard deviation. Finally, the method was applied to determine oleamide and erucamide in several polyethylene films and the results were statistically equal to those obtained by pyrolysis and gas-phase chemiluminescence (CL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Garrido-López
- Chemistry Department, University of La Rioja, C/Madre de Dios 51, Logroño (La Rioja), E-26006, Spain
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21
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Moreno DV, Ferrera ZS, Rodríguez JJS. Microwave assisted micellar extraction coupled with solid phase microextraction for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in soil samples. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 571:51-7. [PMID: 17723419 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Revised: 04/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microwave assisted micellar extraction (MAME) coupled with solid phase microextraction (SPME) and HPLC-UV determination have been used for the determination of five organochlorine pesticides from agricultural soil samples. A non-ionic surfactant, Polyoxyethlylene 10 Lauryl Ether was used, and the different variables for the optimization of MAME and SPME procedures were studied. This method was applied successfully to the determination of these pesticides in several kinds of agricultural soil samples with different characteristics. Most of the compounds studied can be recovered in good yields with R.S.D. lower than 9% and detection limit ranged between 56-96 ng g(-1) for the pesticides studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daura Vega Moreno
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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22
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Peña A, Ruano F, Mingorance MD. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of pesticides from olive branches: a multifactorial approach to method development. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 385:918-25. [PMID: 16791572 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0449-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2006] [Revised: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and simple method has been developed for the analysis in olive branches of two insecticides currently used in olive pest control, dimethoate and alpha-cypermethrin. The effects of analytical conditions on pesticide recovery and the optimal extraction conditions were evaluated by means of a factorial design. The use of this chemometric tool in analytical method development allows the identification of the principal and interaction effects of the extraction conditions on the recovery of pesticides. It also gives information about the location of pesticide maximum recovery with minimal experimental investment. Extraction was carried out with an ultrasonic bath and the experimental conditions studied included the volume of extractant, the time of extraction, the number of extraction steps and the sample weight. The sample was further cleaned up using a Florisil solid-phase extraction cartridge. For the overall extraction procedure, recoveries of 99 % for alpha-cypermethrin and 90 % for dimethoate from the spiked samples were found for 1 g of sample extracted three times with 35 mL hexane, sonicating for 2 min in each step. The complete process including ultrasonic extraction and filtration will not require more than 15-20 min, in contrast with several hours for conventional liquid-solid extraction techniques. The proposed method allows a high sample throughput, as commonly required in monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Peña
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), c/ Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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Vega Moreno D, Sosa Ferrera Z, Santana Rodríguez JJ. Use of polyoxyethylene surfactants for the extraction of organochlorine pesticides from agricultural soils. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1104:11-7. [PMID: 16359683 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two non-ionic surfactant mixtures (POLE and Polyoxyethylene 10 Cetyl ether, POLE and Polyoxyethylene 10 Stearyl ether) have been used for microwave-assisted extraction of six organochlorine pesticides from agricultural soils prior to being determined by HPLC-UV. An experimental design was applied for the determination of variables which affect to recovery and to optimize the extraction parameters, surfactant concentration and volume, microwave time and power. Under the optimized conditions, the method was applied to different soil samples in order to analyze the influence of soil characteristics on the pesticides extraction. The results obtained indicate that most of these compounds can be recovered in good yields with RSD lower than 10% and detection limit ranged between 80 and 800 ng g(-1) for the pesticides studied. The proposed method was applied to a reference soil sample and to aged soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daura Vega Moreno
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Hussen A, Westbom R, Megersa N, Mathiasson L, Björklund E. Development of a pressurized liquid extraction and clean-up procedure for the determination of α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate in aged contaminated Ethiopian soils. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1103:202-10. [PMID: 16368102 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was investigated for the extraction of two endosulfan isomers and their metabolite from two real contaminated soil samples. PLE for 3x10min at 100 degrees C was proven to be more exhaustive than Soxhlet extraction (SOX) in one soil sample. On the other soil sample investigated the method was found to be equally exhaustive as SOX. The use of hazardous organic solvents such as n-hexane, toluene, and diethyl ether has been avoided in PLE and clean-up. Instead less toxic solvents have been used both at the extraction step (acetone/n-heptane) and clean-up step (ethyl acetate/n-heptane). A column Florisil clean-up procedure that consumes relatively low solvent volumes has been optimized and applied to purify soil extracts. The developed analytical procedure was validated by applying it to a certified reference soil material (CRM811-050). A recovery of 103% total endosulfan residue was obtained versus certified values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hussen
- Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Garrido-López A, Tena MT. Experimental design approach for the optimisation of pressurised fluid extraction of additives from polyethylene films. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1099:75-83. [PMID: 16330274 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A pressurised fluid extraction (PFE) and normal-phase-high performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC) method is proposed for the determination of additives in polyethylene films. The study of PFE variables was performed using a Plackett-Burman (PB) experimental design for screening and a central composite design (CCD) for optimising the main variables obtained from the Pareto charts. The studied variables were: temperature, time, cyclohexane (CHx) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as modifiers, flush volume and extraction cycles, and an isopropanol:CHx (92.5:7.5) mixture twice at 105 degrees C for 15 min were the final conditions selected. The additives in the PFE extracts were separated by NP-HPLC using a silica column and a gradient n-hexane:dichloromethane:acetonitrile mobile phase. Additive solubility is higher in normal-phase solvents; thus, their separation can be carried out at room temperature. Finally, the method was applied to determine additives in several polyethylene films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Garrido-López
- Chemistry Department, University of La Rioja, C/Madre de Dios 51, E-26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
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26
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Fountoulakis M, Drillia P, Pakou C, Kampioti A, Stamatelatou K, Lyberatos G. Analysis of nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates in sewage sludge by high performance liquid chromatography following microwave-assisted extraction. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1089:45-51. [PMID: 16130770 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPnEOs) constitute a significant portion of the non-ionic surfactant market. The presence of nonylphenol (NP) in the aquatic environment is often a product of the microbial breakdown of NPEOs through discharge of industrial effluents and sewage treatment plants. The aim of this work is to develop the microwave-assisted extraction for the determination of the NP and NPEO in sewage sludge and compare this method with more traditional methods such as Soxhlet extraction and sonication. The method efficiency was evaluated as to the linearity, repeatability, accuracy, and sensitivity. Recoveries were 61.4% for NPEO and 91.4% for NP with repeatability less than 5%. The detection limit was 1.82 microg/g for NPEO and 2.86 microg/g for NP. The developed method was applied on sewage sludge samples from the sewage treatment plants of three Greek cities: Athens, Patras and Heraklion and were ranged 12.8-233.5 mg/kg for NPEO and 3.6-93 mg/kg for NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Fountoulakis
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering & Environmental Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece
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28
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Concha-Graña E, Turnes-Carou MI, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Fernández-Fernández E, Prada-Rodríguez D. Development of pressurized liquid extraction and cleanup procedures for determination of organochlorine pesticides in soils. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1047:147-55. [PMID: 15481470 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The scope of this work is the development of a rapid, reliable and sensitive method for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides from soils by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). The effect of four parameters (temperature, pressure, static time and cell volume) on the extraction efficiency was studied. The great extracting power of the PLE causes the extraction of numerous interfering substances, so a more efficient purification of this extract was necessary. In this work several sorbents have also been assayed to carry out the purification of soil samples: Florisil, silica, alumina, carbon, as well as combinations of them. Finally, the proposed analytical method was validated using a certified reference soil material (CRM804-050) and the results were compared with those obtained by other extraction techniques (Soxhlet and microwave-assisted extraction).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Concha-Graña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
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29
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Microwave-assisted extraction versus Soxhlet extraction for the analysis of short-chain chlorinated alkanes in sediments. J Chromatogr A 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Concha-Graña E, Barriada-Pereira M, Turnes-Carou MI, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada Rodríguez D. Microwave extraction of organochlorine pesticides from soils. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 375:1225-8. [PMID: 12733042 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-003-1823-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2002] [Revised: 01/02/2003] [Accepted: 01/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to develop a rapid, reliable and sensitive method for the extraction of organochlorine pesticides from soils using microwave energy with closed vessel technology. Three oven programs were assayed with two different solvent mixtures in order to achieve adequate experimental conditions for the complete extraction of organochlorine pesticides from the matrix. The method was validated using a certified reference soil material (CRM804-050).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Concha-Graña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
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31
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Shalat SL, Donnelly KC, Freeman NCG, Calvin JA, Ramesh S, Jimenez M, Black K, Coutinho C, Needham LL, Barr DB, Ramirez J. Nondietary ingestion of pesticides by children in an agricultural community on the US/Mexico border: preliminary results. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2003; 13:42-50. [PMID: 12595883 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2002] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
An environmental measurement and correlation study of nondietary ingestion of pesticides was carried out in a colonia in south Texas. The purpose of the study was to evaluate young children's exposure to environmental levels of organophosphate (OP) pesticides in the household. Samples were collected to measure levels of OP pesticides in housedust and on children's hands. These, in turn, were compared to levels of OP pesticide metabolites in urine. A total of 52 children, 25 boys and 27 girls, participated in the spring and summer of 2000. The children were 7-53 months of age at the time of recruitment. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were carried out using SAS statistical software. Seventy-six percent of housedust samples and 50% of hand rinse samples contained OP pesticides. All urine samples had at least one metabolite and over 95% had at least two metabolites above the limit of detection (LOD). Total OP loadings in the housedust ranged from nondetectable (nd) to 78.03 nmol/100 cm(2) (mean=0.15 nmol/100 cm(2); median=0.07 nmol/100 cm(2)); total OP loadings on the children's hands ranged from nd to 13.40 nmol/100 cm(2) (mean=1.21 nmol/100 cm(2); median=1.41 nmol/100 cm(2)), and creatinine corrected urinary levels (nmol/mol creatinine) of total OP metabolites ranged from 3.2 to 257 nmol/mol creatinine (mean=42.6; median 27.4 nmol/mol creatinine). Urinary metabolites were inversely associated with the age of the child (in months) with the parameter estimate (pe)=-2.11, P=0.0070, and 95% confidence interval -3.60 to -0.61. The multivariate analysis observed a weak association between concentrations of OP pesticides in housedust, loadings in housedust, and concentration on hands, hand surface area, and urinary levels of OP metabolites. However, hand loadings of OP pesticides were more strongly associated (r(2)=0.28; P=0.0156) with urinary levels of OP metabolites (pe=6.39; 95% CI 0.98-11.80). This study's preliminary findings suggest that surface loadings of pesticides, on hands, are more highly correlated with urinary bioassays and, therefore, may be more useful for estimation of exposure in epidemiologic studies than levels of pesticides in housedust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart L Shalat
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
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Siddique T, Okeke BC, Arshad M, Frankenberger WT. Temperature and pH effects on biodegradation of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers in water and a soil slurry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:5070-5076. [PMID: 12188610 DOI: 10.1021/jf0204304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to monitor the biodegradation of alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers in liquid culture by a Pandoraea species and determine the influence of pH and temperature on the biodegradation of alpha- and gamma-HCH in liquid as well as in soil slurry cultures. The Pandoraea species degraded 79.4% delta-HCH and 34.3% gamma-HCH in liquid culture at 4 weeks of incubation. alpha- and beta-HCH exhibited almost identical rates (41.6 and 42.4%, respectively) of degradation. The highest degradation of alpha- and gamma-HCH (67.1 and 60.2%, respectively) was observed at an initial pH of 8.0 in liquid; 58.4 and 51.7% rates of degradation of alpha- and gamma-HCH, respectively, at an initial pH of 9.0 were found in soil slurry cultures. An incubation temperature of 30 degrees C was optimum for effective degradation of alpha- and gamma-HCH isomers (62.5 and 57.7%, respectively) in liquid culture, and 54.3 and 51.9% rates of degradation of alpha- and gamma-HCH isomers, respectively, were found in a soil slurry. Increasing the soil/water ratio decreased the extent of degradation of both HCH isomers. Degradation of HCH isomers occurred concomitant with bacterial growth. Byproducts of growth from Pandoraea species significantly decreased the pH of the liquid and the soil slurry during the growth on HCH isomers. The results of this study suggest that this bacterial strain may effectively be used for remediating polluted sites and water contaminated with different HCH isomers over a range of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Siddique
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA
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Vryzas Z, Papadopoulou-Mourkidou E. Determination of triazine and chloroacetanilide herbicides in soils by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) coupled to gas chromatographic analysis with either GC-NPD or GC-MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:5026-5033. [PMID: 12188602 DOI: 10.1021/jf020176f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid method based on microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) coupled to gas chromatographic analysis was developed for the analysis of triazine (atrazine, cyanazine, metribuzine, simazine and deethylatrazine, and deisopropylatrazine) and chloroacetanilide (acetochlor, alachlor, and metolachlor) herbicide residues in soils. Soil samples are processed by MAE for 5 min at 80 degrees C in the presence of acetonitrile (20 mL/sample). Mean recovery values of most solutes are >80% in the 10 to 500 microg/kg fortification range with respective RSDs (relative standard deviations) < 20%. The limits of quantification (LOQ) and limits of detection (LOD) are 10 and 1 to 5 microg/kg, respectively. The method was validated with two types of soils containing 1.5 and 3.0% organic matter content, respectively; no statistically significant differences were found between solute recovery values from the two types of soils. The solute mean recovery values from freshly spiked (24 h aging) and spiked samples stored refrigerated for one week before processed were also not statistically different. Residue levels determined in field weathered soils were higher when soils were processed by MAE than with a comparison method based on flask-shaking of soil suspensions overnight. Extracts were analyzed by a gas chromatographic system equipped either with a thermionic (GC-NPD) or a mass spectrometric detector (GC-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zisis Vryzas
- Aristotle University, Pesticide Science Laboratory, P.O. Box 1678, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Okeke BC, Siddique T, Arbestain MC, Frankenberger WT. Biodegradation of gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) and alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane in water and a soil slurry by a Pandoraea species. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:2548-2555. [PMID: 11958620 DOI: 10.1021/jf011422a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Isomers of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) were some of the most widely used pesticides. Despite reduction in their production and use, HCH isomers present a serious environmental hazard. In this study, two bacterial isolates (LIN-1 and LIN-3) that can grow on gamma-HCH as a sole source of carbon and energy were isolated from an enrichment culture. In liquid cultures of LIN-1 and LIN-3, 25.0 and 45.5% removal of gamma-HCH, respectively, were achieved in 2 weeks. LIN-3 was identified as Pandoraea sp. by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis (99% identity). Pandoraea sp. substantially degraded both gamma- and alpha-HCH isomers at concentrations of 10-200 mg L(-1) in liquid cultures. After 8 weeks of incubation in liquid culture, 89.9 and 93.3% of the gamma- and alpha-HCH isomers declined, respectively, at an initial concentration of 150 mg L(-1). In soil slurry cultures of Pandoraea sp., simulating a soil slurry phase bioremediation treatment, substantial decreases in the levels of the HCH isomers were observed at concentrations of 50-200 mg L(-1). After 9 weeks, 59.6 and 53.3% biodegradations of gamma- and alpha-HCH isomers, respectively, were achieved at 150 mg L(-1). Using two 23-mer oligonucloetide primers targeting the 330 bp region of the 16S rRNA gene of Pandoraea sp., an approximately 330 bp PCR product was successfully amplified from DNA templates prepared from bacterial colonies and soil slurry culture. This system provides a direct and rapid PCR-based molecular tool for tracking Pandoraea sp. strain LIN-3 in water and soils. These results have implied implications for the treatment of soils and water contaminated with HCH isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict C Okeke
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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35
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Vryzas Z, Papadakis EN, Papadopoulou-Mourkidou E. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)-acid hydrolysis of dithiocarbamates for trace analysis in tobacco and peaches. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:2220-6. [PMID: 11929274 DOI: 10.1021/jf0111864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid method is presented for the analysis of residues of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (maneb, zineb, and mancozeb) and N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamate (thiram and ziram) fungicides in dry tobacco leaves and peaches. Residues are extracted and hydrolyzed to CS(2) in a single step by use of microwave energy in a closed-vessel system while the evolved CS(2) trapped in a layer of iso-octane overlaying the reaction mixture is taken for gas chromatographic-flame photometric analysis. This combined extraction-hydrolysis step is carried out in 10 and 15 min for sets of 12 samples of tobacco and peach matrices, respectively. Total sample preparation time for GC analysis is 40 min. The limits of detection (LOD) are 0.005 mg/kg for thiram and ziram on peaches and 0.1 mg/kg for maneb, zineb, and mancozeb on tobacco. The respective LOD and limit of quantification (LOQ) levels in CS(2) equivalents are 0.003 and 0.006 mg/kg on peaches and 0.04 and 0.2 mg/kg on tobacco, respectively. Recoveries in the 0.01-60 mg/kg fortification range are 80-100% with respective relative standard deviations <20%. The method was used for the analysis of >3000 commercial tobacco samples including also different marketed cigarette brands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zisis Vryzas
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Aristotle University, P.O Box 1678, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Korta E, Bakkali A, Berrueta LA, Gallo B, Vicente F. Study of an accelerated solvent extraction procedure for the determination of acaricide residues in honey by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. J Food Prot 2002; 65:161-6. [PMID: 11808788 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-65.1.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) procedure has been optimized for the determination of synthetic acaricides (amitraz, bromopropylate, cymiazole, coumaphos, T-fluvalinate, and flumethrin) and their residues in honey by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The effects of experimental variables such as solvent composition, temperature, static extraction time, and solvent flush volume on the ASE efficiency have been studied. The acaricides were extracted by hexane-propanol (1/3, vol/vol) at 95 degrees C and 2.000 psi for 8 min. Recovery values of between 53 and 108% were achieved with the different substances, with coefficients of variation between 2 and 13% and limits of detection from 0.01 to 0.2 microg/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Korta
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
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Zuloaga O, Etxebarria N, Fernández LA, Madariaga JM. Optimization of Focused Microwave-Assisted Extraction of DDT and Derivatives from Soil Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4168(20001201)23:12<681::aid-jhrc681>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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