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de Sousa HS, Arruda-Santos R, Zanardi-Lamardo E, Suarez WT, de Oliveira JL, Farias RA, Bezerra Dos Santos V. A novel in situ method for linear alkylbenzene sulfonate quantification in environmental samples using a digital image-based method. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2009-2018. [PMID: 38517487 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00073k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Surfactants from detergents, when inadequately treated in sewage treatment plants, are carried away into estuaries, resulting in the contamination of aquatic environments. It is thus necessary to develop rapid and efficient techniques that are capable of effectively monitoring these pollutants. In this context, for the first time in the literature, this study reports the development and application of a digital image-based (DIB) method for the in situ quantification of the anionic surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in water bodies using a smartphone. The DIB method is a highly effective modern detection method based on methylene blue, which is employed as a modified alternative technique to the spectrophotometric method and commonly used in environmental studies; in the DIB method, the images of interest are obtained using a smartphone and the analyses are carried out using free software Color grab. The results obtained from the application of the DIB method showed that the method possesses high precision and accuracy, with a linear calibration curve in the range of 0.15 to 4.5 mg L-1, R2 = 0.993, a limit of detection of 6.0 μg L-1, and recovery rates ranging from 82.7% to 114%. The efficacy of the proposed method was evaluated by comparing its results with those of spectrophotometry (used as a reference method) through the analysis of environmental samples obtained from the Capibaribe River Estuary using methylene blue. No statistically significant differences were observed between the results obtained from the DIB and the spectrophotometric method. The innovative method proposed in this study is fast, economical and environmentally friendly; the technique involves the use of only a few microliters of samples and generates little waste compared to spectrophotometry. In addition, the proposed method is applicable for in situ analyses, allowing real-time monitoring of LAS in different types of aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helayne S de Sousa
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Automação Analítica Aplicada (LIA3), Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Roxanny Arruda-Santos
- Laboratório de Compostos Orgânicos em Ecossistemas Costeiros e Marinhos (OrganoMAR), Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Eliete Zanardi-Lamardo
- Laboratório de Compostos Orgânicos em Ecossistemas Costeiros e Marinhos (OrganoMAR), Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Willian T Suarez
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Renata A Farias
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Automação Analítica Aplicada (LIA3), Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Vagner Bezerra Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Automação Analítica Aplicada (LIA3), Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.
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2
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Dimzon IKD, Morata AS, Müller J, Yanela RK, Lebertz S, Weil H, Perez TR, Müller J, Dayrit FM, Knepper TP. Trace organic chemical pollutants from the lake waters of San Pablo City, Philippines by targeted and non-targeted analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:588-595. [PMID: 29800852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
More than half of the freshwater lakes in the Philippines are small with surface areas of <2 km2. The dynamics in these lakes are different from those in the bigger lakes. This study was conducted to determine the organic pollutants and their sources in three of the seven lakes of San Pablo City in Laguna, Philippines: lakes Palakpakin, Sampaloc, and Pandin. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid Chromatography - Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were used in the targeted and non-targeted analysis of the lake water samples. The three lakes are all volcanic crater lakes but are exposed to different anthropogenic activities, which includes domestic activities, livelihood (farming and aquaculture) and eco-tourism. Due to the presence of rice fields and fruit plantations, chlorpyrifos was detected in the three lakes while other pesticides like cypermethrin, picolinafen and quinoxyfen were additionally found in Lake Sampaloc, which is the biggest of the three lakes and located within the urbanized section of the city. Traces of different surfactants (linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, secondary alkyl sulfonates, alkyl sulfates, alkyl ether sulfates), biocide benzalkonium chloride, insect repellent diethyltoluamide, antibiotics (sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole), hypertension drug telmisartan, phosphate-based fire retardants, and artificial sweeteners (acesulfame, cyclamate, saccharin and sucralose) were detected in lakes Sampaloc and Palakpakin. The same surfactants, artificial sweeteners, insect repellant and phosphate-based fire retardants were also found in Lake Pandin, which is mainly used for eco-tourism activities like swimming and boating. The results of this study suggest that the organic pollutants present in the small lakes can be linked to the various human activities in the immediate lake environment. Because small lakes are more prone to environmental stresses, human activities in the said lakes must be regulated to ensure sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Ken D Dimzon
- Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger St. 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany
| | - Ann Selma Morata
- Ateneo de Manila University, Ateneo Innovation Center and Department of Chemistry, Katipunan Ave., Loyola Heights, 1108 Quezon City, Philippines; University of the Philippines-Visayas, Department of Chemistry, Miagao, Iloilo 5023, Philippines
| | - Janine Müller
- Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger St. 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany
| | - Roy Kristian Yanela
- Ateneo de Manila University, Ateneo Innovation Center and Department of Chemistry, Katipunan Ave., Loyola Heights, 1108 Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Stephan Lebertz
- SGS Institut Fresenius, Im Maisel 14, 65232 Taunustein, Germany
| | - Heike Weil
- Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger St. 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany
| | - Teresita R Perez
- Ateneo de Manila University, Ateneo Innovation Center and Department of Chemistry, Katipunan Ave., Loyola Heights, 1108 Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jutta Müller
- Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger St. 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany
| | - Fabian M Dayrit
- Ateneo de Manila University, Ateneo Innovation Center and Department of Chemistry, Katipunan Ave., Loyola Heights, 1108 Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Thomas P Knepper
- Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger St. 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany.
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Wang JZ, Zhang YF, Xu F, Shang MY, Liu GX, Cai SQ. Investigation of the in vivo
metabolism of harpagoside and distribution of its metabolites in rats by HPLC-IT-TOF-MS
n. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4218. [PMID: 29470860 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Zhe Wang
- Division of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Yi-Fan Zhang
- Division of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Feng Xu
- Division of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Ming-Ying Shang
- Division of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Guang-Xue Liu
- Division of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Shao-Qing Cai
- Division of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing China
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Wang X, Wang J, Li K, Zhang H, Yang M. Molecular characterization of effluent organic matter in secondary effluent and reclaimed water: Comparison to natural organic matter in source water. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 63:140-146. [PMID: 29406098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Municipal wastewater reclamation is becoming of increasing importance in the world to solve the problem of water scarcity. A better understanding of the molecular composition of effluent organic matter (EfOM) in the treated effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is crucial for ensuring the safety of water reuse. In this study, the molecular composition of EfOM in the secondary effluent of a WWTP in Beijing and the reclaimed water further treated with a coagulation-sedimentation-ozonation process were characterized using a non-target Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) method and compared to that of natural organic matter (NOM) in the local source water from a reservoir. It was found that the molecular composition of EfOM in the secondary effluent and reclaimed water was dominated by CHOS formulas, while NOM in the source water was dominated by CHO formulas. The CHO formulas of the three samples had similar origins. Anthropogenic surfactants were responsible for the CHOS formulas in EfOM of the secondary effluent and were not well removed by the coagulation-sedimentation-ozonation treatment process adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kuixiao Li
- Beijing Drainage Group Co. Ltd., Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Zhang M, Shi Y, Lu Y, Johnson AC, Sarvajayakesavalu S, Liu Z, Su C, Zhang Y, Juergens MD, Jin X. The relative risk and its distribution of endocrine disrupting chemicals, pharmaceuticals and personal care products to freshwater organisms in the Bohai Rim, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 590-591:633-642. [PMID: 28284648 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the risks to aquatic organisms posed by 12 commonly detected pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that are extensively used in Bohai coastal region of China were examined. These were linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), nonylphenol (NP), diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), norfloxacin (NOR), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), erythromycin (ERY), bisphenol A (BPA), ofloxacin (OFL), carbamazepine (CBZ), naproxen (NPX), atenolol (ATL) and metoprolol (MET). Their relative risk was ranked based on the proximity between the medians of the reported effect concentrations and measured river or lake water concentrations. The surfactants (LAS) and endocrine disrupting chemicals NP (a breakdown product of the surfactant nonylphenol polyethoxylate) and DEHP (a plasticizer) were identified as posing the greatest risk from this range of chemicals. LAS had a hundred-fold higher risk than any of the pharmaceuticals. The highest risk ranked pharmaceuticals were all antibiotics. Zinc (Zn) and mercury (Hg) were added to the comparison as representative heavy metals. Zn posed a risk higher than all the organics. The risk posed by Hg was less than the surfactants but greater than the selected pharmaceuticals. Whereas LAS and DEHP could cause harmful effects to all the wildlife groups, NP and BPA posed the greatest risk to fish. Antibiotics showed the highest risk to algae. Spatial and temporal distributions of PPCPs and EDCs were conducted for risk identification, source analysis and seasonal change exploration. Municipal sewage effluent linked to urban areas was considered to be the major source of pharmaceuticals. With regard to seasonal influence the risk posed by LAS to the aquatic organisms was significantly affected by wet and dry seasonal change. The dilution effects were the common feature of LAS and ERY risks. The difference in LAS and ERY risk patterns along the rivers was mainly affected by the elimination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yajuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Andrew C Johnson
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxon OX 10 8BB, UK
| | - Suriyanarayanan Sarvajayakesavalu
- SCOPE (Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment) Beijng Office, P.O. Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yueqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Monika D Juergens
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxon OX 10 8BB, UK
| | - Xiaowei Jin
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
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Motteran F, Lima Gomes PCF, Silva EL, Varesche MBA. Simultaneous determination of anionic and nonionic surfactants in commercial laundry wastewater and anaerobic fluidized bed reactor effluent by online column-switching liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:1120-1128. [PMID: 28040218 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a new method developed for the simultaneous determination of anionic surfactant (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate - LAS, 4 homologs) and nonionic surfactant (linear alcohol ethoxylate - LAE) in commercial laundry wastewater. The surfactants were identified and quantified using online column-switching solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Ten and three transitions (m/z) were identified for LAS and LAE, respectively. The detection and quantification limits were 75 and 200μg/L for LAS, respectively, and 75μg/L for LAE. This method was applied to the determination of the surfactants in the influent and effluent of an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor that was used for the treatment of commercial laundry wastewater. After 480days of operation with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 18h, the removal of 45.9±5.6% LAS and 99.2±4.3% LAE from an influent with surfactant concentrations of 26.1±12.9mg/L and 23.8±6.8mg/L, respectively, was obtained. Under these conditions, the breakage of longer-chain LAS homologs with the release of carbon units was observed with an increase in the number of shorter homolog chains. This SPE online sample treatment method is simple, fast and effective for the analysis of both surfactants. This technique is pioneering in its simultaneous measurement of two surfactant categories in anaerobic fluidized bed reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Motteran
- Biological Processes Laboratory, Center for Research, Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), Environmental Engineering, São Carlos, Bloco 4-F, Av. João Dagnone, 1100 Santa Angelina, 13563-120 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Paulo C F Lima Gomes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, P.O. Box 355, 14800-060 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson L Silva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 235, SP 310, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Bernadete A Varesche
- Biological Processes Laboratory, Center for Research, Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), Environmental Engineering, São Carlos, Bloco 4-F, Av. João Dagnone, 1100 Santa Angelina, 13563-120 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Gong T, Zhang X, Li Y, Xian Q. Formation and toxicity of halogenated disinfection byproducts resulting from linear alkylbenzene sulfonates. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 149:70-75. [PMID: 26849197 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) are an important group of organic pollutants in urban wastewater effluents. The practice of using seawater for toilet flushing results in saline wastewater effluents, which contain high levels of bromide ions. Chlorine is most commonly used in wastewater disinfection. During chlorination of freshwater or saline wastewater effluents, some halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) resulting from LAS could be formed. In this study, the overall formation of halogenated DBPs resulting from LAS was quantified by total organic halogen (TOX) measurement. Polar halogenated DBPs resulting from LAS were detected with a novel precursor ion scan method. The structures and formation pathways of the major ones were tentatively proposed. The overall toxicity of different scenarios of LAS samples was evaluated with embryos of a marine polychaete Platynereis dumerilii. The results demonstrate that chlorinated DBPs were generated during chlorination of LAS without bromide, while brominated DBPs were generated during chlorination of LAS with bromide. The TOX concentrations were relatively low, indicating that LAS were not quite reactive with halogen. The major polar chlorinated and brominated DBPs resulting from LAS were proposed to be 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dihydroxy-4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and 2,6-dibromo-3,5-dihydroxy-4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, which belong to a group of DBPs with similar structures but different halogen atoms, and their formation pathways were tentatively proposed. The results also reveal that the undisinfected LAS sample was the least toxic, followed by the chlorinated LAS sample without bromide, and the chlorinated LAS sample with bromide was the most toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Gong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Li X, Qiu L, Li Y, Chen X, Zhu Z, Chai Y. Assessment of the hemolysis and endothelial cell cytotoxicity induced by residual linear alkylbenzene sulfonates on pharmaceutical rubber stoppers based on HPLC-ESI-MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1350-5. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Li
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; no. 325 Guohe Road Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Qiu
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of the People's Republic of China; no. 1208 Minsheng Road Shanghai 200135 People's Republic of China
| | - Yueyue Li
- Department of Pharmacy; Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital; no. 225 Changhai Road Shanghai 200438 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; no. 325 Guohe Road Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; no. 325 Guohe Road Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Chai
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; no. 325 Guohe Road Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
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9
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Leonards P, Eadsforth C, Schowanek D. MonitoringBase Surfactants – A Database Specifically for Storage of Environmental Data on Surfactants in Europe. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/113.110264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A database has been developed in MS Access™ for storage and retrieval of environmental data of surfactants in Europe, as well as general information on major surfactant monitoring programs. The database contains measured concentrations (about 2100 data points) for 8 surfactant groups collected from scientific literature and unpublished reports. The quality of the monitoring data was evaluated and scored using an approach similar to the Klimisch method for judging ecotoxicology and toxicology data. The assignments involve four “Klimisch”-like categories (reliable without restriction, reliable with restriction, not reliable, not assignable), and are based on six key features of a monitoring study, of which three features were found the most important. The proposed evaluation and scoring approach is widely applicable and can easily be applied for other environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim Leonards
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charles Eadsforth
- Shell Health Services, Shell Technology Centre – Thornton, Chester, United Kingdom
| | - Diederik Schowanek
- Procter & Gamble, Environmental Stewardship Organisation, Strombeek Bever, Belgium
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10
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Zuloaga O, Navarro P, Bizkarguenaga E, Iparraguirre A, Vallejo A, Olivares M, Prieto A. Overview of extraction, clean-up and detection techniques for the determination of organic pollutants in sewage sludge: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 736:7-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractSpreading sewage sludge on agricultural lands has been actively promoted by national authorities as an economic way of recycling. However, as by-product of wastewater treatment, sewage sludge may contain toxic substances, which could be incorporated into agricultural products or be distributed in the environment. Moreover, sediments can be contaminated by the discharge of wastewater effluents into rivers. This article reviews the determination of emerging contaminants (surfactants, flame retardants, pharmaceuticals and personal care products) in environmental solid samples (sludge, soil and sediment). Sample preparation, including extraction and clean-up, as well as the subsequent instrumental determination of contaminants are discussed. Recent applications of extraction techniques, such as Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound assisted extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, microwave assisted extraction and matrix solid-phase dispersion to the analysis of emerging contaminants in environmental solid samples are reviewed. Determination of these contaminants, generally carried out by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with different detectors, especially mass spectrometry for the identification and quantification of residues, is also summarised and discussed.
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12
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Chen B, Wang S, Zhang Q, Huang Y. Highly stable magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotube composites for solid-phase extraction of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in environmental water samples prior to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Analyst 2012; 137:1232-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an16030g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Cantarero S, Zafra-Gómez A, Ballesteros O, Navalón A, Vílchez JL, Verge C, De Ferrer JA. Matrix effect study in the determination of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in sewage sludge samples. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:813-8. [PMID: 21184532 DOI: 10.1002/etc.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose a study of the matrix effect in the determination of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) in sewage sludge samples. First, a rapid, selective and sensitive method is proposed. The method involves two stages: the extraction of the compound from the samples and analysis by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FLD). Three different techniques of extraction (microwave-assisted extraction, Soxhlet, and ultrasounds) were compared, and microwave-assisted extraction was selected as the best suited for our purpose. Microwave-assisted extraction allows reducing the extraction time (25 min compared with 12 h for conventional Soxhlet extraction) and solvent waste (25 ml of methanol compared with 200 ml for Soxhlet or more than 50 ml for the ultrasonic procedure). Absence of matrix effect was evaluated with two standards (2ØC(8:0) and 2ØC(16:0) ) that are not commercial; therefore, neither of them was detected in sewage sludge samples and they showed similar environmental behavior (adsorption and precipitation) to LAS (C(11:0) -C(13.0) ), which allow us to evaluate the matrix effect. Validation was carried out by a recovery assay, and the method was applied to samples from different sources; therefore, they had different compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cantarero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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14
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Wang W, Chen B, Huang Y, Cao J. Evaluation of eggshell membrane-based bio-adsorbent for solid-phase extraction of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5659-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Guan Z, Huang Y, Wang W. Carboxyl modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes as solid-phase extraction adsorbents combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for analysis of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 627:225-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Jiménez-Díaz I, Ballesteros O, Navalón A, Zafra A, Fernández-Ramos MC, Vílchez JL. Determination of Sulfophenyl Carboxylic Acids in Agricultural Groundwater Samples by Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710802162467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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A new method for the routine analysis of LAS and PAH in sewage sludge by simultaneous sonication-assisted extraction prior to liquid chromatographic determination. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 605:102-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Boronat S, Piña B. Development of RNR3- and RAD54-GUS reporters for testing genotoxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1625-32. [PMID: 17004060 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0751-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
S. cerevisiae RNR3 and RAD54 gene transcription becomes strongly activated upon DNA damage. This property was used to construct yeast strains in which DNA damage can be monitored by a very sensitive fluorogenic assay in a convenient 96-well microtiter plate format. These strains carried stably integrated fusions of RNR3 or RAD54 promoters to the E. coli beta-glucuronidase GUS gene. GUS activity was measured by fluorogenic detection, a method that greatly increases the precision and sensitivity of the assay. Detection levels were similar to those of real-time quantitative PCR methods and close to the limits of biological response. The two reporters differed in terms of fold-induction, activation kinetics, sensitivity and specificity upon exposure to a variety of genotoxic compounds. While RNR3-GUS showed the fastest response, RAD54-GUS showed the highest sensitivity: similar to previous reported sensitivities for bacterial and eukaryotic genotoxic detection systems. These reporter strains may complement current genotoxicity tests, but they also have the advantages of higher flexibility, requirement for shorter incubation times, and the capability of being fully automated. In addition, the intrinsic features of the system facilitate its easy improvement by genetic manipulating the yeast strain or by introducing mammalian metabolizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Boronat
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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Sánchez-Martínez ML, Aguilar-Caballos MP, Eremin SA, Gómez-Hens A. Long-wavelength fluorimetry as an indirect detection system in immunoaffinity chromatography: application to environmental analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1489-95. [PMID: 16953323 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0697-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The potential of long-wavelength fluorimetry when used as the detection system in immunoaffinity chromatography is assessed for the first time by applying this approach to the analysis of water and sludge samples. Nile blue (NB) was used to synthesize a long-wavelength fluorescent tracer for linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LASs) using the carbodiimide method, in which the amino group of NB is covalently coupled to the activated carboxylic acid group of a LAS mimic with N-hydroxysuccinimide and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The method consists of the injection of a pre-incubated mixture containing linear sodium 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonate (LDS; used as the LAS model), anti-LAS antibodies, and the long-wavelength tracer into a commercial Protein G column. Free and bound tracer fractions are separated in the column, and the peak height of the immunochromatogram (corresponding to the free tracer) is directly measured at 626 nm (lambda (ex)) and 674 nm (lambda (em)), and then correlated to the analyte concentration. It is not necessary to perform an elution step immediately after every sample application. The dynamic range of the method is 0.05-2.5 microg ml(-1) LDS, and the detection limit is 15 ng ml(-1). The precision, expressed as the relative standard deviation, is 4.8-6.4%. Other surfactants (sodium dodecylsulfate and Triton X-100) do not cause interference. The recoveries obtained by applying the method to the analysis of water (ground- and wastewater) and sludge (primary and activated) samples ranged from 86.0 to 111.3%. Water sample analysis included an initial solid-phase extraction step, which cleaned up the samples and improved the detection limit fivefold.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Sánchez-Martínez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Córdoba. Campus of Rabanales, Marie Curie Annex Building, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Lunar L, Rubio S, Pérez-Bendito D. Analysis of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate homologues in environmental water samples by mixed admicelle-based extraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Analyst 2006; 131:835-41. [PMID: 16802030 DOI: 10.1039/b604298h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hemimicelles and admicelles of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), adsorbed onto silica, were tested as sorbents for the solid phase extraction (SPE) of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) homologues from environmental water samples. LASs were quantitatively retained on both surfactants due to high hydrophobic and ionic interactions, which led to the formation of analyte-extractant mixed aggregates. Parameters affecting the SPE of LASs were optimised. Recoveries of analytes from wastewater influent and effluent and river water samples ranged between 86 and 110%. Combination of SPE with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry provided detection limits for the different LAS homologues of about 4 ng L(-1). The precision of the method, expressed as relative standard deviation, ranged from 5 to 9%. The method was applied to the analysis of LASs in wastewater and river samples using sample volumes between 10 and 25 mL. The LAS concentrations found ranged from 9 to 503 microg L(-1). No cleaning step was required to get accurate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreto Lunar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Edificio Anexo Marie Curie, Campus de Rabanales, 14071-Córdoba, Spain
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:443-453. [PMID: 11948851 DOI: 10.1002/jms.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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