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Torres FDF, Ramalho BL, Rodrigues MR, Schmaedeke AC, Moraes VH, Reilly KT, Carvalho RDP, Vargas CD. Plasticity of face-hand sensorimotor circuits after a traumatic brachial plexus injury. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1221777. [PMID: 37609451 PMCID: PMC10440702 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1221777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interactions between the somatosensory and motor cortices are of fundamental importance for motor control. Although physically distant, face and hand representations are side by side in the sensorimotor cortex and interact functionally. Traumatic brachial plexus injury (TBPI) interferes with upper limb sensorimotor function, causes bilateral cortical reorganization, and is associated with chronic pain. Thus, TBPI may affect sensorimotor interactions between face and hand representations. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate changes in hand-hand and face-hand sensorimotor integration in TBPI patients using an afferent inhibition (AI) paradigm. Method The experimental design consisted of electrical stimulation (ES) applied to the hand or face followed by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the primary motor cortex to activate a hand muscle representation. In the AI paradigm, the motor evoked potential (MEP) in a target muscle is significantly reduced when preceded by an ES at short-latency (SAI) or long-latency (LAI) interstimulus intervals. We tested 18 healthy adults (control group, CG), evaluated on the dominant upper limb, and nine TBPI patients, evaluated on the injured or the uninjured limb. A detailed clinical evaluation complemented the physiological investigation. Results Although hand-hand SAI was present in both the CG and the TBPI groups, hand-hand LAI was present in the CG only. Moreover, less AI was observed in TBPI patients than the CG both for face-hand SAI and LAI. Conclusion Our results indicate that sensorimotor integration involving both hand and face sensorimotor representations is affected by TBPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda de Figueiredo Torres
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Movement, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology Deolindo Couto, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bia Lima Ramalho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Movement, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology Deolindo Couto, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Research, Innovation and Dissemination Center for Neuromathematics, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelle Ribeiro Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Movement, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology Deolindo Couto, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Schmaedeke
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Movement, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology Deolindo Couto, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Moraes
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Movement, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology Deolindo Couto, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karen T. Reilly
- Trajectoires Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, France
- University UCBL Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Raquel de Paula Carvalho
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology Deolindo Couto, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Research, Innovation and Dissemination Center for Neuromathematics, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Child Development and Motricity, Department of Human Movement Science, Institute of Health and Society, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Claudia D. Vargas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Movement, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology Deolindo Couto, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Research, Innovation and Dissemination Center for Neuromathematics, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kato T, Sasaki A, Nakazawa K. Short-and long-latency afferent inhibition of the human leg motor cortex by H-reflex subthreshold electrical stimulation at the popliteal fossa. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:249-261. [PMID: 36481937 PMCID: PMC9870969 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In humans, peripheral sensory stimulation inhibits subsequent motor evoked potentials (MEPs) induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation; this process is referred to as short- or long-latency afferent inhibition (SAI or LAI, respectively), depending on the inter-stimulus interval (ISI) length. Although upper limb SAI and LAI have been well studied, lower limb SAI and LAI remain under-investigated. Here, we examined the time course of the soleus (SOL) muscle MEP following electrical tibial nerve (TN) stimulation at the popliteal fossa at ISIs of 20-220 ms. When the conditioning stimulus intensity was three-fold the perceptual threshold, MEP amplitudes were inhibited at an ISI of 220 ms, but not at shorter ISIs. TN stimulation just below the Hoffman (H)-reflex threshold intensity inhibited MEP amplitudes at ISIs of 30, 35, 100, 180 and 200 ms. However, the relationship between MEP inhibition and the P30 latency of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) did not show corresponding ISIs at the SEP P30 latency that maximizes MEP inhibition. To clarify whether the site of afferent-induced MEP inhibition occurs at the cortical or spinal level, we examined the time course of SOL H-reflex following TN stimulation. H-reflex amplitudes were not significantly inhibited at ISIs where MEP inhibition occurred but at an ISI of 120 ms. Our findings indicate that stronger peripheral sensory stimulation is required for lower limb than for upper limb SAI and LAI and that lower limb SAI and LAI are of cortical origin. Moreover, the direct pathway from the periphery to the primary motor cortex may contribute to lower limb SAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kato
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XGraduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 153-8902 Tokyo, Japan ,grid.54432.340000 0001 0860 6072Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, 102-0083 Japan
| | - Atsushi Sasaki
- grid.54432.340000 0001 0860 6072Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, 102-0083 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Graduate School of Engineering Science, Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-8531 Japan
| | - Kimitaka Nakazawa
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XGraduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 153-8902 Tokyo, Japan
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Bonnesen MT, Fuglsang SA, Siebner HR, Christiansen L. The recent history of afferent stimulation modulates corticospinal excitability. Neuroimage 2022; 258:119365. [PMID: 35690256 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is widely used to probe corticospinal excitability and fast sensorimotor integration in the primary motor hand area (M1-HAND). A conditioning electrical stimulus, applied to the contralateral hand, can suppress the motor evoked potential (MEP) elicited by TMS of M1-HAND when the afferent stimulus arrives in M1-HAND at the time of TMS. The magnitude of this short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) is expressed as the ratio between the conditioned and unconditioned MEP amplitude. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that corticospinal excitability and SAI are influenced by the recent history of peripheral electrical stimulation. METHODS In twenty healthy participants, we recorded MEPs from the right first dorsal interosseus muscle. MEPs were evoked by single-pulse TMS of the left M1-HAND alone (unconditioned TMS) or by TMS preceded by electrical stimulation of the right index finger ("homotopic" conditioning) or little finger ("heterotopic" conditioning). The three conditions were either pseudo-randomly intermixed or delivered in blocks in which a single condition was repeated five or ten times. MEP amplitudes and SAI magnitudes were compared using linear mixed-effect models and one-way ANOVAs. RESULTS All stimulation protocols consistently produced SAI, which was stronger after homotopic stimulation. Randomly intermingling the three stimulation conditions reduced the relative magnitude of homotopic and heterotopic SAI as opposed to blocked stimulation. The apparent attenuation of SAI was caused by a suppression of the unconditioned but not the conditioned MEP amplitude during the randomly intermixed pattern. CONCLUSION(S) The recent history of afferent stimulation modulates corticospinal excitability. This "history effect" impacts on the relative magnitude of SAI depending on how conditioned and unconditioned responses are intermixed and needs to be taken into consideration when probing afferent inhibition and corticospinal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Trolle Bonnesen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Søren Asp Fuglsang
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Christiansen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.
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The distribution and reliability of TMS-evoked short- and long-latency afferent interactions. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260663. [PMID: 34905543 PMCID: PMC8670708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) and long-latency afferent inhibition (LAI) occur when the motor evoked potential (MEP) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is reduced by the delivery of a preceding peripheral nerve stimulus. The intra-individual variability in SAI and LAI is considerable, and the influence of sample demographics (e.g., age and biological sex) and testing context (e.g., time of day) is not clear. There are also no established normative values for these measures, and their reliability varies from study-to-study. To address these issues and facilitate the interpretation of SAI and LAI research, we pooled data from studies published by our lab between 2014 and 2020 and performed several retrospective analyses. Patterns in the depth of inhibition with respect to age, biological sex and time of testing were investigated, and the relative reliability of measurements from studies with repeated baseline SAI and LAI assessments was examined. Normative SAI and LAI values with respect to the mean and standard deviation were also calculated. Our data show no relationship between the depth of inhibition for SAI and LAI with either time of day or age. Further, there was no significant difference in SAI or LAI between males and females. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) for repeated measurements of SAI and LAI ranged from moderate (ICC = 0.526) to strong (ICC = 0.881). The mean value of SAI was 0.71 ± 0.27 and the mean value of LAI was 0.61 ± 0.34. This retrospective study provides normative values, reliability estimates, and an exploration of demographic and testing influences on these measures as assessed in our lab. To further facilitate the interpretation of SAI and LAI data, similar studies should be performed by other labs that use these measures.
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Ramalho BL, Moly J, Raffin E, Bouet R, Harquel S, Farnè A, Reilly KT. Face-hand sensorimotor interactions revealed by afferent inhibition. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:189-200. [PMID: 34796553 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reorganization of the sensorimotor cortex following permanent (e.g., amputation) or temporary (e.g., local anaesthesia) deafferentation of the hand has revealed large-scale plastic changes between the hand and face representations that are accompanied by perceptual correlates. The physiological mechanisms underlying this reorganization remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate sensorimotor interactions between the face and hand using an afferent inhibition transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol in which the motor evoked potential elicited by the magnetic pulse is inhibited when it is preceded by an afferent stimulus. We hypothesized that if face and hand representations in the sensorimotor cortex are functionally coupled, then electrocutaneous stimulation of the face would inhibit hand muscle motor responses. In two separate experiments, we delivered an electrocutaneous stimulus to either the skin over the right upper lip (Experiment 1) or right cheek (Experiment 2) and recorded muscular activity from the right first dorsal interosseous. Both lip and cheek stimulation inhibited right first dorsal interosseous motor evoked potentials. To investigate the specificity of this effect, we conducted two additional experiments in which electrocutaneous stimulation was applied to either the right forearm (Experiment 3) or right upper arm (Experiment 4). Forearm and upper arm stimulation also significantly inhibited the right first dorsal interosseous motor evoked potentials, but this inhibition was less robust than the inhibition associated with face stimulation. These findings provide the first evidence for face-to-hand afferent inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bia Lima Ramalho
- IMPACT and Trajectoires Teams, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Lyon, France.,University UCBL Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratory of Neurobiology II, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics Jamil Haddad, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julien Moly
- IMPACT and Trajectoires Teams, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Lyon, France.,University UCBL Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Estelle Raffin
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, INSERM U1216, Grenoble, France
| | - Romain Bouet
- University UCBL Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team - DyCog, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CRNS-UMR5292, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvain Harquel
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, INSERM U1216, Grenoble, France.,Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition - LPNC, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5105, Grenoble, France.,IRMaGe, University Grenoble-Alpes, CHU Grenoble Alpes, INSERM US17, CNRS UMS3552, Grenoble, France
| | - Alessandro Farnè
- IMPACT and Trajectoires Teams, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Lyon, France.,University UCBL Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neuro-immersion, Mouvement and Handicap, Lyon, France.,Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Karen T Reilly
- IMPACT and Trajectoires Teams, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Lyon, France.,University UCBL Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
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6
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Corp DT, Bereznicki HGK, Clark GM, Youssef GJ, Fried PJ, Jannati A, Davies CB, Gomes-Osman J, Kirkovski M, Albein-Urios N, Fitzgerald PB, Koch G, Di Lazzaro V, Pascual-Leone A, Enticott PG. Large-scale analysis of interindividual variability in single and paired-pulse TMS data. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:2639-2653. [PMID: 34344609 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study brought together over 60 transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) researchers to create the largest known sample of individual participant single and paired-pulse TMS data to date, enabling a more comprehensive evaluation of factors driving response variability. METHODS Authors of previously published studies were contacted and asked to share deidentified individual TMS data. Mixed-effects regression investigated a range of individual and study level variables for their contribution to variability in response to single and paired-pulse TMS data. RESULTS 687 healthy participant's data were pooled across 35 studies. Target muscle, pulse waveform, neuronavigation use, and TMS machine significantly predicted an individual's single-pulse TMS amplitude. Baseline motor evoked potential amplitude, motor cortex hemisphere, and motor threshold (MT) significantly predicted short-interval intracortical inhibition response. Baseline motor evoked potential amplitude, test stimulus intensity, interstimulus interval, and MT significantly predicted intracortical facilitation response. Age, hemisphere, and TMS machine significantly predicted MT. CONCLUSIONS This large-scale analysis has identified a number of factors influencing participants' responses to single and paired-pulse TMS. We provide specific recommendations to minimise interindividual variability in single and paired-pulse TMS data. SIGNIFICANCE This study has used large-scale analyses to give clarity to factors driving variance in TMS data. We hope that this ongoing collaborative approach will increase standardisation of methods and thus the utility of single and paired-pulse TMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Corp
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Hannah G K Bereznicki
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Gillian M Clark
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - George J Youssef
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Peter J Fried
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ali Jannati
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charlotte B Davies
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Joyce Gomes-Osman
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Melissa Kirkovski
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Natalia Albein-Urios
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Epworth Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, Epworth HealthCare and Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, Section of Human Physiology, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Guttmann Brain Health Institute, Institut Guttmann de Neurorehabilitació, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter G Enticott
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Mirdamadi JL, Block HJ. Somatosensory changes associated with motor skill learning. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:1052-1062. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00497.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trial-and-error motor adaptation has been linked to somatosensory plasticity and shifts in proprioception (limb position sense). The role of sensory processing in motor skill learning is less understood. Unlike adaptation, skill learning involves the acquisition of new movement patterns in the absence of perturbation, with performance limited by the speed-accuracy trade-off. We investigated somatosensory changes during motor skill learning at the behavioral and neurophysiological levels. Twenty-eight healthy young adults practiced a maze-tracing task, guiding a robotic manipulandum through an irregular two-dimensional track featuring several abrupt turns. Practice occurred on days 1 and 2. Skill was assessed before practice on day 1 and again on day 3, with learning indicated by a shift in the speed-accuracy function between these assessments. Proprioceptive function was quantified with a passive two-alternative forced-choice task. In a subset of 15 participants, we measured short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) to index somatosensory projections to motor cortex. We found that motor practice enhanced the speed-accuracy skill function ( F4,108 = 32.15, P < 0.001) and was associated with improved proprioceptive sensitivity at retention ( t22 = 24.75, P = 0.0031). Furthermore, SAI increased after training ( F1,14 = 5.41, P = 0.036). Interestingly, individuals with larger increases in SAI, reflecting enhanced somatosensory afference to motor cortex, demonstrated larger improvements in motor skill learning. These findings suggest that SAI may be an important functional mechanism for some aspect of motor skill learning. Further research is needed to test what parameters (task complexity, practice time, etc.) are specifically linked to somatosensory function. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Somatosensory processing has been implicated in motor adaptation, where performance recovers from a perturbation such as a force field. We investigated somatosensory function during motor skill learning, where a new motor pattern is acquired in the absence of perturbation. After skill practice, we found changes in proprioception and short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI), signifying somatosensory change at both the behavioral and neurophysiological levels. SAI may be an important functional mechanism by which individuals learn motor skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine L. Mirdamadi
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Hannah J. Block
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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8
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Pilurzi G, Ginatempo F, Mercante B, Cattaneo L, Pavesi G, Rothwell JC, Deriu F. Role of cutaneous and proprioceptive inputs in sensorimotor integration and plasticity occurring in the facial primary motor cortex. J Physiol 2020; 598:839-851. [PMID: 31876950 DOI: 10.1113/jp278877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Previous studies investigating the effects of somatosensory afferent inputs on cortical excitability and neural plasticity often used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of hand motor cortex (M1) as a model, but in this model it is difficult to separate out the relative contribution of cutaneous and muscle afferent input to each effect. In the face, cutaneous and muscle afferents are segregated in the trigeminal and facial nerves, respectively. We studied their relative contribution to corticobulbar excitability and neural plasticity in the depressor anguli oris M1. Stimulation of trigeminal afferents induced short-latency (SAI) but not long-latency (LAI) afferent inhibition of face M1, while facial nerve stimulation evoked LAI but not SAI. Plasticity induction was observed only after a paired associative stimulation protocol using the facial nerve. Physiological differences in effects of cutaneous and muscle afferent inputs on face M1 excitability suggest they play separate functional roles in behaviour. ABSTRACT The lack of conventional muscle spindles in face muscles raises the question of how sensory input from the face is used to control muscle activation. In 16 healthy volunteers, we probed sensorimotor interactions in face motor cortex (fM1) using short-afferent inhibition (SAI), long-afferent inhibition (LAI) and LTP-like plasticity following paired associative stimulation (PAS) in the depressor anguli oris muscle (DAO). Stimulation of low threshold afferents in the trigeminal nerve produced a clear SAI (P < 0.05) when the interval between trigeminal stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of fM1 was 15-30 ms. However, there was no evidence for LAI at longer intervals of 100-200 ms, nor was there any effect of PAS. In contrast, facial nerve stimulation produced significant LAI (P < 0.05) as well as significant facilitation 10-30 minutes after PAS (P < 0.05). Given that the facial nerve is a pure motor nerve, we presume that the afferent fibres responsible were those activated by the evoked muscle twitch. The F-wave in DAO was unaffected during both LAI and SAI, consistent with their presumed cortical origin. We hypothesize that, in fM1, SAI is evoked by activity in low threshold, presumably cutaneous afferents, whereas LAI and PAS require activity in (higher threshold) afferents activated by the muscle twitch evoked by electrical stimulation of the facial nerve. Cutaneous inputs may exert a paucisynaptic inhibitory effect on fM1, while proprioceptive information is likely to target inhibitory and excitatory polysynaptic circuits involved in LAI and PAS. Such information may be relevant to the physiopathology of several disorders involving the cranio-facial system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Pilurzi
- Operative Unit of Neurology, Fidenza Hospital, AUSL Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Beniamina Mercante
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Luigi Cattaneo
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pavesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - John C Rothwell
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Franca Deriu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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9
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Mancini F, Wang AP, Schira MM, Isherwood ZJ, McAuley JH, Iannetti GD, Sereno MI, Moseley GL, Rae CD. Fine-Grained Mapping of Cortical Somatotopies in Chronic Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9185-9196. [PMID: 31570533 PMCID: PMC6855684 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2005-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been thought that severe chronic pain conditions, such as complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), are not only associated with, but even maintained by a reorganization of the somatotopic representation of the affected limb in primary somatosensory cortex (S1). This notion has driven treatments that aim to restore S1 representations in CRPS patients, such as sensory discrimination training and mirror therapy. However, this notion is based on both indirect and incomplete evidence obtained with imaging methods with low spatial resolution. Here, we used fMRI to characterize the S1 representation of the affected and unaffected hand in humans (of either sex) with unilateral CRPS. The cortical area, location, and geometry of the S1 representation of the CRPS hand were largely comparable with those of both the unaffected hand and healthy controls. We found no differential relation between affected versus unaffected hand map measures and clinical measures (pain severity, upper limb disability, disease duration). Thus, if any map reorganization occurs, it does not appear to be directly related to pain and disease severity. These findings compel us to reconsider the cortical mechanisms underlying CRPS and the rationale for interventions that aim to "restore" somatotopic representations to treat pain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study shows that the spatial map of the fingers in somatosensory cortex is largely preserved in chronic complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). These findings challenge the treatment rationale for restoring somatotopic representations in complex regional pain syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Mancini
- Computational and Biological Learning, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom,
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey P Wang
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Mark M Schira
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Zoey J Isherwood
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - James H McAuley
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Giandomenico D Iannetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Martin I Sereno
- Department of Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, and
| | - G Lorimer Moseley
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
- IMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Caroline D Rae
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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10
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Reliability of transcranial magnetic stimulation measures of afferent inhibition. Brain Res 2019; 1723:146394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Trudgen A, Cirillo J, Byblow WD. Somatosensory and transcranial direct current stimulation effects on manual dexterity and motor cortex function: A metaplasticity study. Brain Stimul 2019; 12:938-947. [PMID: 30850217 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-invasive neuromodulation may provide treatment strategies for neurological deficits affecting movement, such as stroke. For example, weak electrical stimulation applied to the hand by wearing a "mesh glove" (MGS) can transiently increase primary motor cortex (M1) excitability. Conversely, transcranial direct current stimulation with the cathode over M1 (c-tDCS) can decrease corticomotor excitability. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS We applied M1 c-tDCS as a priming adjuvant to MGS and hypothesised metaplastic effects would be apparent in improved motor performance and modulation of M1 inhibitory and facilitatory circuits. METHODS Sixteen right-handed neurologically healthy individuals participated in a repeated measures cross-over study; nine minutes of sham- or c-tDCS followed by 30 min of suprasensory threshold MGS. Dexterity of the non-dominant (left) hand was assessed using the grooved pegboard task, and measures of corticomotor excitability, intracortical facilitation, short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI), short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and SAI in the presence of SICI (SAIxSICI), were obtained at baseline, post-tDCS, and 0, 30 and 60 min post-MGS. RESULTS There was a greater improvement in grooved pegboard completion times with c-tDCS primed MGS than sham + MGS. There was also more pronounced disinhibition of SAI. However, disinhibition of SAI in the presence of SICI was less and rest motor threshold higher compared to sham + MGS. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate a metaplastic modulation of corticomotor excitability with c-tDCS primed MGS. Further studies are warranted to determine how various stimulation approaches can induce metaplastic effects on M1 neuronal circuits to boost functional gains obtained with motor practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Trudgen
- Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John Cirillo
- Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Winston D Byblow
- Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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12
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Temporal Profile and Limb-specificity of Phasic Pain-Evoked Changes in Motor Excitability. Neuroscience 2018; 386:240-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Turco CV, El-Sayes J, Savoie MJ, Fassett HJ, Locke MB, Nelson AJ. Short- and long-latency afferent inhibition; uses, mechanisms and influencing factors. Brain Stimul 2018; 11:59-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Doeltgen SH, Young J, Bradnam LV. Anodal Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum Reduces Cerebellar Brain Inhibition but Does Not Influence Afferent Input from the Hand or Face in Healthy Adults. THE CEREBELLUM 2017; 15:466-74. [PMID: 26283524 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cerebellum controls descending motor commands by outputs to primary motor cortex (M1) and the brainstem in response to sensory feedback. The cerebellum may also modulate afferent input en route to M1 and the brainstem. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to determine if anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the cerebellum influences cerebellar brain inhibition (CBI), short afferent inhibition (SAI) and trigeminal reflexes (TRs) in healthy adults. METHODS Data from two studies evaluating effects of cerebellar anodal and sham tDCS are presented. The first study used a twin coil transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocol to investigate CBI and combined TMS and cutaneous stimulation of the digit to assess SAI. The second study evaluated effects on trigemino-cervical and trigemino-masseter reflexes using peripheral nerve stimulation of the face. RESULTS Fourteen right-handed healthy adults participated in experiment 1. CBI was observed at baseline and was reduced by anodal cerebellar DCS only (P < 0.01). There was SAI at interstimulus intervals of 25 and 30 ms at baseline (both P < 0.0001), but cerebellar tDCS had no effect. Thirteen right-handed healthy adults participated in experiment 2. Inhibitory reflexes were evoked in the ipsilateral masseter and sternocleidomastoid muscles. There was no effect of cerebellar DCS on either reflex. CONCLUSIONS Anodal DCS reduced CBI but did not change SAI or TRs in healthy adults. These results require confirmation in individuals with neurological impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian H Doeltgen
- Swallowing Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, School of Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jessica Young
- Swallowing Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, School of Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lynley V Bradnam
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
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15
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Ruddy KL, Jaspers E, Keller M, Wenderoth N. Interhemispheric sensorimotor integration; an upper limb phenomenon? Neuroscience 2016; 333:104-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Effects of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation to primary somatosensory cortex on short-latency afferent inhibition. Neuroreport 2016; 26:634-7. [PMID: 26103117 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied over the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) on short-interval afferent inhibition (SAI). Thirteen healthy individuals participated in this study. Cathodal tDCS was applied for 15 min at 1 mA over the left S1. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were measured from the right first dorsal interosseous muscle in response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the left motor cortex before tDCS (pre), immediately after tDCS (immediately), and 15 min after tDCS (post-15 min). SAI was evaluated by measuring MEPs in response to TMS pulses applied 40 ms after peripheral electrical stimulation of the index finger. For each measurement period (pre, immediately, and post-15 min), MEP amplitude was significantly smaller when TMS followed index finger stimulation (SAI condition) than when TMS was delivered alone (single TMS) (P<0.01), indicating expression of SAI. The MEP ratio (MEP of SAI/MEP of single TMS) at post-15 min was significantly larger than that of pre (P<0.05), indicating suppression of SAI. However, no significant difference was observed between pre and immediately, and immediately and post-15 min. These results suggest that cathodal tDCS applied over the S1 causes a decrease in S1 excitability following peripheral electrical stimulation and cathodal tDCS applied over the S1 decreased the inhibitory effects of SAI.
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Tamè L, Pavani F, Braun C, Salemme R, Farnè A, Reilly KT. Somatotopy and temporal dynamics of sensorimotor interactions: evidence from double afferent inhibition. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:1459-65. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Tamè
- Department of Psychological Sciences; Birkbeck; University of London; Malet Street London; WC1E 7HX London UK
- INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292; ImpAct Team; Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre; Lyon France
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences; University of Trento; Rovereto Italy
| | - Francesco Pavani
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences; University of Trento; Rovereto Italy
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences; University of Trento; Rovereto Italy
| | - Christoph Braun
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences; University of Trento; Rovereto Italy
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences; University of Trento; Rovereto Italy
- MEG-Zentrum; University Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Romeo Salemme
- INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292; ImpAct Team; Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre; Lyon France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon I; Lyon France
| | - Alessandro Farnè
- INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292; ImpAct Team; Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre; Lyon France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon I; Lyon France
| | - Karen T. Reilly
- INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292; ImpAct Team; Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre; Lyon France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon I; Lyon France
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18
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Hendy KA, Visser A, Hordacre B, Bradnam LV. Afferent Inhibition of Infraspinatus Primary Motor Cortex by Stimulation of the Suprascapular Nerve. Brain Stimul 2014; 7:338-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Yarnall AJ, Rochester L, Baker MR, David R, Khoo TK, Duncan GW, Galna B, Burn DJ. Short latency afferent inhibition: a biomarker for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease? Mov Disord 2013; 28:1285-8. [PMID: 23450646 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD) is common and predicts those at risk of dementia. Cholinergic dysfunction may contribute to its pathophysiology and can be assessed using short latency afferent inhibition. METHODS Twenty-two patients with PD (11 cognitively normal; 11 with mild cognitive impairment) and 22 controls participated. Short latency afferent inhibition was measured by conditioning motor evoked potentials, which were elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex with electrical stimuli delivered to the contralateral median nerve at varying interstimulus intervals. RESULTS There was no significant difference between cognitively normal PD and controls for short latency afferent inhibition (62.8±30.3% vs. 55.7±21.7%; P=0.447). The PD-mild cognitive impairment group had significantly less inhibition (88.4±25.8%) than both cognitively normal PD (P=0.021) and controls (P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS Cholinergic dysfunction occurs early in those with PD-mild cognitive impairment. Short latency afferent inhibition may be a useful biomarker of increased risk of dementia in PD patients. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Yarnall
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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20
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Plasticity-inducing TMS protocols to investigate somatosensory control of hand function. Neural Plast 2012; 2012:350574. [PMID: 22666612 PMCID: PMC3362131 DOI: 10.1155/2012/350574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand function depends on sensory feedback to direct an appropriate motor response. There is clear evidence that somatosensory cortices modulate motor behaviour and physiology within primary motor cortex. However, this information is mainly from research in animals and the bridge to human hand control is needed. Emerging evidence in humans supports the notion that somatosensory cortices modulate motor behaviour, physiology and sensory perception. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) allows for the investigation of primary and higher-order somatosensory cortices and their role in control of hand movement in humans. This review provides a summary of several TMS protocols in the investigation of hand control via the somatosensory cortices. TMS plasticity inducing protocols reviewed include paired associative stimulation, repetitive TMS, theta-burst stimulation as well as other techniques that aim to modulate cortical excitability in sensorimotor cortices. Although the discussed techniques may modulate cortical excitability, careful consideration of experimental design is needed to isolate factors that may interfere with desired results of the plasticity-inducing protocol, specifically events that may lead to metaplasticity within the targeted cortex.
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21
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Byblow WD, Stinear CM, Smith MC, Bjerre L, Flaskager BK, McCambridge AB. Mirror symmetric bimanual movement priming can increase corticomotor excitability and enhance motor learning. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33882. [PMID: 22457799 PMCID: PMC3310871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive mirror symmetric bilateral upper limb may be a suitable priming technique for upper limb rehabilitation after stroke. Here we demonstrate neurophysiological and behavioural after-effects in healthy participants after priming with 20 minutes of repetitive active-passive bimanual wrist flexion and extension in a mirror symmetric pattern with respect to the body midline (MIR) compared to an control priming condition with alternating flexion-extension (ALT). Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) indicated that corticomotor excitability (CME) of the passive hemisphere remained elevated compared to baseline for at least 30 minutes after MIR but not ALT, evidenced by an increase in the size of motor evoked potentials in ECR and FCR. Short and long-latency intracortical inhibition (SICI, LICI), short afferent inhibition (SAI) and interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) were also examined using pairs of stimuli. LICI differed between patterns, with less LICI after MIR compared with ALT, and an effect of pattern on IHI, with reduced IHI in passive FCR 15 minutes after MIR compared with ALT and baseline. There was no effect of pattern on SAI or FCR H-reflex. Similarly, SICI remained unchanged after 20 minutes of MIR. We then had participants complete a timed manual dexterity motor learning task with the passive hand during, immediately after, and 24 hours after MIR or control priming. The rate of task completion was faster with MIR priming compared to control conditions. Finally, ECR and FCR MEPs were examined within a pre-movement facilitation paradigm of wrist extension before and after MIR. ECR, but not FCR, MEPs were consistently facilitated before and after MIR, demonstrating no degradation of selective muscle activation. In summary, mirror symmetric active-passive bimanual movement increases CME and can enhance motor learning without degradation of muscle selectivity. These findings rationalise the use of mirror symmetric bimanual movement as a priming modality in post-stroke upper limb rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston D Byblow
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Sport & Exercise Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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22
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Legon W, Dionne JK, Meehan SK, Staines WR. Non-dominant hand movement facilitates the frontal N30 somatosensory evoked potential. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:112. [PMID: 20822535 PMCID: PMC2940928 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous literature has shown that the frontal N30 is increased during movement of the hand contralateral to median nerve stimulation. This finding was a result of non-dominant left hand movement in right-handed participants. It is unclear however if the effect depends upon non-dominant hand movement or if this is a generalized phenomenon across the upper-limbs. This study tests the effect of dominant and non-dominant hand movement upon contralateral frontal and parietal somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and further tests if this relationship persists in left hand dominant participants. Median nerve SEPs were elicited from the wrist contralateral to movement in both right hand and left hand dominant participants alternating the movement hand in separate blocks. Participants were required to volitionally squeeze (~ 20% of a maximal voluntary contraction) a pressure-sensitive bulb every ~3 seconds with the hand contralateral to median nerve stimulation. SEPs were continuously collected during the task and individual traces were grouped into time bins relative to movement according to the timing of components of the Bereitschaftspotential. SEPs were then averaged and quantified from both FCZ and CP3/4 scalp electrode sites during both the squeeze task and at rest. Results The N30 is facilitated during non-dominant hand movement in both right and left hand dominant individuals. There was no effect for dominant hand movement in either group. Conclusions N30 amplitude increase may be a result of altered sensory gating from motor areas known to be specifically active during non-dominant hand movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wynn Legon
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave, West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada
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23
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Weerakkody NS, Taylor JL, Gandevia SC. The effect of high-frequency cutaneous vibration on different inputs subserving detection of joint movement. Exp Brain Res 2009; 197:347-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-009-1921-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Bikmullina R, Bäumer T, Zittel S, Münchau A. Sensory afferent inhibition within and between limbs in humans. Clin Neurophysiol 2009; 120:610-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Electrophysiological correlates of short-latency afferent inhibition: a combined EEG and TMS study. Exp Brain Res 2009; 194:517-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-009-1723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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McDonnell MN, Thompson PD, Ridding MC. The effect of cutaneous input on intracortical inhibition in focal task-specific dystonia. Mov Disord 2008; 22:1286-92. [PMID: 17486588 DOI: 10.1002/mds.21508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In normal subjects short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) is topographically modulated by cutaneous input, which may be important for focusing muscle activation during tasks. In patients with writer's cramp, a task-specific focal dystonia characterized by inappropriate and excessive muscle activation of the upper limb during certain motor tasks, intracortical inhibition is reduced at rest and lacks the normal topographically-specific modulation during motor tasks. In the present study we investigated whether cutaneous input modulated SICI in a group of patients with writer's cramp and a control group of subjects. Electromyographic recordings were made from the right first dorsal interosseous (FDI), abductor pollicis brevis (APB), and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscles. Brief electrical stimuli were applied to either digit II or digit V with ring electrodes. SICI was investigated using a paired transcranial magnetic stimulation paradigm employing interstimulus intervals of 1-15 ms. Cutaneous input from both digit II and digit V modulated motor evoked potentials and SICI in a topographically-specific manner in control subjects. In contrast, cutaneous input failed to modulate motor evoked potentials or SICI in the focal hand dystonia patients. These results provide further evidence of abnormal sensorimotor integration in focal hand dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N McDonnell
- Research Centre for Human Movement Control, Discipline of Physiology, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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27
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Bäumer T, Pramstaller PP, Siebner HR, Schippling S, Hagenah J, Peller M, Gerloff C, Klein C, Münchau A. Sensorimotor integration is abnormal in asymptomaticParkinmutation carriers. Neurology 2007; 69:1976-81. [DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000278109.76607.0a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Kleim JA, Kleim ED, Cramer SC. Systematic assessment of training-induced changes in corticospinal output to hand using frameless stereotaxic transcranial magnetic stimulation. Nat Protoc 2007; 2:1675-84. [PMID: 17641632 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2007.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Measuring changes in the characteristics of corticospinal output has become a critical part of assessing the impact of motor experience on cortical organization in both the intact and injured human brain. In this protocol we describe a method for systematically assessing training-induced changes in corticospinal output that integrates volumetric anatomical MRI with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). A TMS coil is sited to a target grid superimposed onto a 3D MRI of cortex using a stereotaxic neuronavigation system. Subjects are then required to exercise the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) muscle on two different tasks for a total of 30 min. The protocol allows for reliably and repeatedly detecting changes in corticospinal output to FDI muscle in response to brief periods of motor training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Kleim
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Hospital, 1601 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA.
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Bäumer T, Dammann E, Bock F, Klöppel S, Siebner HR, Münchau A. Laterality of interhemispheric inhibition depends on handedness. Exp Brain Res 2007; 180:195-203. [PMID: 17287992 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-007-0866-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There is some evidence that handedness is related to lateralisation of excitability in the motor system. We investigated lateralisation of interhemispheric inhibition (IHI), motor thresholds and short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and facilitation (SICF) in relation to handedness in 12 right (RH) and 13 left handed (LH) subjects. Because there is some controversy as to the optimal localisation to produce IHI we also compared IHI induced by conditioning the dorsal premotor cortex (dPM) versus primary motor cortex (M1) in ten RH. IHI was stronger following conditioning the motor dominant as compared to the motor non-dominant hemisphere in RH and LH. Motor thresholds were higher when elicited over the right hemisphere than over the left in both RH and LH, while SICI and SICF showed no differences between hemispheres or dependency from handedness. We hypothesize that IHI is a function of handedness perhaps reflecting predominant usage of the dominant hand, while lateralisation of thresholds and intracortical excitability are determined by other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bäumer
- Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg, Martinstrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Quartarone A, Rizzo V, Bagnato S, Morgante F, Sant'Angelo A, Girlanda P, Siebner HR. Rapid-rate paired associative stimulation of the median nerve and motor cortex can produce long-lasting changes in motor cortical excitability in humans. J Physiol 2006; 575:657-70. [PMID: 16825301 PMCID: PMC1819453 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.114025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) or repetitive electrical peripheral nerve stimulation (rENS) can induce changes in the excitability of the human motor cortex (M1) that is often short-lasting and variable, and occurs only after prolonged periods of stimulation. In 10 healthy volunteers, we used a new repetitive paired associative stimulation (rPAS) protocol to facilitate and prolong the effects of rENS and rTMS on cortical excitability. Sub-motor threshold 5 Hz rENS of the right median nerve was synchronized with submotor threshold 5 Hz rTMS of the left M1 at a constant interval for 2 min. The interstimulus interval (ISI) between the peripheral stimulus and the transcranial stimulation was set at 10 ms (5 Hz rPAS10ms) or 25 ms (5 Hz rPAS25ms). TMS was given over the hot spot of the right abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscle. Before and after rPAS, we measured the amplitude of the unconditioned motor evoked potential (MEP), intracortical inhibition (ICI) and facilitation (ICF), short- and long-latency afferent inhibition (SAI and LAI) in the conditioned M1. The 5 Hz rPAS25ms protocol but not the 5 Hz rPAS10ms protocol caused a somatotopically specific increase in mean MEP amplitudes in the relaxed APB muscle. The 5 Hz rPAS25ms protocol also led to a loss of SAI, but there was no correlation between individual changes in SAI and corticospinal excitability. These after-effects were still present 6 h after 5 Hz rPAS25ms. There was no consistent effect on ICI, ICF and LAI. The 5 Hz rENS and 5 Hz rTMS protocols failed to induce any change in corticospinal excitability when given alone. These findings show that 2 min of 5 Hz rPAS25ms produce a long-lasting and somatotopically specific increase in corticospinal excitability, presumably by sensorimotor disinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Quartarone
- Clinica Neurologica 2, Policlinico Universitario, 98125 Messina, Italy.
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Laser Literature Watch. Photomed Laser Surg 2006; 24:222-48. [PMID: 16706704 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2006.24.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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