1
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Aivar MP, Li CL, Tong MH, Kit DM, Hayhoe MM. Knowing where to go: Spatial memory guides eye and body movements in a naturalistic visual search task. J Vis 2024; 24:1. [PMID: 39226069 PMCID: PMC11373708 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.9.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Most research on visual search has used simple tasks presented on a computer screen. However, in natural situations visual search almost always involves eye, head, and body movements in a three-dimensional (3D) environment. The different constraints imposed by these two types of search tasks might explain some of the discrepancies in our understanding concerning the use of memory resources and the role of contextual objects during search. To explore this issue, we analyzed a visual search task performed in an immersive virtual reality apartment. Participants searched for a series of geometric 3D objects while eye movements and head coordinates were recorded. Participants explored the apartment to locate target objects whose location and visibility were manipulated. For objects with reliable locations, we found that repeated searches led to a decrease in search time and number of fixations and to a reduction of errors. Searching for those objects that had been visible in previous trials but were only tested at the end of the experiment was also easier than finding objects for the first time, indicating incidental learning of context. More importantly, we found that body movements showed changes that reflected memory for target location: trajectories were shorter and movement velocities were higher, but only for those objects that had been searched for multiple times. We conclude that memory of 3D space and target location is a critical component of visual search and also modifies movement kinematics. In natural search, memory is used to optimize movement control and reduce energetic costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar Aivar
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- https://www.psicologiauam.es/aivar/
| | - Chia-Ling Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Present address: Apple Inc., Cupertino, California, USA
| | - Matthew H Tong
- Center for Perceptual Systems, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Present address: IBM Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dmitry M Kit
- Center for Perceptual Systems, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Present address: F5, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary M Hayhoe
- Center for Perceptual Systems, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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2
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Doyon JK, Hwang AD, Jung JH. Understanding viewpoint changes in peripheral prisms for field expansion by virtual reality simulation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:1393-1407. [PMID: 38495729 PMCID: PMC10942672 DOI: 10.1364/boe.513758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Prism field expansion is a common treatment for patients with peripheral field loss, shifting images from the blind field into the seeing field. The shifted image originates from a new viewpoint translated and rotated from the original viewpoint by the prism. To understand such viewpoint changes, we simulated two field expansion methods in virtual reality: 1) angular (i.e., rotational) field expansion and 2) linear field expansion via image crop-and-shift. Changes to object locations, sizes, and optic flow patterns by those methods were demonstrated and analyzed in both static and dynamic conditions, which may affect navigation with such field expansion devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K. Doyon
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alex D. Hwang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jae-Hyun Jung
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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3
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Wan ZY, Liu YX, Zhang X, Wang R. An Integrated Eye-Tracking and Motion Capture System in Synchronized Gaze and Movement Analysis. IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot 2023; 2023:1-6. [PMID: 37941206 DOI: 10.1109/icorr58425.2023.10304692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Integrating mobile eye-tracking and motion capture emerges as a promising approach in studying visual-motor coordination, due to its capability of expressing gaze data within the same laboratory-centered coordinate system as body movement data. In this paper, we proposed an integrated eye-tracking and motion capture system, which can record and analyze temporally and spatially synchronized gaze and motion data during dynamic movement. The accuracy of gaze measurement were evaluated on five participants while they were instructed to view fixed vision targets at different distances while standing still or walking towards the targets. Similar accuracy could be achieved in both static and dynamic conditions. To demonstrate the usability of the integrated system, several walking tasks were performed in three different pathways. Results revealed that participants tended to focus their gaze on the upcoming path, especially on the downward path, possibly for better navigation and planning. In a more complex pathway, coupled with more gaze time on the pathway, participants were also found having the longest step time and shortest step length, which led to the lowest walking speed. It was believed that the integration of eye-tracking and motion capture is a feasible and promising methodology quantifying visual-motor coordination in locomotion.
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4
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Darici O, Kuo A. Humans plan for the near future to walk economically on uneven terrain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2211405120. [PMID: 37126717 PMCID: PMC10175744 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211405120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans experience small fluctuations in their gait when walking on uneven terrain. The fluctuations deviate from the steady, energy-minimizing pattern for level walking and have no obvious organization. But humans often look ahead when they walk, and could potentially plan anticipatory fluctuations for the terrain. Such planning is only sensible if it serves some an objective purpose, such as maintaining constant speed or reducing energy expenditure, that is also attainable within finite planning capacity. Here, we show that humans do plan and perform optimal control strategies on uneven terrain. Rather than maintaining constant speed, they make purposeful, anticipatory speed adjustments that are consistent with minimizing energy expenditure. A simple optimal control model predicts economical speed fluctuations that agree well with experiments with humans (N = 12) walking on seven different terrain profiles (correlated with model [Formula: see text] , [Formula: see text] all terrains). Participants made repeatable speed fluctuations starting about six to eight steps ahead of each terrain feature (up to ±7.5 cm height difference each step, up to 16 consecutive features). Nearer features matter more, because energy is dissipated with each succeeding step's collision with ground, preventing momentum from persisting indefinitely. A finite horizon of continuous look-ahead and motor working space thus suffice to practically optimize for any length of terrain. Humans reason about walking in the near future to plan complex optimal control sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Darici
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, ABT2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Arthur D. Kuo
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, ABT2N 1N4, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, ABT2N 1N4, Canada
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5
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Ho TK, Kreter N, Jensen CB, Fino PC. The choice of reference frame alters interpretations of turning gait and stability. J Biomech 2023; 151:111544. [PMID: 36934623 PMCID: PMC10152835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Humans regularly follow curvilinear trajectories during everyday ambulation. However, globally-defined and locally-defined reference frames fall out of alignment during turning gait, which complicates spatiotemporal and biomechanical analyses. Thus, the choice of the locally-defined reference frame is an important methodological consideration. This study investigated how different definitions of reference frame change the results and interpretations of common gait measures during turning. Nine healthy adults completed two walking trials around a circular track. Kinematic data were collected via motion capture and used to calculate step length, step width, anteroposterior margin of stability, and mediolateral margin of stability using three different locally-defined reference frames: walkway-fixed, body-fixed, and trajectory-fixed. Linear-mixed effects models compared the effect of reference frame on each gait measure, and the effect of reference frame on conclusions about a known effect of turning gait - asymmetrical stepping patterns. All four gait measures differed significantly across the three reference frames. A significant interaction of reference frame and step type (i.e. inside vs outside step) on step length (p < 0.001), anteroposterior margin of stability (p < 0.001), and mediolateral margin of stability (p < 0.001) indicated conclusions about asymmetry differed based on the choice of reference frame. The choice of reference frame will change the calculated gait measures and may alter the conclusions of studies investigating turning gait. Care should be taken when comparing studies that used different reference frames, as results cannot be easily harmonized. Future studies of turning gait need to justify and detail their choice of reference frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler K Ho
- University of Utah, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Nicholas Kreter
- University of Utah, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Cameron B Jensen
- University of Utah, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Peter C Fino
- University of Utah, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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6
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Zeff S, Weir G, Pataky TC, Hamill J, van Emmerik R. Modifications to head-trunk coordination dynamics during running and sidestepping. Sports Biomech 2022:1-21. [PMID: 36541614 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2153299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine how the intrinsic head-trunk coordination dynamics that exist during forward running are modified during a dynamic sidestepping task. Fourteen athletes performed both forward running and sidestepping tasks. Head-trunk coordination and range of motion were assessed during the flight and stance phases in the transverse and sagittal planes. The sidestepping task resulted in greater in-phase head-trunk coordination during stance in the transverse plane (p < .001, ES = -1.71) and in reduced anti-phase coordination between head and trunk in the sagittal plane (p < .001, ES = 1.52). Statistical non-parametric mapping revealed that during sidestepping the sagittal plane coupling angle shifted away from anti-phase earlier during midstance. The sidestepping task resulted in greater transverse and sagittal plane head and trunk range of motion and greater vertical trunk centre of mass displacement. Sidestepping modified the intrinsic coordination dynamics that are present during forward running, with greater transverse plane head contributions and reductions in compensatory sagittal plane head motion, which may occur during the transition from weight acceptance to propulsion during the stance phase. These changes in the intrinsic coordination dynamics of the upper body during sidestepping tasks may impact visual perception and readiness compared to forward running during complex sports tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Zeff
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Gillian Weir
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Todd C Pataky
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Joseph Hamill
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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7
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Real-Time Short-Term Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction Based on Gait Biomechanics. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22155828. [PMID: 35957385 PMCID: PMC9370855 DOI: 10.3390/s22155828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The short-term prediction of a person’s trajectory during normal walking becomes necessary in many environments shared by humans and robots. Physics-based approaches based on Newton’s laws of motion seem best suited for short-term predictions, but the intrinsic properties of human walking conflict with the foundations of the basic kinematical models compromising their performance. In this paper, we propose a short-time prediction method based on gait biomechanics for real-time applications. This method relays on a single biomechanical variable, and it has a low computational burden, turning it into a feasible solution to implement in low-cost portable devices. We evaluate its performance from an experimental benchmark where several subjects walked steadily over straight and curved paths. With this approach, the results indicate a performance good enough to be applicable to a wide range of human–robot interaction applications.
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8
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Castilla A, Berthoz A, Cioni G, Belmonti V. Goal-oriented locomotion in children with spastic diplegia: Anticipatory orienting strategies and trajectory formation. Dev Neurorehabil 2022; 25:400-409. [PMID: 35226571 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2022.2047122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Goal-oriented locomotion (GOL) is a complex task integrating navigation and gait control. To our knowledge, this is the first study of GOL in subjects with Cerebral Palsy (CP). Thirteen subjects with spastic diplegia and 26 with typical development were enrolled in the study. Subjects performed a GOL task to reach luminous targets. Within-subject trajectory variability, maximal head deviation from trajectory and mean head anticipation over trajectory were analyzed. While all subjects showed gait impairment, only 8 of 13 subjects also showed navigation abnormalities as revealed by either: a) abnormal head orientation and trajectory formation, or b) abnormal head orientation with normal trajectory formation. Abnormal gait patterns do not account for and can be distinguished from navigation disorders in spastic diplegic CP. This distinction has important implications for novel rehabilitation methods that should specifically address navigation, not only gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Castilla
- Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l'Éducation de l'Enfant (LaPsyDÉ), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Psychologie et de Neurosciences, Institut de Médecine Environnementale (IME), Paris, France.,Collège de France, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Biologie (CIRB), Paris, France
| | - Alain Berthoz
- Collège de France, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Biologie (CIRB), Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Cioni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Calambrone (PI), Italy
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9
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Zeff S, Weir G, Hamill J, van Emmerik R. Head control and head-trunk coordination as a function of anticipation in sidestepping. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:853-862. [PMID: 35000573 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.2021683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Head reorientation precedes body reorientation during direction change to facilitate gaze realignment, thus enhancing perceptual awareness. Whole body kinematics are dependent on the available planning time. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of anticipation on head control and head-trunk coordination during sidestepping tasks. Fourteen male collegiate athletes performed anticipated and unanticipated sidestepping tasks. Transverse plane head, trunk and heading direction, as well as head-trunk coordination were assessed. During change of direction tasks, we observed greater head orientation towards the new travel direction, followed by heading direction and then trunk direction during both anticipated and unanticipated tasks. With reduced planning time, heading in the preparatory phase and trunk rotation in the preparatory and stance phases were significantly less oriented towards the new travel direction, with no differences in head rotation. During anticipated sidestepping, significantly greater in-phase coordination was observed during the preparatory phase compared to unanticipated sidestepping. Head reorientation facilitates gaze realignment and may be prioritized irrespective of planning time during sidestepping tasks. During anticipated trials, the head and trunk move more synchronously compared to unanticipated sidestepping, highlighting the potential benefits of aligning the degrees of freedom earlier in the change of direction stride and optimizing perceptual awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Zeff
- Motor Control Laboratory University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA USA
| | - Gillian Weir
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Hamill
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
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10
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Brument H, Bruder G, Marchal M, Olivier AH, Argelaguet F. Understanding, Modeling and Simulating Unintended Positional Drift during Repetitive Steering Navigation Tasks in Virtual Reality. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2021; 27:4300-4310. [PMID: 34449383 DOI: 10.1109/tvcg.2021.3106504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Virtual steering techniques enable users to navigate in larger Virtual Environments (VEs) than the physical workspace available. Even though these techniques do not require physical movement of the users (e.g. using a joystick and the head orientation to steer towards a virtual direction), recent work observed that users might unintentionally move in the physical workspace while navigating, resulting in Unintended Positional Drift (UPD). This phenomenon can be a safety issue since users may unintentionally reach the physical boundaries of the workspace while using a steering technique. In this context, as a necessary first step to improve the design of navigation techniques minimizing the UPD, this paper aims at analyzing and modeling the UPD during a virtual navigation task. In particular, we characterize and analyze the UPD for a dataset containing the positions and orientations of eighteen users performing a virtual slalom task using virtual steering techniques. Participants wore a head-mounted display and had to follow three different sinusoidal-like trajectories (with low, medium and high curvature) using a torso-steering navigation technique. We analyzed the performed motions and proposed two UPD models: the first based on a linear regression analysis and the second based on a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) analysis. Then, we assessed both models through a simulation-based evaluation where we reproduced the same navigation task using virtual agents. Our results indicate the feasibility of using simulation-based evaluations to study UPD. The paper concludes with a discussion of potential applications of the results in order to gain a better understanding of UPD during steering and therefore improve the design of navigation techniques by compensating for UPD.
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11
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Castilla A, Borst G, Cohen D, Fradin J, Lefrançois C, Houdé O, Zaoui M, Berthoz A. A New Paradigm for the Study of Cognitive Flexibility in Children and Adolescents: The "Virtual House Locomotor Maze" (VHLM). Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:708378. [PMID: 34630176 PMCID: PMC8495412 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.708378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical neuropsychological assessments are designed to explore cognitive brain functions using paper-and-pencil or digital tests. The purpose of this study was to design and to test a new protocol named the "Virtual House Locomotor Maze" (VHLM) for studying inhibitory control as well as mental flexibility using a visuo-spatial locomotor memory test. The VHLM is a simple maze including six houses using the technology of the Virtual Carpet Paradigm™. Ten typical development children (TD) were enrolled in this study. The participants were instructed to reach a target house as quickly as possible and to bear in mind the experimental instructions. We examined their planning and replanning abilities to take the shortest path to reach a target house. In order to study the cognitive processes during navigation, we implemented a spatio-temporal index based on the measure of kinematics behaviors (i.e., trajectories, tangential velocity and head direction). Replanning was tested by first repeating a path chosen by the subject to reach a given house. After learning this path, it was blocked imposing that the subject inhibited the learned trajectory and designed a new trajectory to reach the same house. We measured the latency of the departure after the presentation of each house and the initial direction of the trajectory. The results suggest that several strategies are used by the subjects for replanning and our measures could be used as an index of impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Castilla
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et de Neurosciences, Institut de Médecine Environnementale (IME), Paris, France
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de recherche en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Gregoire Borst
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - David Cohen
- Département de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, and Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotiques, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Fradin
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et de Neurosciences, Institut de Médecine Environnementale (IME), Paris, France
| | - Camille Lefrançois
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et de Neurosciences, Institut de Médecine Environnementale (IME), Paris, France
| | - Olivier Houdé
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Zaoui
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de recherche en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Alain Berthoz
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de recherche en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France
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12
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Fino PC, Weightman MM, Dibble LE, Lester ME, Hoppes CW, Parrington L, Arango J, Souvignier A, Roberts H, King LA. Objective Dual-Task Turning Measures for Return-to-Duty Assessment After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: The ReTURN Study Protocol. Front Neurol 2021; 11:544812. [PMID: 33519659 PMCID: PMC7844093 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.544812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining readiness for duty after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is essential for the safety of service members and their unit. Currently, these decisions are primarily based on self-reported symptoms, objective measures that assess a single system, or standardized physical or cognitive tests that may be insensitive or lack ecological validity for warrior tasks. While significant technological advancements have been made in a variety of assessments of these individual systems, assessments of isolated tasks are neither diagnostically accurate nor representative of the demands imposed by daily life and military activities. Emerging evidence suggests that complex tasks, such as dual-task paradigms or turning, have utility in probing functional deficits after mTBI. Objective measures from turning tasks in single- or dual-task conditions, therefore, may be highly valuable for clinical assessments and return-to-duty decisions after mTBI. The goals of this study are to assess the diagnostic accuracy, predictive capacity, and responsiveness to rehabilitation of objective, dual-task turning measures within an mTBI population. These goals will be accomplished over two phases. Phase 1 will enroll civilians at three sites and active-duty service members at one site to examine the diagnostic accuracy and predictive capacity of dual-task turning outcomes. Phase 1 participants will complete a series of turning tasks while wearing inertial sensors and a battery of clinical questionnaires, neurocognitive testing, and standard clinical assessments of function. Phase 2 will enroll active-duty service members referred for rehabilitation from two military medical treatment facilities to investigate the responsiveness to rehabilitation of objective dual-task turning measures. Phase 2 participants will complete two assessments of turning while wearing inertial sensors: a baseline assessment prior to the first rehabilitation session and a post-rehabilitation assessment after the physical therapist determines the participant has completed his/her rehabilitation course. A variable selection procedure will then be implemented to determine the best task and outcome measure for return-to-duty decisions based on diagnostic accuracy, predictive capacity, and responsiveness to rehabilitation. Overall, the results of this study will provide guidance and potential new tools for clinical decisions in individuals with mTBI. Clinical Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov, Identifier NCT03892291.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Fino
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | | | - Leland E Dibble
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Mark E Lester
- Army-Baylor University Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Physical Therapy, Texas State University, Round Rock, TX, United States
| | - Carrie W Hoppes
- Army-Baylor University Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lucy Parrington
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jorge Arango
- Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Fort Carson, CO, United States
| | | | - Holly Roberts
- Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA, United States
| | - Laurie A King
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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13
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Durant S, Zanker JM. The combined effect of eye movements improve head centred local motion information during walking. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228345. [PMID: 31999777 PMCID: PMC6992003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye movements play multiple roles in human behaviour—small stabilizing movements are important for keeping the image of the scene steady during locomotion, whilst large scanning movements search for relevant information. It has been proposed that eye movement induced retinal motion interferes with the estimation of self-motion based on optic flow. We investigated the effect of eye movements on retinal motion information during walking. Observers walked towards a target, wearing eye tracking glasses that simultaneously recorded the scene ahead and tracked the movements of both eyes. By realigning the frames of the recording from the scene ahead, relative to the centre of gaze, we could mimic the input received by the retina (retinocentric coordinates) and compare this to the input received by the scene camera (head centred coordinates). We asked which of these coordinate frames resulted in the least noisy motion information. Motion noise was calculated by finding the error in between the optic flow signal and a noise-free motion expansion pattern. We found that eye movements improved the optic flow information available, even when large diversions away from target were made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szonya Durant
- Department of Psychology, University of London, Egham, England, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Johannes M. Zanker
- Department of Psychology, University of London, Egham, England, United Kingdom
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14
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Analysis of head and chest movements that correspond to gaze directions during walking. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:3047-3058. [PMID: 31531689 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05650-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we analyze the relationship between head and chest movements and gaze direction in both walking and non-walking conditions. In a different approach from existing studies, we aim to analyze behavior when humans intentionally gaze at a certain target from two perspectives: (1) the relationship between gaze and body movements and (2) the effects of walking on body motion. We performed three experiments: fixed target scenes (Experiment 1), moving target scenes (Experiment 2) and more realistic gazing scenes (Experiment 3). The experimental results showed a linear relationship between the head and chest directions and gaze directions regardless of walking, non-walking situations, or target movements, and stronger gaze-head correlations than gaze-chest correlations. Further, we found effects of walking that constrained rotational body movements, and that body parts with larger moments were easily affected by walking. These results suggest that the findings of existing studies in non-walking situations may be applicable to walking situations directly or with simple modifications.
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15
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Dollack F, Perusquía-Hernández M, Kadone H, Suzuki K. Head Anticipation During Locomotion With Auditory Instruction in the Presence and Absence of Visual Input. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:293. [PMID: 31555112 PMCID: PMC6724718 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Head direction has been identified to anticipate trajectory direction during human locomotion. Head anticipation has also been shown to persist in darkness. Arguably, the purpose for this anticipatory behavior is related to motor control and trajectory planning, independently of the visual condition. This implies that anticipation remains in the absence of visual input. However, experiments so far have only explored this phenomenon with visual instructions which intrinsically primes a visual representation to follow. The primary objective of this study is to describe head anticipation in auditory instructed locomotion, in the presence and absence of visual input. Auditory instructed locomotion trajectories were performed in two visual conditions: eyes open and eyes closed. First, 10 sighted participants localized static sound sources to ensure they could understand the sound cues provided. Afterwards, they listened to a moving sound source while actively following it. Later, participants were asked to reproduce the trajectory of the moving sound source without sound. Anticipatory head behavior was observed during trajectory reproduction in both eyes open and closed conditions. The results suggest that head anticipation is related to motor anticipation rather than mental simulation of the trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Dollack
- School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Hideki Kadone
- Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Center for Innovative Medicine and Engineering, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan.,Center for Cybernics Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenji Suzuki
- Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Center for Cybernics Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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16
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Farkhatdinov I, Michalska H, Berthoz A, Hayward V. Review of Anthropomorphic Head Stabilisation and Verticality Estimation in Robots. SPRINGER TRACTS IN ADVANCED ROBOTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93870-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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17
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Simpson J, Freeth M, Simpson KJ, Thwaites K. Visual engagement with urban street edges: insights using mobile eye-tracking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/17549175.2018.1552884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Simpson
- Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Megan Freeth
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Kevin Thwaites
- Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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18
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Domínguez-Zamora FJ, Gunn SM, Marigold DS. Adaptive Gaze Strategies to Reduce Environmental Uncertainty During a Sequential Visuomotor Behaviour. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14112. [PMID: 30237587 PMCID: PMC6148321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
People must decide where, when, and for how long to allocate gaze to perform different motor behaviours. However, the factors guiding gaze during these ongoing, natural behaviours are poorly understood. Gaze shifts help acquire information, suggesting that people should direct gaze to locations where environmental details most relevant to the task are uncertain. To explore this, human subjects stepped on a series of targets as they walked. We used different levels of target uncertainty, and through instruction, altered the importance of (or subjective value assigned to) foot-placement accuracy. Gaze time on targets increased with greater target uncertainty when precise foot placement was more important, and these longer gaze times associated with reduced foot-placement error. Gaze times as well as the gaze shifts to and from targets relative to stepping differed depending on the target's position in the sequence and uncertainty level. Overall, we show that gaze is allocated to reduce uncertainty about target locations, and this depends on the value of this information gain for successful task performance. Furthermore, we show that the spatial-temporal pattern of gaze to resolve uncertainty changes with the evolution of the motor behaviour, indicating a flexible strategy to plan and control movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Javier Domínguez-Zamora
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Shaila M Gunn
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Daniel S Marigold
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada.
- Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience Institute, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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19
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Fino PC, Parrington L, Walls M, Sippel E, Hullar TE, Chesnutt JC, King LA. Abnormal Turning and Its Association with Self-Reported Symptoms in Chronic Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1167-1177. [PMID: 29078732 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Turning is common in daily activity and requires rapid, coordinated reorientation of the head, trunk, and pelvis toward the new direction of travel. Yet, turning gait has not been well explored in populations with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) who may alter their turning behavior according to self-perceived symptoms or motor dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to examine turning velocities and coordination in adults with chronic mTBI (>3 months post-injury and still reporting balance complaints) during a task simulating everyday ambulation. We hypothesized that individuals with chronic mTBI would reduce their angular velocity when turning and increase the variability of head-pelvis coordination compared with controls, and that the reduction in velocity and increased variability would be associated with their self-reported symptom score. Forty-two adults (14 chronic mTBI, 28 controls) completed the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory before walking 12 laps around a marked course containing two 45-degree turns, four 90-degree turns, and two 135-degree turns. Inertial sensors collected angular velocities of the head and pelvis. After adjusting for covariates, participants with chronic mTBI had significantly slower lap times and peak angular velocities of the pelvis (p < 0.01) compared with the control group. The peak velocity timing (PVT) between peak velocities of the head and pelvis, and the variability of that timing was significantly greater in participants with chronic mTBI (p < 0.01). Within the chronic mTBI group, somatosensory symptoms were associated with slower angular velocities of the head and pelvis (p = 0.03) and increased PVT variability (p < 0.01). The results suggest individuals with chronic mTBI with worse somatic symptoms have impaired head stabilization during turning in situations similar to everyday life. These results encourage future research on turning gait to examine the causal relationship between symptoms and daily locomotor function in adults with chronic mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Fino
- 1 Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Lucy Parrington
- 1 Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Merissa Walls
- 1 Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Emily Sippel
- 1 Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Timothy E Hullar
- 2 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - James C Chesnutt
- 3 Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, Neurology, and Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Laurie A King
- 1 Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
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20
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Farkhatdinov I, Roehri N, Burdet E. Anticipatory detection of turning in humans for intuitive control of robotic mobility assistance. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2017; 12:055004. [PMID: 28948937 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/aa80ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many wearable lower-limb robots for walking assistance have been developed in recent years. However, it remains unclear how they can be commanded in an intuitive and efficient way by their user. In particular, providing robotic assistance to neurologically impaired individuals in turning remains a significant challenge. The control should be safe to the users and their environment, yet yield sufficient performance and enable natural human-machine interaction. Here, we propose using the head and trunk anticipatory behaviour in order to detect the intention to turn in a natural, non-intrusive way, and use it for triggering turning movement in a robot for walking assistance. We therefore study head and trunk orientation during locomotion of healthy adults, and investigate upper body anticipatory behaviour during turning. The collected walking and turning kinematics data are clustered using the k-means algorithm and cross-validation tests and k-nearest neighbours method are used to evaluate the performance of turning detection during locomotion. Tests with seven subjects exhibited accurate turning detection. Head anticipated turning by more than 400-500 ms in average across all subjects. Overall, the proposed method detected turning 300 ms after its initiation and 1230 ms before the turning movement was completed. Using head anticipatory behaviour enabled to detect turning faster by about 100 ms, compared to turning detection using only pelvis orientation measurements. Finally, it was demonstrated that the proposed turning detection can improve the quality of human-robot interaction by improving the control accuracy and transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildar Farkhatdinov
- School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom. Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Robins RK, Hollands MA. The effects of constraining vision and eye movements on whole-body coordination during standing turns. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:3593-3603. [PMID: 28884336 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-5079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Turning the body towards a new direction is normally achieved via a top-down synergy whereby gaze (eye direction in space) leads the upper body segments, which in turn lead the feet. These anticipatory eye movements are observable even in darkness and constraining the initial eye movements modifies the stereotyped top-down reorientation sequence. Our aim was to elucidate the relative contributions of vision and eye movements to whole-body coordination during large standing turns by observing the effects of separately removing visual information or suppressing eye movements throughout the turn. We predicted that constraining eye movements would modify the steering synergy, whereas removing vision would have little effect. We found that preventing eye movements modified both timing and spatial characteristics of axial segment and feet rotation. When gaze was fixed, gait initiation, but not axial segment rotation, was delayed in comparison to both full vision and no vision turns. When eye movements were prevented, the predictable relationship between the extent head rotation led the body and peak head angular velocity was abolished suggesting that anticipatory head movements normally subserve gaze behaviour. In addition, stepping frequency significantly reduced during the gaze fixation condition but not during the no-vision condition, suggesting that oculomotor control is linked to stepping behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Robins
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Mark A Hollands
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
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22
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Authié CN, Berthoz A, Sahel JA, Safran AB. Adaptive Gaze Strategies for Locomotion with Constricted Visual Field. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:387. [PMID: 28798674 PMCID: PMC5529417 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In retinitis pigmentosa (RP), loss of peripheral visual field accounts for most difficulties encountered in visuo-motor coordination during locomotion. The purpose of this study was to accurately assess the impact of peripheral visual field loss on gaze strategies during locomotion, and identify compensatory mechanisms. Nine RP subjects presenting a central visual field limited to 10-25° in diameter, and nine healthy subjects were asked to walk in one of three directions-straight ahead to a visual target, leftward and rightward through a door frame, with or without obstacle on the way. Whole body kinematics were recorded by motion capture, and gaze direction in space was reconstructed using an eye-tracker. Changes in gaze strategies were identified in RP subjects, including extensive exploration prior to walking, frequent fixations of the ground (even knowing no obstacle was present), of door edges, essentially of the proximal one, of obstacle edge/corner, and alternating door edges fixations when approaching the door. This was associated with more frequent, sometimes larger rapid-eye-movements, larger movements, and forward tilting of the head. Despite the visual handicap, the trajectory geometry was identical between groups, with a small decrease in walking speed in RPs. These findings identify the adaptive changes in sensory-motor coordination, in order to ensure visual awareness of the surrounding, detect changes in spatial configuration, collect information for self-motion, update the postural reference frame, and update egocentric distances to environmental objects. They are of crucial importance for the design of optimized rehabilitation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colas N Authié
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S968, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne UniversitésParis, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U968, Institut de la VisionParis, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7210, Institut de la VisionParis, France.,Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-DHOS CIC 1423Paris, France
| | - Alain Berthoz
- Equipe Pr Alain Berthoz Professeur Emérite au Collège de FranceParis, France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S968, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne UniversitésParis, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U968, Institut de la VisionParis, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7210, Institut de la VisionParis, France.,Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-DHOS CIC 1423Paris, France.,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College LondonLondon, United Kingdom.,Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de RothschildParis, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Avinoam B Safran
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S968, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne UniversitésParis, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U968, Institut de la VisionParis, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7210, Institut de la VisionParis, France.,Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-DHOS CIC 1423Paris, France.,Département des Neurosciences, Université de GenèveGeneva, Switzerland
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23
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Charette C, Routhier F, McFadyen BJ. Visuo-locomotor control in persons with spinal cord injury in a manual or power wheelchair for direction change and obstacle circumvention. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:2669-2678. [PMID: 28585080 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-4994-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many individuals, such as persons with spinal cord injury (SCI), rely on wheeled locomotion involving manual (MWC) or power (PWC) wheelchairs to navigate their environments. Yet, visuo-locomotor control underlying WC navigation in experienced users is not well understood. The objective of this study was to compare the visuo-locomotor control between MWC and PWC in individuals with SCI while changing direction and circumventing an obstacle. Participants with SCI using a MWC (n = 12, 38.5 ± 10.7 years) or a PWC (n = 10, 47.8 ± 8.6 years) were asked to maneuver their chair straight ahead, while changing direction 45° to the right, and while circumventing an obstacle to the right, all at self-selected speeds. Speed, minimal clearance, point of deviation, temporal body and WC coordination, relative timing of segment rotations and visual behavior were analyzed. There was no main effect of group for speed, clearance and point of deviation. During direction change, the head always led body and wheelchair reorientation while an "en bloc" strategy was used for circumventing obstacle for both groups. In straight-ahead locomotion, participants predominantly fixed their gaze on the end target. During direction change and obstacle circumvention, participants fixated more on the future path and the obstacle for both WC modes. Overall, specific gaze behavior depended on environmental demands. While MWC and PWC users adopt similar navigational strategies and visuo-locomotor coordination while changing direction and circumventing obstacle, there were some differences in the amount of head rotation that could be related to a counter-movement used more by PWC users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Charette
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Institut de réadaptation en déficience physique de Québec, Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, Canada.,Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - François Routhier
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Institut de réadaptation en déficience physique de Québec, Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, Canada.,Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Bradford J McFadyen
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Institut de réadaptation en déficience physique de Québec, Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, Canada. .,Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada.
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24
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Baker CS, Cinelli ME. The effects of obstacle proximity on aperture crossing behaviours. Exp Brain Res 2016; 235:497-506. [PMID: 27785550 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4803-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Affordance theory and behavioural dynamics have been used as theoretical constructs to explain how individuals interact with the environment in order to avoid obstacles. Features of obstacle distance and multiple obstacle avoidance have been discussed in unique studies, yet the interactions of these environmental features have yet to be explored. The purpose of this study was to asses the effects of obstacle distance, relative to the goal, on aperture crossing strategies. Kinematics and gaze behaviours were assessed in a cohort of female young adults (N = 24, 21.3 ± 1.4 years). Results identified that participants chose to navigate through gaps of 1.3× shoulder width or greater, regardless of obstacle distance. However, safety margin in the anterior-posterior direction was found to increase with increased obstacle distance, suggesting unique environmental affordances for each obstacle distance. Therefore, although decision making on whether to navigate through, or around, the aperture appears to be unaffected by obstacle location, specific environmental features result in unique kinematic behaviours. Such behaviours fit within, and add merit to, the tenets of both affordance theory and behavioural dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen S Baker
- Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L3C5, Canada
| | - Michael E Cinelli
- Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L3C5, Canada.
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25
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26
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Belmonti V, Cioni G, Berthoz A. Anticipatory control and spatial cognition in locomotion and navigation through typical development and in cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2016; 58 Suppl 4:22-7. [PMID: 27027604 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Behavioural evidence, summarized in this narrative review, supports a developmental model of locomotor control based on increasing neural integration of spatial reference frames. Two consistent adult locomotor behaviours are head stabilization and head anticipation: the head is stabilized to gravity and leads walking direction. This cephalocaudal orienting organization aligns gaze and vestibula with a reference frame centred on the upcoming walking direction, allowing anticipatory control on body kinematics, but is not fully developed until adolescence. Walking trajectories and those of hand movements share many aspects, including power laws coupling velocity to curvature, and minimized spatial variability. In fact, the adult brain can code trajectory geometry in an allocentric reference frame, irrespective of the end effector, regulating body kinematics thereafter. Locomotor trajectory formation, like head anticipation, matures in early adolescence, indicating common neurocomputational substrates. These late-developing control mechanisms can be distinguished from biomechanical problems in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Children's performance on a novel navigation test, the Magic Carpet, indicates that typical navigation development consists of the increasing integration of egocentric and allocentric reference frames. In CP, right-brain impairment seems to reduce navigation performance due to a maladaptive left-brain sequential egocentric strategy. Spatial integration should be considered more in rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Belmonti
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa (Calambrone), Italy
| | - Giovanni Cioni
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa (Calambrone), Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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27
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Authié CN, Hilt PM, N'Guyen S, Berthoz A, Bennequin D. Differences in gaze anticipation for locomotion with and without vision. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:312. [PMID: 26106313 PMCID: PMC4458691 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous experimental studies have shown a spontaneous anticipation of locomotor trajectory by the head and gaze direction during human locomotion. This anticipatory behavior could serve several functions: an optimal selection of visual information, for instance through landmarks and optic flow, as well as trajectory planning and motor control. This would imply that anticipation remains in darkness but with different characteristics. We asked 10 participants to walk along two predefined complex trajectories (limaçon and figure eight) without any cue on the trajectory to follow. Two visual conditions were used: (i) in light and (ii) in complete darkness with eyes open. The whole body kinematics were recorded by motion capture, along with the participant's right eye movements. We showed that in darkness and in light, horizontal gaze anticipates the orientation of the head which itself anticipates the trajectory direction. However, the horizontal angular anticipation decreases by a half in darkness for both gaze and head. In both visual conditions we observed an eye nystagmus with similar properties (frequency and amplitude). The main difference comes from the fact that in light, there is a shift of the orientations of the eye nystagmus and the head in the direction of the trajectory. These results suggest that a fundamental function of gaze is to represent self motion, stabilize the perception of space during locomotion, and to simulate the future trajectory, regardless of the vision condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colas N Authié
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Perception et de l'Action, UMR 7152, Collège de France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Paris, France
| | - Pauline M Hilt
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Perception et de l'Action, UMR 7152, Collège de France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Paris, France
| | - Steve N'Guyen
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Perception et de l'Action, UMR 7152, Collège de France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Paris, France
| | - Alain Berthoz
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Perception et de l'Action, UMR 7152, Collège de France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Paris, France
| | - Daniel Bennequin
- UFR de Mathématiques, Équipe Géométrie et Dynamique, Institut de Mathématiques de Jussieu, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, UMR 7586 Paris, France
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28
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Sreenivasa M, Mombaur K, Laumond JP. Walking paths to and from a goal differ: on the role of bearing angle in the formation of human locomotion paths. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121714. [PMID: 25860941 PMCID: PMC4393262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The path that humans take while walking to a goal is the result of a cognitive process modulated by the perception of the environment and physiological constraints. The path shape and timing implicitly embeds aspects of the architecture behind this process. Here, locomotion paths were investigated during a simple task of walking to and from a goal, by looking at the evolution of the position of the human on a horizontal (x,y) plane. We found that the path while walking to a goal was not the same as that while returning from it. Forward-return paths were systematically separated by 0.5-1.9m, or about 5% of the goal distance. We show that this path separation occurs as a consequence of anticipating the desired body orientation at the goal while keeping the target in view. The magnitude of this separation was strongly influenced by the bearing angle (difference between body orientation and angle to goal) and the final orientation imposed at the goal. This phenomenon highlights the impact of a trade-off between a directional perceptual apparatus—eyes in the head on the shoulders—and and physiological limitations, in the formation of human locomotion paths. Our results give an insight into the influence of environmental and perceptual variables on human locomotion and provide a basis for further mathematical study of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Sreenivasa
- Optimization in Robotics and Biomechanics, Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Katja Mombaur
- Optimization in Robotics and Biomechanics, Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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29
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Berthoz A, Zaoui M. New paradigms and tests for evaluating and remediating visuospatial deficits in children. Dev Med Child Neurol 2015; 57 Suppl 2:15-20. [PMID: 25690111 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review suggests several hypotheses about the cognitive developmental mechanisms involved in the motor deficits of children with cerebral palsy. We suggest a new theory that visuospatial deficits involving the manipulation of multiple spatial reference frames are crucial components of the disorder in spatial orientation, manipulation, locomotion, navigation, and even social interactions. We review basic knowledge about the brain networks involved in spatial memory and cognition. We then present several potential paradigms for studying specific deficits. We consider first the use of vestibular signals for egocentric spatial orientation in children and the 'locomotor trajectory paradigm' for studying gaze anticipation and perceptual components of walking. We then describe new paradigms for studying egocentric and allocentric strategies in spatial tasks: the 'virtual path length', the 'virtual palace' and the 'virtual star maze'. We also consider paradigms involving the use of other persons and perspective change from a first person's to a third person's viewpoint as reference in spatial tasks or social interactions: the 'designation' paradigm, the 'harlequin', and the 'tightrope walker'. Finally, we briefly present a new experimental set up involving a 'virtual carpet', which follows previous studies of cognitive strategies for generating locomotor trajectories using the 'magic carpet' and which will allow a large variety of studies involving executive functions and inhibition of the first-appearing strategies during development. Several of these new paradigms could be used for remediation.
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Lehtonen E, Lappi O, Koirikivi I, Summala H. Effect of driving experience on anticipatory look-ahead fixations in real curve driving. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2014; 70:195-208. [PMID: 24816081 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Anticipatory skills are a potential factor for novice drivers' curve accidents. Behavioural data show that steering and speed regulation are affected by forward planning of the trajectory. When approaching a curve, the relevant visual information for online steering control and for planning is located at different eccentricities, creating a need to disengage the gaze from the guidance of steering to anticipatory look-ahead fixations over curves. With experience, peripheral vision can be increasingly used in the visual guidance of steering. This could leave experienced drivers more gaze time to invest on look-ahead fixations over curves, facilitating the trajectory planning. Eighteen drivers (nine novices, nine experienced) drove an instrumented vehicle on a rural road four times in both directions. Their eye movements were analyzed in six curves. The trajectory of the car was modelled and divided to approach, entry and exit phases. Experienced drivers spent less time on the road-ahead and more time on the look-ahead fixations over the curves. Look-ahead fixations were also more common in the approach than in the entry phase of the curve. The results suggest that with experience drivers allocate greater part of their visual attention to trajectory planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esko Lehtonen
- Traffic Research Unit, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Cognitive Science, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Otto Lappi
- Cognitive Science, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Traffic Research Unit, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iivo Koirikivi
- Traffic Research Unit, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Summala
- Traffic Research Unit, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Earhart GM. Dynamic control of posture across locomotor tasks. Mov Disord 2014; 28:1501-8. [PMID: 24132838 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful locomotion depends on postural control to establish and maintain appropriate postural orientation of body segments relative to one another and to the environment and to ensure dynamic stability of the moving body. This article provides a framework for considering dynamic postural control, highlighting the importance of coordination, consistency, and challenges to postural control posed by various locomotor tasks, such as turning and backward walking. The impacts of aging and various movement disorders on postural control are discussed broadly in an effort to provide a general overview of the field and recommendations for assessment of dynamic postural control across different populations in both clinical and research settings. Suggestions for future research on dynamic postural control during locomotion also are provided and include discussion of opportunities afforded by new and developing technologies, the need for long-term monitoring of locomotor performance in everyday activities, gaps in our knowledge of how targeted intervention approaches modify dynamic postural control, and the relative paucity of literature regarding dynamic postural control in movement disorder populations other than Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gammon M Earhart
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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32
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Higuchi T. Visuomotor control of human adaptive locomotion: understanding the anticipatory nature. Front Psychol 2013; 4:277. [PMID: 23720647 PMCID: PMC3655271 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To maintain balance during locomotion, the central nervous system (CNS) accommodates changes in the constraints of spatial environment (e.g., existence of an obstacle or changes in the surface properties). Locomotion while modifying the basic movement patterns in response to such constraints is referred to as adaptive locomotion. The most powerful means of ensuring balance during adaptive locomotion is to visually perceive the environmental properties at a distance and modify the movement patterns in an anticipatory manner to avoid perturbation altogether. For this reason, visuomotor control of adaptive locomotion is characterized, at least in part, by its anticipatory nature. The purpose of the present article is to review the relevant studies which revealed the anticipatory nature of the visuomotor control of adaptive locomotion. The anticipatory locomotor adjustments for stationary and changeable environment, as well as the spatio-temporal patterns of gaze behavior to support the anticipatory locomotor adjustments are described. Such description will clearly show that anticipatory locomotor adjustments are initiated when an object of interest (e.g., a goal or obstacle) still exists in far space. This review also show that, as a prerequisite of anticipatory locomotor adjustments, environmental properties are accurately perceived from a distance in relation to individual’s action capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Higuchi
- Department of Health Promotion Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University Tokyo, Japan
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33
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Development of anticipatory orienting strategies and trajectory formation in goal-oriented locomotion. Exp Brain Res 2013; 227:131-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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