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Raleigh SM, Orchard KJA. Sarcopenia as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease: Genetic and Epigenetic Perspectives. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:561. [PMID: 38790190 PMCID: PMC11121242 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, defined as the age-associated loss of muscle mass and increased fragility with age, is increasing worldwide. The condition often precedes the development of Alzheimer's disease, thereby decreasing the levels of mobility and physical activity in those affected. Indeed, the loss of muscle mass has, in some studies, been associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. However, a detailed understanding of the interplay between both conditions is not available and needs to be thoroughly addressed. In the following review, we focus on several genes, specifically APOE, BDNF, ACE, FTO, and FNDC5, that have been associated with both conditions. We also discuss the epigenetic regulation of each of these genes along with non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that may have a role in the development of both the sarcopenic and Alzheimer's disease phenotypes. Finally, we assert that the application of systems biology will unravel the relationship between sarcopenia and Alzheimer's disease and believe that the prevention of muscle loss in older age will reduce the incidence of debilitating cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M. Raleigh
- Centre for Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Kayleigh J. A. Orchard
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK;
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2
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Schluessel S, Zhang W, Nowotny H, Bidlingmaier M, Hintze S, Kunz S, Martini S, Mehaffey S, Meinke P, Neuerburg C, Schmidmaier R, Schoser B, Reisch N, Drey M. 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD11B1) gene expression in muscle is linked to reduced skeletal muscle index in sarcopenic patients. Aging Clin Exp Res 2023; 35:3073-3083. [PMID: 37943405 PMCID: PMC10721692 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-023-02574-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids play a significant role in metabolic processes and pathways that impact muscle size, mass, and function. The expression of 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD11B1) has been previously described as a major regulator of skeletal muscle function in glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy and aging humans. Our study aimed to investigate glucocorticoid metabolism, including the expression of HSD11B1 in skeletal muscle, in patients with sarcopenia. METHODS Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis muscle of thirty-three patients over 60 years of age with hip fractures. Sarcopenia status was assessed according to the criteria of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2. Skeletal muscle mass was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Cortisol and cortisone concentrations were measured in serum. Gene expression analysis of HSD11B1, NR3C1, FBXO32, and TRIM63 in muscle biopsies was performed. Serial cross sections of skeletal muscle were labeled with myosin heavy chain slow (fiber type-1) and fast (fiber type-2) antibodies. RESULTS The study included 33 patients (21 women) with a mean age of 82.5 ± 6.3 years, 17 patients revealed sarcopenic (n = 16 non-sarcopenic). Serum cortisone concentrations were negatively correlated with muscle mass (ß = - 0.425; p = 0.034) and type-2 fiber diameter (ß = - 0.591; p = 0.003). Gene expression of HSD11B1 (ß = - 0.673; p = 0.008) showed a negative correlation with muscle mass in the sarcopenic group. A significant correlation was found for the non-sarcopenic group for NR3C1 (ß = 0.548; p = 0.028) and muscle mass. CONCLUSION These findings suggest a pathogenetic role of HSD11B1 in sarcopenic muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schluessel
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Hanna Nowotny
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Hintze
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja Kunz
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Martini
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Mehaffey
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Meinke
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carl Neuerburg
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Schmidmaier
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Schoser
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Reisch
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Michael Drey
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, 80336, Munich, Germany
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Tarantino G, Sinatti G, Citro V, Santini SJ, Balsano C. Sarcopenia, a condition shared by various diseases: can we alleviate or delay the progression? Intern Emerg Med 2023; 18:1887-1895. [PMID: 37490203 PMCID: PMC10543607 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-023-03339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a severe condition common to various chronic diseases and it is reckoned as a major health problem. It encompasses many different molecular mechanisms that have been for a while discovered but not definitely clarified. Although sarcopenia is a disability status that leads to serious health consequences, the scarcity of suitable animal models has curtailed research addressing this disorder. Another limitation in the field of clinical investigation of sarcopenic patients is the lack of a generally accepted definition coupled with the difficulty of adopting common diagnostic criteria. In fact, both do not permit to clarify the exact prevalence rate and consequently limit physicians to establish any kind of therapeutical approach or, when possible, to adopt preventive measures. Unfortunately, there is no standardized cure, apart from doing more physical activity and embracing a balanced diet, but newly discovered substances start being considered. In this review, authors try to give an overview addressing principal pathways of sarcopenia and offer critical features of various possible interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaia Sinatti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences‑MESVA, School of Emergency‑Urgency Medicine, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Citro
- Department of General Medicine, "Umberto I" Hospital, Nocera Inferiore, SA, Italy
| | - Silvano Jr Santini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences‑MESVA, School of Emergency‑Urgency Medicine, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
- Francesco Balsano Foundation, Via Giovanni Battista Martini 6, 00198, Rome, Italy
| | - Clara Balsano
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences‑MESVA, School of Emergency‑Urgency Medicine, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
- Francesco Balsano Foundation, Via Giovanni Battista Martini 6, 00198, Rome, Italy.
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Karunyam BV, Abdul Karim AK, Naina Mohamed I, Ugusman A, Mohamed WMY, Faizal AM, Abu MA, Kumar J. Infertility and cortisol: a systematic review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1147306. [PMID: 37455908 PMCID: PMC10344356 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1147306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stress and infertility form a complex relationship. In line with this, various stress-related biological markers have been investigated in infertility. Methods This systematic review was performed using PRISMA guidelines (i) to report whether cortisol is highly present in infertile patients compared to fertile control; (ii) to report whether there is any significant difference in the cortisol level in infertile subjects that conceive and those that didn't at the end of assisted reproduction treatments. Original articles involving human (male and female) as subjects were extracted from four electronic databases, including the list of references from the published papers. Sixteen original full-length articles involving male (4), female (11), and both genders (1) were included. Results Findings from studies that compared the cortisol level between infertile and fertile subjects indicate that (i) Male: three studies reported elevated cortisol level in infertile patients and one found no significant difference; (ii) Female: four studies reported increased cortisol level in infertile subjects and three studies found no significant difference. Findings from studies that measured the cortisol level from infertile patients that conceived and those that didn't indicate that (i) Male: one study reported no significant difference; (ii) Female: one study reported elevated cortisol in infertile patients that conceived, whereas two studies reported increased cortisol in infertile patients that was unable to conceive. Five studies found no significant difference between the groups. Discussion In the present review we only included the cortisol value that was measured prior to stimulation or IVF treatment or during natural or spontaneous cycles, despite this, there are still variations in the sampling period, assessment techniques and patients' characteristics. Hence, at present, we are still unable to conclude that cortisol is significantly elevated in infertile patients. We warrant future studies to standardize the time of biological sample collection and other limitations that were addressed in the review to negate the unwanted influencing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bheena Vyshali Karunyam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Kadir Abdul Karim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azizah Ugusman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wael M. Y. Mohamed
- Basic Medical Science Department, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Ahmad Mohd Faizal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Azrai Abu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Ladang A, Beaudart C, Reginster JY, Al-Daghri N, Bruyère O, Burlet N, Cesari M, Cherubini A, da Silva MC, Cooper C, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Landi F, Laslop A, Maggi S, Mobasheri A, Ormarsdottir S, Radermecker R, Visser M, Yerro MCP, Rizzoli R, Cavalier E. Biochemical Markers of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging to be Assessed in Clinical Trials of Drugs Aiming at the Treatment of Sarcopenia: Consensus Paper from an Expert Group Meeting Organized by the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO) and the Centre Académique de Recherche et d'Expérimentation en Santé (CARES SPRL), Under the Auspices of the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for the Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Conditions and Aging. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:197-217. [PMID: 36633611 PMCID: PMC9859913 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-01054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In clinical trials, biochemical markers provide useful information on the drug's mode of action, therapeutic response and side effect monitoring and can act as surrogate endpoints. In pharmacological intervention development for sarcopenia management, there is an urgent need to identify biomarkers to measure in clinical trials and that could be used in the future in clinical practice. The objective of the current consensus paper is to provide a clear list of biochemical markers of musculoskeletal health and aging that can be recommended to be measured in Phase II and Phase III clinical trials evaluating new chemical entities for sarcopenia treatment. A working group of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO) proposed classifying biochemical markers into 2 series: biochemical markers evaluating musculoskeletal status and biochemical markers evaluating causal factors. For series 1, the group agreed on 4 biochemical markers that should be assessed in Phase II or Phase III trials (i.e., Myostatin-Follistatin, Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor, N-terminal Type III Procollagen and Serum Creatinine to Serum Cystatin C Ratio - or the Sarcopenia Index). For series 2, the group agreed on 6 biochemical markers that should be assessed in Phase II trials (i.e., the hormones insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, and cortisol, and the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α), and 2 in Phase III trials (i.e., IGF-I and CRP). The group also proposed optional biochemical markers that may provide insights into the mode of action of pharmacological therapies. Further research and development of new methods for biochemical marker assays may lead to the evolution of these recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Ladang
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CHU de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Charlotte Beaudart
- Division of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, WHO Collaborating Center for Public Health Aspects of Musculo-Skeletal Health and Ageing,, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Yves Reginster
- Division of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, WHO Collaborating Center for Public Health Aspects of Musculo-Skeletal Health and Ageing,, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Al-Daghri
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olivier Bruyère
- Division of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, WHO Collaborating Center for Public Health Aspects of Musculo-Skeletal Health and Ageing,, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nansa Burlet
- Division of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, WHO Collaborating Center for Public Health Aspects of Musculo-Skeletal Health and Ageing,, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Matteo Cesari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Cherubini
- Geriatric Unit, IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Francesco Landi
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Laslop
- Scientific Office, Federal Office for Safety in Health Care, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ali Mobasheri
- Division of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, WHO Collaborating Center for Public Health Aspects of Musculo-Skeletal Health and Ageing,, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Régis Radermecker
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liege, CHU de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marjolein Visser
- Department of Health Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - René Rizzoli
- Faculty of Medicine, Service of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CHU de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Terayama R, Ishikawa T, Ishiwata K, Sato A, Minamizuka T, Ohno T, Kono S, Yamamoto M, Yokoh H, Nagano H, Koshizaka M, Suzuki S, Koide H, Maezawa Y, Yokote K. Correction of Hypercortisolemia with an Improved Cognitive Function and Muscle Mass after Transsphenoidal Surgery in an Older Patient with Cushing's Disease. Intern Med 2022; 61:3391-3399. [PMID: 35491128 PMCID: PMC9751722 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.8326-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cushing's disease causes numerous metabolic disorders, cognitive decline, and sarcopenia, leading to deterioration of the general health in older individuals. Cushing's disease can be treated with transsphenoidal surgery, but thus far, surgery has often been avoided in older patients. We herein report an older woman with Cushing's disease whose cognitive impairment and sarcopenia improved after transsphenoidal surgery. Although cognitive impairment and sarcopenia in most older patients show resistance to treatment, our case indicates that normalization of the cortisol level by transsphenoidal surgery can be effective in improving the cognitive impairment and muscle mass loss caused by Cushing's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Terayama
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology, and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology, and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
- Department of General Medical Science, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
- Geriatric Medical Center, Chiba University Hospital, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ishiwata
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology, and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ai Sato
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology, and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takuya Minamizuka
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology, and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ohno
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology, and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Satomi Kono
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology, and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamamoto
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology, and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yokoh
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology, and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nagano
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Masaya Koshizaka
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology, and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Sawako Suzuki
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology, and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hisashi Koide
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology, and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Maezawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology, and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology, and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Katsuhara S, Yokomoto-Umakoshi M, Umakoshi H, Matsuda Y, Iwahashi N, Kaneko H, Ogata M, Fukumoto T, Terada E, Sakamoto R, Ogawa Y. Impact of Cortisol on Reduction in Muscle Strength and Mass: A Mendelian Randomization Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e1477-e1487. [PMID: 34850018 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Prolonged exposure to pathological cortisol, as in Cushing's syndrome causes various age-related disorders, including sarcopenia. However, it is unclear whether mild cortisol excess, for example, accelerates sarcopenia due to aging or chronic stress. OBJECTIVE We used Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to assess whether cortisol was causally associated with muscle strength and mass. METHODS Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with plasma cortisol concentrations in the CORtisol NETwork consortium (n = 12 597) were used as instrumental variables. Summary statistics with traits of interest were obtained from relevant genome-wide association studies. For the primary analysis, we used the fixed-effects inverse-variance weighted analysis accounting for genetic correlations between variants. RESULTS One SD increase in cortisol was associated with SD reduction in grip strength (estimate, -0.032; 95% CI -0.044 to -0.020; P = 3e-04), whole-body lean mass (estimate, -0.032; 95% CI, -0.046 to -0.017; P = 0.004), and appendicular lean mass (estimate, -0.031; 95% CI, -0.049 to -0.012; P = 0.001). The results were supported by the weighted-median analysis, with no evidence of pleiotropy in the MR-Egger analysis. The association of cortisol with grip strength and lean mass was observed in women but not in men. The association was attenuated after adjusting for fasting glucose in the multivariable MR analysis, which was the top mediator for the association in the MR Bayesian model averaging analysis. CONCLUSION This MR study provides evidence for the association of cortisol with reduced muscle strength and mass, suggesting the impact of cortisol on the development of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Katsuhara
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Maki Yokomoto-Umakoshi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hironobu Umakoshi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yayoi Matsuda
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Norifusa Iwahashi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kaneko
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ogata
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tazuru Fukumoto
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eriko Terada
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Sakamoto
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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