1
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Ye P, Huang L, Zhao K. Fast-Rising Electric Pulses by Reducing Membrane Tension for Efficient Membrane Electroporation. MEMBRANES 2025; 15:151. [PMID: 40422761 DOI: 10.3390/membranes15050151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2025] [Revised: 04/22/2025] [Accepted: 05/08/2025] [Indexed: 05/28/2025]
Abstract
Membrane electroporation is an emerging minimally invasive ablation technique being rapidly applied in the ablation treatment of tumors and heart conditions. Different rise times of electric fields lead to variations in the distribution and duration of electric field strength on the cell membrane. This study investigated the effect of the electric field's rise time on membrane electroporation characteristics using molecular dynamics simulations. The results showed that fast-rising electrical pulses can significantly reduce the membrane tension induced by the Coulomb force within a short period of time and lead to a trend of the electric field angle distribution towards smaller values below 45°, thereby effectively promoting the pore formation process. Optimizing the electric field's rise time is an effective electroporation ablation strategy, potentially improving the efficacy of clinical cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ye
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Lulu Huang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Kuiwen Zhao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
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2
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Rytik AP, Tuchin VV. Effect of terahertz radiation on cells and cellular structures. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2025; 18:2. [PMID: 39871024 PMCID: PMC11772664 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-024-00146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 12/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2025]
Abstract
The paper presents the results of modern research on the effects of electromagnetic terahertz radiation in the frequency range 0.5-100 THz at different levels of power density and exposure time on the viability of normal and cancer cells. As an accompanying tool for monitoring the effect of radiation on biological cells and tissues, spectroscopic research methods in the terahertz frequency range are described, and attention is focused on the possibility of using the spectra of interstitial water as a marker of pathological processes. The problem of the safety of terahertz radiation for the human body from the point of view of its effect on the structures and systems of biological cells is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Rytik
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, Saratov, 410012, Russia.
| | - V V Tuchin
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, Saratov, 410012, Russia.
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, Saratov, 410012, Russia.
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Imaging and Machine Learning, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia.
- Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control, Federal Research Center "Saratov Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Saratov, 410012, Russia.
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3
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Lei M, Zhang T, Lu X, Zhao X, Wang H, Long J, Lu Z. Membrane-mediated modulation of mitochondrial physiology by terahertz waves. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:4065-4080. [PMID: 39022554 PMCID: PMC11249691 DOI: 10.1364/boe.528706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Extensive studies have demonstrated the diverse impacts of electromagnetic waves at gigahertz and terahertz (THz) frequencies on cytoplasmic membrane properties. However, there is little evidence of these impacts on intracellular membranes, particularly mitochondrial membranes crucial for mitochondrial physiology. In this study, human neuroblast-like cells were exposed to continuous 0.1 THz radiation at an average power density of 33 mW/cm2. The analysis revealed that THz exposure significantly altered the mitochondrial ultrastructure. THz waves enhanced the enzymatic activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain but disrupted supercomplex assembly, compromising mitochondrial respiration. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed altered rates of change in the quantity of hydrogen bonds and infiltration of water molecules in lipid bilayers containing cardiolipin, indicating the specific behavior of cardiolipin, a signature phospholipid in mitochondria, under THz exposure. These findings suggest that THz radiation can significantly alter mitochondrial membrane properties, impacting mitochondrial physiology through a mechanism related to mitochondrial membrane, and provide deeper insight into the bioeffects of THz radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Lei
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University
, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tingrong Zhang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University
, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyun Lu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University
, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongguang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiangang Long
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University
, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhuoyang Lu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University
, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, China
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4
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Liu M, Liu J, Liang W, Lu B, Fan P, Song Y, Wang M, Wu Y, Cai X. Recent advances and research progress on microsystems and bioeffects of terahertz neuromodulation. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:143. [PMID: 38025884 PMCID: PMC10643571 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz waves can interact with the nervous system of organisms under certain conditions. Compared to common optical modulation methods, terahertz waves have the advantages of low photon energy and low risk; therefore, the use of terahertz waves to regulate the nervous system is a promising new method of neuromodulation. However, most of the research has focused on the use of terahertz technology for biodetection, while relatively little research has been carried out on the biological effects of terahertz radiation on the nervous system, and there are almost no review papers on this topic. In the present article, we begin by reviewing principles and objects of research regarding the biological effects of terahertz radiation and summarizing the current state of related research from a variety of aspects, including the bioeffects of terahertz radiation on neurons in vivo and in vitro, novel regulation and detection methods with terahertz radiation devices and neural microelectrode arrays, and theoretical simulations of neural information encoding and decoding. In addition, we discuss the main problems and their possible causes and give some recommendations on possible future breakthroughs. This paper will provide insight and assistance to researchers in the fields of neuroscience, terahertz technology and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Juntao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Wei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Botao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Penghui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yilin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Mixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yirong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xinxia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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5
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Bo W, Che R, Liu Q, Zhang X, Hou Y, Gong Y. Investigations on Na+, K+-ATPase energy consumption in ion flow of hydrophilic pores by THz unipolar stimulation. iScience 2023; 26:107849. [PMID: 37766988 PMCID: PMC10520936 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Terahertz science and technology has recently shown new application prospects in artificial intelligence. It is found that terahertz unipolar stimulation can activate cell membrane hydrophilic pores. However, the behaviors of Na+, K+-ATPase and energy consumption during this period remain unknown. This paper investigates these behaviors by Na+, K+-ATPase and electroporation models, based on the interaction theory between terahertz fields and ions at the cellular level. The effective diameters of life ions are considered in the aqueous solution. From results, Na+, K+-ATPases can be activated and stay for a while before close after the stimulation. Their life ion flows are far lower than the flows via the pores. And their power dissipation is as low as 10-11 W in both rat neostriatal neurons and guinea pig ventricular myocytes. The results keep tenable in 0.1-1.2 THz. These lay the basis for investigations of information communication mechanisms in cells under terahertz stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Bo
- College of Information and Communication, National University of Defense Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Rong Che
- College of Information and Communication, National University of Defense Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- College of Information and Communication, National University of Defense Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- College of Information and Communication, National University of Defense Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Yintao Hou
- College of Information and Communication, National University of Defense Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Yubin Gong
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
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6
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Guo F, Zhou J, Wang J, Qian K, Qu H. A molecular dynamics study of phospholipid membrane electroporation induced by bipolar pulses with different intervals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:14096-14103. [PMID: 37161819 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04637g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of changes in cell electroporation (EP) during the intervals of bipolar pulses is still unclear, and few studies have investigated the effect of the intervals at the molecular level. In this study, EP induced by bipolar pulses (BP) with different intervals was investigated using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Firstly, EP was formed during the positive pulses of 2 ns and 0.5 V nm-1, then the effects of various intervals of 0, 1, 5, and 10 ns on EP evolution were investigated, and the dynamic changes of different degrees of EP induced by the following negative pulses of 2 ns and 0.5 V nm-1 were analyzed. The elimination effect of intervals was determined and it was related to the degrees of EP and the time of intervals. At the last moment of the intervals the phospholipid membrane was classified and quantitatively defined in three states according to the degrees of EP, namely, Resealing, Destabilizing and Retaining states. These states appeared due to the combined effect of both the positive pulse and the interval, and the states represent the degrees of EP which had different responses after applying the negative pulse. These results can improve our understanding of the fundamental mechanism of BP-induced EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guo
- Institute of Ecological Safety, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China.
| | - Jiong Zhou
- Institute of Ecological Safety, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China.
| | - Ji Wang
- Institute of Ecological Safety, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China.
| | - Kun Qian
- Institute of Ecological Safety, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China.
| | - Hongchun Qu
- Institute of Ecological Safety, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China.
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7
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Novickij V, Rembiałkowska N, Szlasa W, Kulbacka J. Does the shape of the electric pulse matter in electroporation? Front Oncol 2022; 12:958128. [PMID: 36185267 PMCID: PMC9518825 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.958128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electric pulses are widely used in biology, medicine, industry, and food processing. Numerous studies indicate that electroporation (EP) is a pulse-dependent process, and the electric pulse shape and duration strongly determine permeabilization efficacy. EP protocols are precisely planned in terms of the size and charge of the molecules, which will be delivered to the cell. In reversible and irreversible EP applications, rectangular or sine, polar or bipolar pulses are commonly used. The usage of pulses of the asymmetric shape is still limited to high voltage and low voltage (HV/LV) sequences in the context of gene delivery, while EP-based applications of ultra-short asymmetric pulses are just starting to emerge. This review emphasizes the importance and role of the pulse shape for membrane permeabilization by EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalij Novickij
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (Vilnius TECH), Vilnius, Lithuania
- *Correspondence: Vitalij Novickij, ; Julita Kulbacka,
| | - Nina Rembiałkowska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Szlasa
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Vitalij Novickij, ; Julita Kulbacka,
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8
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Guo F, Wang J, Zhou J, Qian K, Qu H, Liu P, Zhai S. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations of the combined effects of different phospholipids and cholesterol content on electroporation. RSC Adv 2022; 12:24491-24500. [PMID: 36128384 PMCID: PMC9425445 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03895a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The electroporation mechanism could be related to the composition of the plasma membrane, and the combined effect of different phospholipid molecules and cholesterol content on electroporation has rarely been studied nor conclusions drawn. In this paper, we applied all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the effects of phospholipids and cholesterol content on bilayer membrane electroporation. The palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) model, palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (POPE) model, and a 1 : 1 mixed model of POPC and POPE called PEPC, were the three basic models used. An electric field of 0.45 V nm-1 was applied to nine models, which were the three basic models, each with three different cholesterol content values of 0%, 24%, and 40%. The interfacial water molecules moved under the electric field and, once the first water bridge formed, the rest of the water molecules would dramatically flood into the membrane. The simulation showed that a rapid rise in the Z-component of the average dipole moment of the interfacial water molecules (Z-DM) indicated the occurrence of electroporation, and the same increment of Z-DM represented a similar change in the size of the water bridge. With the same cholesterol content, the formation of the first water bridge was the most rapid in the POPC model, regarding the average electroporation time (t ep), and the average t ep of the PEPC model was close to that of the POPE model. We speculate that the differences in membrane thickness and initial number of hydrogen bonds of the interfacial water molecules affect the average t ep for different membrane compositions. Our results reveal the influence of membrane composition on the electroporation mechanism at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guo
- Institute of Ecological Safety, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications Chongqing 400065 China
| | - Ji Wang
- Institute of Ecological Safety, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications Chongqing 400065 China
| | - Jiong Zhou
- Institute of Ecological Safety, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications Chongqing 400065 China
| | - Kun Qian
- Institute of Ecological Safety, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications Chongqing 400065 China
| | - Hongchun Qu
- Institute of Ecological Safety, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications Chongqing 400065 China
| | - Ping Liu
- Institute of Ecological Safety, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications Chongqing 400065 China
| | - Shidong Zhai
- Institute of Ecological Safety, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications Chongqing 400065 China
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9
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Tang J, Ma J, Guo L, Wang K, Yang Y, Bo W, Yang L, Jiang H, Wu Z, Zeng B, Gong Y. The Effect of KcsA Channel on Lipid Bilayer Electroporation Induced by Picosecond Pulse Trains. J Membr Biol 2020; 253:271-286. [PMID: 32405692 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-020-00123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins are the major component of plasma membranes, and they play crucial roles in all organisms. To understand the influence of the presence of KcsA channel on cell membrane electroporation induced by picosecond pulse trains (psPT), in this paper, the electroporation of KcsA membrane protein system and bare lipid bilayer system (POPC) with the applied psPT are simulated using molecular dynamics (MD) method. First, we find that the average pore formation time of the KcsA system is longer than the bare system with the applied psPT. In the KcsA system, water protrusions appear more slowly. Then, the system size effects of psPT in the MD simulations are investigated. When the system size decreases, the average pore formation time of small KcsA membrane protein system is shorter than the bare system with the applied psPT. It is found that the psPT makes the protein fluctuation of small system increase greatly; meanwhile the instability of protein disturbs the water and then affects the water protrusion appearance time. Furthermore, it shows that the protein fluctuation of constant electric field is smaller than that of psPT and no field, and protein fluctuation increases with the psPT repetition frequency increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Tang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,CNRS, UMR 7565, 54506, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Jialu Ma
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lianghao Guo
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kaicheng Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenfei Bo
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lixia Yang
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Baoqing Zeng
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yubin Gong
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Tang J, Ma J, Guo L, Wang K, Yang Y, Bo W, Yang L, Wang Z, Jiang H, Wu Z, Zeng B, Gong Y. Interpretation of the molecular mechanism of the electroporation induced by symmetrical bipolar picosecond pulse trains. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183213. [PMID: 32057755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Picosecond pulse trains (psPTs) are emerging as a new characteristic diagnostic and therapeutic tool in biomedical fields. To specifically determine the stimulus provided to cells, in this article, we use a molecular dynamics (MD) model to show the molecular mechanisms of electroporation induced by symmetrical bipolar psPTs and predict a bipolar cancellation for the studied picosecond pulses. Electric field conditions that do not cause electroporation reveal that the interfacial water molecules continuously flip and redirect as the applied bipolar psPT reverses, and the molecules cannot keep moving in one direction or leave the lipid-water interface. Based on our simulation results, we determine the threshold for electroporation with symmetrical bipolar psPTs. For a fixed electric field intensity, a lower repetition frequency leads to more rapid electroporation. For a fixed repetition frequency, a higher electric field intensity leads to more rapid electroporation. We found that the water dipole relaxation time decreases as the electric field magnitude increases. Additionally, the influences of the symmetrical bipolar psPT intensity and frequency on the pore formation time are presented. Discrete nanoscale pores can form with the applied psPT at terahertz (THz) repetition frequency. When the psPT amplitude increases or the frequency decreases, the number of water bridges will increase. Moreover, for the first time, the molecular mechanism of bipolar cancellation for the studied picosecond pulse is discussed preliminarily. Our results indicate that the influence of the unipolar picosecond pulse on the interfacial water dipoles will accumulate in one direction, but the bipolar picosecond pulse does not cause this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Tang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; CNRS, UMR 7565, F-54506 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Jialu Ma
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lianghao Guo
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Kaicheng Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wenfei Bo
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lixia Yang
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Zhao Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Baoqing Zeng
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yubin Gong
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
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