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Willis S, Waheed U, Coward T, Myant C. An automated design pipeline for transparent facial orthoses: A clinical study. J Prosthet Dent 2024; 131:970-979. [PMID: 36543702 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Transparent facial orthoses (TFOs) are commonly used for the treatment of craniomaxillofacial trauma and burns to prevent hypertrophic and keloid scarring. A TFO is typically customized to the patient's facial contours and relies on a precise fit to ensure good rehabilitative performance. A smart method of TFO design and manufacture is needed which does not require an experienced prosthetist, allowing for rapidly produced, well-fitting TFOs. Whether the rapid application reduces the final level of patient scarring is unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this clinical study was to determine whether a scalable, automated design-through-manufacture pipeline for patient specific TFO fabrication would be successful. MATERIAL AND METHODS The automated pipeline received a 3-dimensional (3D) facial scan captured from a depth sensitive mobile phone camera. The scan was cleaned, aligned, and fit to a template mesh, with a known connectivity. The resultant fitted scan was passed into an automated design pipeline, outputting a 3D printable model of a custom TFO. The TFOs were fabricated with 3D printing and were both physically and digitally evaluated to test the fidelity of a digital fit testing system. RESULTS A total of 10 individuals were scanned with 5 different scanning technologies (STs). All scans were passed through an automated fitting pipeline and categorized into 2 groups. Each ST was digitally fitted to a ground truth scan. In this manner, a Euclidean distance map was built to the actual facial geometry for each scan. Heatmaps of 3D Euclidean distances were made for all participant faces. CONCLUSIONS The ability to automatically design and manufacture a custom fitted TFO using commercially available 3D scanning and 3D printing technology was successfully demonstrated. After considering equipment size and operational personnel requirements, vat polymerization (VP) technology was found to be the most promising route to TFO manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Willis
- Research Assistant, Advanced Manufacturing Lab, Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Usman Waheed
- Postdoctoral Research Associate, Advanced Manufacturing Lab, Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Trevor Coward
- Professor, Maxillofacial Prosthetic Rehabilitation, Academic Centre of Reconstruction, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Connor Myant
- Senior Lecturer & Assistant Professor, Advanced Manufacturing Lab, Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Dinot V, Deffinis C, Goetz C, Olive M. Manufacture and use of transparent facial orthotic masks for treating facial burn scars: A systematic review. Burns 2024; 50:13-22. [PMID: 37821284 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Custom-made transparent facial orthoses (TFOs) (face masks) are used to improve facial burn scars. We conducted a systematic literature review on TFO manufacture and use. METHODS Pubmed and Cochrane databases were searched without restrictions for relevant articles. TFO manufacture details and use according to international recommendations (20-32 mmHg pressure, TFO worn 20-23 h/day for ≥2 months) were extracted. RESULTS Of 279 retrieved articles, 11 published over the last 41 years (four in the last 5 years) discussed TFO manufacture/use. There were five technical notes, five case reports, and a patient-cohort study (total patients in the studies=21). TFO-manufacture methods could be categorized as classical, digital, or mixed classical-digital. Relative clinical efficacies and cost advantages were unclear. The plastics used, harness materials, harness-point number, and silicone-interface use differed from study to study. Target pressure, actual pressure, expected daily wearing time, and treatment duration ranged widely and often did not meet current guidelines. Actual wearing time and treatment duration were never measured. CONCLUSIONS Although TFOs play an important global role in burn care, there is a grave paucity of research. Further research is needed to promote the standardization of TFO-related practices and thereby improve the outcomes of facial-burn patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Dinot
- Clinical Research Support Unit, Metz-Thionville Regional Hospital, Mercy Hospital, 1 allée du château, 57085 Metz, France; Division of Rehabilitation, Metz-Thionville Regional Hospital, Felix Marechal Hospital, 1 Rue Xavier Roussel, 57000 Metz, France.
| | - Clémence Deffinis
- Division of Rehabilitation, Metz-Thionville Regional Hospital, Felix Marechal Hospital, 1 Rue Xavier Roussel, 57000 Metz, France
| | - Christophe Goetz
- Clinical Research Support Unit, Metz-Thionville Regional Hospital, Mercy Hospital, 1 allée du château, 57085 Metz, France
| | - Magali Olive
- Division of Rehabilitation, Metz-Thionville Regional Hospital, Felix Marechal Hospital, 1 Rue Xavier Roussel, 57000 Metz, France
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De Henau M, van Kuijk SM, Colla C, Van den Kerckhove E, Van der Hulst RR, Piatkowski A. Pressure Masks for Facial Scar Treatment after Oncological Reconstruction: Long-Term Patient Satisfaction and Quality of Life. Facial Plast Surg 2024; 40:36-45. [PMID: 36787790 PMCID: PMC10774008 DOI: 10.1055/a-2035-4468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With increasing incidence of facial skin cancer, more patients undergo facial reconstruction following Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS). Aesthetically unpleasing, thickened facial flaps, and disturbing scars can be treated with a pressure mask with inner silicone lining to help improve functional and aesthetic outcomes. However, data on long-term patient satisfaction and quality of life (QoL) following this treatment are lacking. METHODS We aimed to assess long-term satisfaction and QoL of patients who underwent local flap reconstruction following MMS. Patients treated between January 2012 and October 2020 were invited to answer FACE-Q and SCAR-Q questionnaires. Demographic data, skin cancer type and location, type of reconstruction, postoperative complications, duration of pressure mask therapy, daily compliance, and additional scar treatment were collected to explore possible predictors. RESULTS Of 92 eligible patients, 50 responded. Eighteen respondents were male (36%) and 32 were female (64%). Mean duration of pressure mask therapy was 10.20 ± 4.61 months. Patients were 61.14 ± 32.91 months after completion of pressure mask therapy upon participation. Patients whose reconstruction consisted of multiple flaps had significantly worse outcomes in social function (p = 0.012), scar appearance (p = 0.045), and scar symptoms (p = 0.008). A trend of increasing time since therapy completion predicting better outcomes was observed for all scales, and it was a significant predictor for better scar appearance (p = 0.001) and less scar symptoms (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION Pressure mask treatment for facial flaps and scars following MMS results in good long-term patient satisfaction and QoL. Multiple local flaps, reflecting a larger skin defect postexcision, is a predictor for worse outcomes in social function, scar appearance, and symptoms. Increasing time is associated with increasing satisfaction, which reflects satisfactory and stable long-term effects of treatment, possibly combined with more acceptance of the result over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa De Henau
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- GROW School of Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Sander M.J. van Kuijk
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment (KEMTA), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Carlo Colla
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Van den Kerckhove
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faber, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Burns Center, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rene R.W.J. Van der Hulst
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrzej Piatkowski
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Plastic Surgery, VieCuri Medical Centrum, Venlo, the Netherlands
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Zheng W, Xu W, Zhou X, Li H, Li P, Xu Q. Application of 3D Transparent Facemasks in Long-Term Outpatient Rehabilitation of Facial Scars After Burns: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Improved Appearance of Target Scars With Different Healing Time. J Burn Care Res 2023; 44:1355-1364. [PMID: 37387307 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irad102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Severe facial burns may cause scarring problems and affect living quality of patients. With the advent of 3D facemasks, it is being used to treat facial scars; however, its efficacy must be confirmed by adequate studies. A retrospective analysis of 26 patients who visited rehabilitation outpatient clinic from 2017 to 2022. Patients were separated into two groups based on the time to healing (TTH) following burn injury: early healing group (TTH ≤ 21 days) and late healing group (TTH > 21 days). To compare treatment outcomes and differences between the two groups, 3D facemask application was assessed using the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS), patient satisfaction, and complications. In both groups, there were significant improvements in the total VSS scores (P < .01) and each VSS subscore (P < .01). These scar characteristics improved over time as the treatment progressed. Compared with the late healing group, the early healing group had more obvious effects on improving scar pigmentation (P < .05) and vascularity (P < .05) at similar assessment time points after burns. At the last assessment, there was a significant difference in total VSS scores between groups (P = .009). For the early and late healing groups, respectively, the mean gradient value (SE) of the total VSS scores was 1.550 (0.373) and 1.283 (0.224) over the course of the treatment periods. 3D facemasks are effective in the rehabilitation of facial scars caused by burns, which should be used for prevention and treatment in the initial stages of scar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiting Zheng
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - Wanting Xu
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - Xianliang Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Pengtao Li
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - Qinglian Xu
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
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Kant SB, Colla C, van den Kerckhove E, Piatkowski de Grzymala A. Clinical effects of transparent facial pressure masks: A literature review. Prosthet Orthot Int 2019; 43:349-355. [PMID: 30860443 PMCID: PMC6557006 DOI: 10.1177/0309364619836023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe facial hypertrophic scars are known to severely impact emotional well-being. Pressure therapy by means of transparent face masks has been used for almost 40 years, but evidence about the clinical effects remains sparse. OBJECTIVES To provide a summary on the efficacy of transparent face masks in the treatment of facial hypertrophic scars. METHODS A literature search was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases through 1 January 2018. Articles describing the clinical effects of facial pressure therapy for remodeling the face after trauma or surgery with a validated tool were included. This review included studies of participants treated with facial hypertrophic scars, both minors and adults. RESULTS Three articles involving 33 patients were selected for inclusion. Two studies described statistically significant improvement in facial scars measured by durometer, ultrasound, and the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS). CONCLUSIONS Facial pressure masks have been shown to deliver significant improvement in facial scars, measured by both subjective and objective tools. However, only three studies could be included in this literature review. Also, because of considerable limitations of the studies, it remains difficult to draw substantial conclusions about the efficacy of transparent face masks. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This literature review provides a summary of the current evidence on the subjectively and objectively measured clinical effects of transparent face masks in the treatment of facial scars, highlighting the need for further research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander B Kant
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands,Sander B Kant, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Carlo Colla
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Eric van den Kerckhove
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences (Faber), Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Burns Center, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Colla C, Kant SB, Van den Kerckhove E, Van der Hulst RRWJ, Piatkowski de Grzymala AA. Manual fabrication of a specialized transparent facial pressure mask: A technical note. Prosthet Orthot Int 2019; 43:356-360. [PMID: 30632878 PMCID: PMC6557004 DOI: 10.1177/0309364618820141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The objective of this study was to describe the manual fabrication of a transparent facial pressure mask for treating facial deformities. The mask combines the use of a silicone inner liner and mechanical pressure in the facial region. TECHNIQUE A negative mold is formed by covering the face with plaster. Manipulation of soft tissue is a crucial part in this process. After hardening and removal of the negative mold, the positive mold is formed and dried. Next a rolled silicone sheet is placed over the positive mold in a vacuum environment. Subsequently, the silicones are vulcanized. Then the rigid outside of the mask is created. The silicone inner liner and outside shell are then affixed. DISCUSSION This described technique results in accurate facemasks with precise fitting. During therapy, the mask is adjusted multiple times to keep excellent fit, as remodeling of scars and deformities takes place. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Facemasks are a reputable therapeutic modality to reduce excessive facial scarring. They require excellent fitting to give pleasing results. To provide a better understanding of facemask therapy, this study describes the manual fabrication technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Colla
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander B Kant
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands,Sander B Kant, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Eric Van den Kerckhove
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands,KU Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faber, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Burns Center, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - René RWJ Van der Hulst
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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