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Öksüz E, Buğday MS. Can intravesical application of paracetamol benefit the chemotherapy treatment of bladder cancer? Med Hypotheses 2019; 131:109322. [PMID: 31443756 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most common urogenital tumors. Its prevalence is increasing worldwide, especially men. The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme has been shown to increase in bladder cancer and has a direct relationship with tumor progression. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce the growth of the tumor by inhibiting the COX-2 enzyme. NSAIDs have other effects unrelated to COX that provide anticancer properties. Also, similar to NSAIDs, anticancer effects of paracetamol have been shown in many studies. Therefore we hypothesize intravesical paracetamol application will have beneficial effects in the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMBIC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersoy Öksüz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey.
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Rehal S, von der Weid PY. Experimental ileitis alters prostaglandin biosynthesis in mesenteric lymphatic and blood vessels. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 116-117:37-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Gakis G. The role of inflammation in bladder cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 816:183-96. [PMID: 24818724 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0837-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this book chapter is to present the latest basic research developments on the role of inflammation in bladder cancer and provide insights into their future clinical significance in preventing bladder carcinogenesis and progression. Bladder cancer is a highly immunogenic malignancy. Urothelial cancer cells aim to manipulate the immune system by inhibiting its cytotoxic function while stimulating the secretion of growth promoting factors. Cytokine-induced imbalances in the distribution and differentiation of tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic cells can boost bladder cancer cell proliferation. Tumor-induced release of excessive amount of cytokines causes an "inflammatory storm" which drives metastasis formation via degradation of extracellular matrix proteins. Tumor-related selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) upregulation suppresses the cell-mediated immune response via aberrant prostaglandin metabolism resulting in failure of differentiation of myeloid cell progenitors into mature antigen-presenting cells. T cells are capable of increasing the oxidative stress on bladder cancer cells via induction of COX-2 and STEAP expression. Some evidence also suggests that COX-2 activation may be also involved in inflammation-mediated cancer stem cell proliferation. Antibodies against the VEGF-co-receptor neuropilin decrease the angiogenetic potential of bladder cancer cells. Inflammation-based predictive bladder cancer models have demonstrated to accurately predict response to treatment both in the curative and palliative setting. While randomized trials do not support a clinical benefit for the use of anti-inflammatory drugs (i.e., celecoxib, atorvastatin) in preventing recurrence of low-grade bladder cancer, further investigations are warranted in the setting of high-grade tumors since the immune response to cancer stimuli is most probably more pronounced in advanced stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Gakis
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls University, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany,
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Nazmi A, Mukhopadhyay R, Dutta K, Basu A. STING mediates neuronal innate immune response following Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Sci Rep 2012; 2:347. [PMID: 22470840 PMCID: PMC3317237 DOI: 10.1038/srep00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavivirus-mediated inflammation causes neuronal death, but whether the infected neurons can evoke an innate immune response to elicit their own protection, is unknown. In an earlier study we have shown that neuronal RIG-I, play a significant role in inducing production and release of molecules that are related to inflammation. In this study, using a neuronal cell line, we show that RIG-I acts with STING in a concerted manner following its interaction with Japanese encephalitis viral RNA to induce a type 1 interferon response. Knock-down of STING showed that the expressions of various inflammatory signaling molecules were down-regulated along with increased intracellular viral load. Alternatively, over-expressing STING decreased intracellular viral load. Our results indicate that at the sub-cellular level, interaction between the pattern recognition receptor RIG-I and the adapter molecule STING, is a major contributor to elicit immunological responses involving the type 1 interferons in neurons following JEV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshed Nazmi
- National Brain Research Centre , Manesar, Haryana-122051, India
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Álvarez N, Vicente V, Martínez C. Synergistic Effect of Diosmin and Interferon-α on Metastatic Pulmonary Melanoma. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2009; 24:347-52. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2008.0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Álvarez
- University of Murcia Institute of Research into Aging, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente Vicente
- University of Murcia Institute of Research into Aging, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez
- Department of Human Resources and Rural Development, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), Murcia, Spain
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Taylor JA, Ristau B, Bonnemaison M, Voznesensky OS, Hegde P, Kuchel GA, Pilbeam CC. Regulation of the prostaglandin pathway during development of invasive bladder cancer in mice. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2008; 88:36-41. [PMID: 18834948 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is reported to play an important role in tumor development. We explored the differential expression of genes governing production of, and response to, PGE(2) during development of invasive bladder cancer. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN) or vehicle-treated mice (n=4-5) were euthanized after 4-8 weeks (period 1, P1), 12-16 weeks (P2), and 20-23 weeks (P3). Half of each bladder was analyzed histologically and the other half extracted for mRNA analysis by quantitative real-time PCR. Bladders from BBN-treated mice showed progression from submucosal inflammation (P1) to squamous metaplasia/focal CIS (P2) to poorly differentiated, invasive cancer (P3). mRNA levels for the inducible cyclooxygenase, COX-2, were elevated three to fourfold at all time points in BBN-treated mice compared to controls. In contrast, mRNA levels for constitutive COX-1 and cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)), which releases substrate for COX, were either unchanged or decreased in BBN-treated mice relative to controls. Downstream of COX, mRNA levels of membrane-bound PGE(2) synthase (mPGES-1) were increased 1.7-fold at P1 in BBN bladders but returned to control levels at P2 and P3. mRNA levels for 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH), which inactivates PGE(2), were reduced 50-80% in BBN-treated bladders at all time points. mRNA levels for EP2R and EP4R, receptors for PGE(2), were two to threefold increased at P1, but returned to control levels or below at P3. Hence, increased COX-2 and decreased PDGH expression occurred throughout tumor development, while mPGES-1, EP2R and EP4R were elevated only before development of invasive cancer. We compared expression of these genes in the malignant human urothelial cell lines, HTB-5 and HT-1376, with expression in a benign urothelial cell line, UROtsa. Neither malignant cell line reproduced the complete in vivo pattern, relative to benign cells, but each showed abnormal basal expression of several of the genes downstream of COX-2, but not COX-2 itself. We conclude that components involved in PGE(2) synthesis and activity are differentially regulated during bladder tumor development and the therapeutic efficacy of targeting the various components may vary with stage of tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Taylor
- Division of Urology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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Taylor III JA, Pilbeam C, Nisbet A. Role of the prostaglandin pathway and the use of NSAIDs in genitourinary malignancies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2008; 8:1125-34. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.8.7.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Dual induction of PKR with E2F-1 and IFN-α to enhance gene therapy against hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2008; 15:636-44. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2008.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios Moschos
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Melanoma and Skin Cancer Program, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, PA, USA
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Mitropoulos D, Deliconstantinos G, Adamakis I, Zervas A, Karakaidos P, Gorgoulis VG. Changes in end products of nitric oxide in urine and induction of nitric oxide synthase expression in urinary bladder during intravesical instillations of IFN-alpha2b. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2005; 24:621-6. [PMID: 15626159 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2004.24.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-alpha2b (IFN-alpha2b) is being used intravesically for preventing recurrence and progression of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. However, its mechanism of action when instilled intravesically is not yet elucidated. We monitored end products of nitric oxide (NO) in urine in 12 bladder cancer patients undergoing intravesical instillations of IFN-alpha2b. Urine end products of NO levels rose gradually after each instillation, reaching a peak value after the third instillation. Although the patients continued their treatment for 5 more weeks, no further alteration was observed. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression was immunohistochemically evaluated in urinary bladder biopsy specimens before and after IFN-alpha2b instillations. It was shown that IFN-alpha2b induced urothelial iNOS expression, with subsequent oxidative stress. The peroxynitrite (ONOO-) formed from the combination of NO with superoxide (O2-) provides important clues in the role of ONOO- as a causative factor in the antineoplastic action of IFN-alpha2b.
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Abstract
On the strength of in vitro, in vivo, observational, and clinical data, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)-also referred to as COX inhibitors-have emerged as lead compounds for cancer prevention, and possible adjuncts to cancer therapy. Thus far, the routine use of NSAIDs for these indications is limited, largely owing to toxicity concerns, the paucity of efficacy data for any specific target organ, and uncertainties with regard to the most appropriate regimen (i.e., the best agent, formulation, dose, route of administration, and duration). Strategies to address these concerns primarily aim to improve the therapeutic index (i.e., benefit:risk ratio) of COX inhibitors by 1) minimizing systemic exposures whenever feasible, 2) achieving greater mechanistic specificity, 3) coadministering agents that provide prophylaxis against common toxicities, and 4) coadministering other effective anticancer agents. Clinical trials testing most of these strategies have been completed or are under way. The National Cancer Institute has a substantial research portfolio dedicated to the identification, testing, and development of NSAIDs as preventive and therapeutic anticancer agents. Discovering how to apply NSAIDs in persons with-or at risk for-cancer, although challenging, has the potential for considerable clinical and public health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Umar
- Gastrointestinal & Other Cancers Research Group, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Prevention, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7317, USA
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Spizzo G, Gastl G, Wolf D, Gunsilius E, Steurer M, Fong D, Amberger A, Margreiter R, Obrist P. Correlation of COX-2 and Ep-CAM overexpression in human invasive breast cancer and its impact on survival. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:574-8. [PMID: 12592372 PMCID: PMC2377167 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) overexpression in various human malignancies, especially in breast cancer, where COX-2 turned out to be a predictor of poor survival. To evaluate the relation of COX-2 and Ep-CAM overexpression and its prognostic significance, we performed a retrospective study on 212 breast cancer patients with a median follow-up time of 10.5 years. Overexpression of COX-2 in tumour tissue samples was assessed by immunohistochemistry. COX-2 overexpression was found in 48.6% of the tumour samples and was predictive for poor disease-free and overall survival. Univariate analysis revealed a strong correlation between COX-2 and Ep-CAM overexpression (P=0.009). Concurrent COX-2 and Ep-CAM overexpression was present in 21.7% of tumour specimens and had an additive negative impact on disease-free and overall survival. Determination of both tumour markers should help in guiding new therapeutic strategies in patients with invasive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Spizzo
- Division of Haematology & Oncology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - G Gastl
- Division of Haematology & Oncology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - D Wolf
- Division of Haematology & Oncology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - E Gunsilius
- Division of Haematology & Oncology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Steurer
- Division of Haematology & Oncology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - D Fong
- Department of Pathology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Amberger
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R Margreiter
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - P Obrist
- Department of Pathology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Pathology, Innsbruck University Hospital, Müllerstrasse, 44, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. E-mail:
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Hawk ET, Viner JL, Umar A, Anderson WF, Sigman CC, Guyton KZ. Cancer and the Cyclo-oxygenase Enzyme. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.2165/00024669-200302010-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
Interferons (IFNs), pleiotropic cytokines that regulate antiviral, antitumor, apoptotic, and cellular immune responses, were the first endogenous antiangiogenic regulators identified. In a species-specific manner, IFNs inhibit secretion of such angiogenic factors as basic fibroblast growth factor from tumor cells. The antiangiogenic activity of IFNs is enhanced when they are combined with other antiangiogenic agents, such as tamoxifen and thalidomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Lindner
- Taussig Cancer Center, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, R40, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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