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Abstract
Didymosphenia geminata diatoms, or Didymo, was first found to be an invasive species that could have negative impacts on the environment due to the aggressive growth of its polysaccharide-based stalks. The stalks’ adhesive properties have prompted park officials to alert the general public to limit further spread and contamination of this algae to other bodies of water. Although the negative effects of Didymo have been studied in the past, recent studies have demonstrated a potential positive side to this alga. One of the potential benefits includes the structural component of the polysaccharide stalks. The origin of the polysaccharides within stalks remains unknown; however, they can be useful in a waste management and agricultural setting. The primary purpose of this study was to describe both the harmful and beneficial nature of Didymo. Important outcomes include findings related to its application in various fields such as medicine and technology. These polysaccharides can be isolated and studied closely to produce efficient solar power cells and batteries. Though they may be harmful while uncontained in nature, they appear to be very useful in the technological and medical advancement of our society.
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Canton MC, Holguin FO, Boeing WJ. Alkaloid gramine to control algal invaders: Algae inhibition and gramine persistence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bishop IW, Spaulding SA. Life cycle size dynamics in Didymosphenia geminata (Bacillariophyceae). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2017; 53:652-663. [PMID: 28267206 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Didymosphenia geminata has received a great deal of attention in the last 25 years, and considerable effort has gone into determining the origin, ecological impact, and economic consequences of its invasive behavior. While environmental conditions are a controlling influence in distribution, the extreme success of the species may be tied to its basic biology and life history. Little is known, however, about population dynamics, size restoration and reproduction of D. geminata. The objective of this study was to determine the temporal patterns in cell size frequency, size restoration strategy, and synchronization of life cycles between populations in close proximity. We implemented FlowCam technology to measure the length of more than 100,000 D. geminata cells from two sites in South Boulder Creek, Colorado over 1 year. We applied finite mixture modeling to uncover temporal patterns in size distribution. Our results show that collections of D. geminata exhibited a complex, multimodal size distribution, almost always containing four overlapping age cohorts. We failed to observe direct visual evidence of the sexual phase. Multiple abrupt and directional shifts in size distribution, however, were documented providing conclusive evidence of cell size restoration. Lastly, nodules in close proximity were asynchronous with respect to size frequency profiles and size diminution, highlighting the relevance of spatial heterogeneity in in situ diatom size dynamics. This study is the first to document the complexity of diatom cell size distribution in a lotic system, size restoration in D. geminata, and the variability in rates of size reduction at microhabitat spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Bishop
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado Boulder, Campus Box 450, Boulder, Colorado, 80309-0450, USA
| | - Sarah A Spaulding
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado Boulder, Campus Box 450, Boulder, Colorado, 80309-0450, USA
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Highton MP, Roosa S, Crawshaw J, Schallenberg M, Morales SE. Physical Factors Correlate to Microbial Community Structure and Nitrogen Cycling Gene Abundance in a Nitrate Fed Eutrophic Lagoon. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1691. [PMID: 27826296 PMCID: PMC5078687 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogenous run-off from farmed pastures contributes to the eutrophication of Lake Ellesmere, a large shallow lagoon/lake on the east coast of New Zealand. Tributaries periodically deliver high loads of nitrate to the lake which likely affect microbial communities therein. We hypothesized that a nutrient gradient would form from the potential sources (tributaries) creating a disturbance resulting in changes in microbial community structure. To test this we first determined the existence of such a gradient but found only a weak nitrogen (TN) and phosphorous gradient (DRP). Changes in microbial communities were determined by measuring functional potential (quantification of nitrogen cycling genes via nifH, nirS, nosZI, and nosZII using qPCR), potential activity (via denitrification enzyme activity), as well as using changes in total community (via 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing). Our results demonstrated that changes in microbial communities at a phylogenetic (relative abundance) and functional level (proportion of the microbial community carrying nifH and nosZI genes) were most strongly associated with physical gradients (e.g., lake depth, sediment grain size, sediment porosity) and not nutrient concentrations. Low nitrate influx at the time of sampling is proposed as a factor contributing to the observed patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Highton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stéphanie Roosa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Josie Crawshaw
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Sergio E Morales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
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Brandes J, Kuhajek JM, Goodwin E, Wood SA. Molecular Characterisation and Co-cultivation of Bacterial Biofilm Communities Associated with the Mat-Forming Diatom Didymosphenia geminata. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 72:514-525. [PMID: 27412380 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0816-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye) M. Schmidt is a stalked freshwater diatom that is expanding its range globally. In some rivers, D. geminata forms thick and expansive polysaccharide-dominated mats. Like other stalked diatoms, D. geminata cells attach to the substratum with a pad of adhesive extracellular polymeric substance. Research on D. geminata and other diatoms suggests that bacterial biofilm composition may contribute to successful attachment. The aim of this study was to investigate the composition and role of bacterial biofilm communities in D. geminata attachment and survival. Bacterial biofilms were collected at four sites in the main stem of a river (containing D. geminata) and in four tributaries (free of D. geminata). Samples were characterised using automated rRNA intergenic spacer analysis and high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Mat-associated bacteria were isolated and their effect on the early establishment of D. geminata cells assessed using co-culturing experiments. ARISA and HTS data showed differences in bacterial communities between samples with and without D. geminata at two of the four sites. Samples with D. geminata had a higher relative abundance of Sphingobacteria (p < 0.01) and variability in community composition was reduced. Analysis of the 76 bacteria isolated from the mat revealed 12 different strains representing 8 genera. Co-culturing of a Carnobacterium sp. with D. geminata reduced survival (p < 0.001) and attachment (p < 0.001) of D. geminata. Attachment was enhanced by Micrococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). These data provide evidence that bacteria play a role in the initial attachment and on-going survival of D. geminata, and may partly explain observed distribution patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephin Brandes
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7001, New Zealand
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Eric Goodwin
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7001, New Zealand
| | - Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7001, New Zealand.
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.
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Olivares P, Orellana P, Guerra G, Peredo-Parada M, Chavez V, Ramirez A, Parodi J. Water contaminated with Didymosphenia geminata generates changes in Salmo salar spermatozoa activation times. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 163:102-108. [PMID: 25885475 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Didimosphenia geminata ("didymo"), has become a powerful and devastating river plague in Chile. A system was developed in D. geminata channels with the purpose evaluating the effects of water polluted with didymo on the activation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) spermatozoa. Results indicate that semen, when activated with uncontaminated river water had an average time of 60±21s. When using Powermilt, (a commercial activator), times of 240±21s are achieved, while rivers contaminated with D. geminata achieve a motility time of 30±12s. Interestingly enough, the kinetic parameters of VSL, VCL and VAP showed no significant changes under all of the conditions. Furthermore, the presence of D. geminata reduces activation time of the samples as the cells age, indicating increased effects in spermatozoa that are conserved for more than 5 days. D. geminata has antioxidant content, represented by polyphenols; 200ppm of polyphenol were obtained in this study per 10g of microalgae. Spermatozoa exposed to these extracts showed a reduction in mobility time in a dose dependent manner, showing an IC50 of 15ppm. The results suggest an effect on spermatozoa activation, possibly due to the release of polyphenols present in contaminated rivers, facilitating the alteration of sperm motility times, without affecting the viability or kinetics of the cells. These findings have important implications for current policy regarding the control of the algae. Current control measures focus on the number of visible species, and not on the compounds that they release, which this study shows, also have a problematic effect on salmon production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Olivares
- Laboratorio Fisiología de la Reproducción, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile
| | - Paola Orellana
- Laboratorio Fisiología de la Reproducción, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile
| | - Guillermo Guerra
- Laboratorio Fisiología de la Reproducción, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile
| | - Matías Peredo-Parada
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Obras Civiles, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile; Plataforma de Investigación en Ecohidrología y Ecohidráulica, EcoHyd Ltda, Chile
| | - Viviana Chavez
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Educación, Tonalli Ltda, Chile
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- Laboratorio de Criobiología y Análisis de Funcionalidad Espermática. Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jorge Parodi
- Laboratorio Fisiología de la Reproducción, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile.
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Vinayak V, Manoylov KM, Gateau H, Blanckaert V, Hérault J, Pencréac'h G, Marchand J, Gordon R, Schoefs B. Diatom milking: a review and new approaches. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:2629-65. [PMID: 25939034 PMCID: PMC4446598 DOI: 10.3390/md13052629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of human populations and the growth of cities contribute to the depletion of natural resources, increase their cost, and create potential climatic changes. To overcome difficulties in supplying populations and reducing the resource cost, a search for alternative pharmaceutical, nanotechnology, and energy sources has begun. Among the alternative sources, microalgae are the most promising because they use carbon dioxide (CO2) to produce biomass and/or valuable compounds. Once produced, the biomass is ordinarily harvested and processed (downstream program). Drying, grinding, and extraction steps are destructive to the microalgal biomass that then needs to be renewed. The extraction and purification processes generate organic wastes and require substantial energy inputs. Altogether, it is urgent to develop alternative downstream processes. Among the possibilities, milking invokes the concept that the extraction should not kill the algal cells. Therefore, it does not require growing the algae anew. In this review, we discuss research on milking of diatoms. The main themes are (a) development of alternative methods to extract and harvest high added value compounds; (b) design of photobioreactors;
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Vinayak
- Department of Criminology & Forensic Science, School of Applied Sciences, Dr. H.S. Gour University (Central University), Sagar Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Kalina M Manoylov
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Georgia College and State University, Milledgeville, GA 31061, USA.
| | - Hélène Gateau
- MicroMar, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans cedex 9, France.
| | - Vincent Blanckaert
- MicroMar, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, IUT de Laval, Rue des Drs Calmette et Guerin, 53020 Laval Cedex 9, France.
| | - Josiane Hérault
- ChimiMar, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, IUT de Laval, Rue des Drs Calmette et Guerin, 53020 Laval Cedex 9, France.
| | - Gaëlle Pencréac'h
- ChimiMar, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, IUT de Laval, Rue des Drs Calmette et Guerin, 53020 Laval Cedex 9, France.
| | - Justine Marchand
- MicroMar, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans cedex 9, France.
| | - Richard Gordon
- Gulf Specimen Aquarium & Marine Laboratory, Panacea, FL 32346, USA.
- Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University, 275 E. Hancock, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Benoît Schoefs
- MicroMar, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans cedex 9, France.
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Ashraf MA, Ullah S, Ahmad I, Qureshi AK, Balkhair KS, Abdur Rehman M. Green biocides, a promising technology: current and future applications to industry and industrial processes. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:388-403. [PMID: 23983055 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The study of biofilms has skyrocketed in recent years due to increased awareness of the pervasiveness and impact of biofilms. It costs the USA literally billions of dollars every year in energy losses, equipment damage, product contamination and medical infections. But biofilms also offer huge potential for cleaning up hazardous waste sites, filtering municipal and industrial water and wastewater, and forming biobarriers to protect soil and groundwater from contamination. The complexity of biofilm activity and behavior requires research contributions from many disciplines such as biochemistry, engineering, mathematics and microbiology. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of emerging novel antimicrobial techniques, including those using myriad organic and inorganic products as well as genetic engineering techniques, the use of coordination complex molecules, composite materials and antimicrobial peptides and the use of lasers as such or their modified use in combination treatments. This review also addresses advanced and recent modifications, including methodological changes, and biocide efficacy enhancing strategies. This review will provide future planners of biofilm control technologies with a broad understanding and perspective on the use of biocides in the field of green developments for a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf
- Department of Civil Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan; Department of Geology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia; Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
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Non-indigenous microorganisms in the Antarctic: assessing the risks. Trends Microbiol 2011; 19:540-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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