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Xing W, Zhong L, Gu W, Liang M, Wang L, Wang Z, Shi L, Sun S. Occurrence and accumulation characteristics of legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in surface soil and river sediments from the downstream of Chuhe River basin, East China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:97416-97425. [PMID: 37592071 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Surface soil and river sediment samples were collected from the downstream of Chuhe River basin, East China, to investigate the occurrence and accumulation characteristics of legacy and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). The respective concentrations of BDE-209 and nine NBFRs ranged from n.d. to 41.4 ng/g dry weight (dw) and from 0.35 to 362.78 ng/g dw in the collected surface soil samples and ranged from 0.29 to 19.73 ng/g dw and from 0.70 to 66.83 ng/g dw in the collected river sediment samples. Soil samples exhibited a higher potential to accumulate BTBPE while the relative abundance of PBT in the collected sediment samples was significantly higher than that in soils. Even so, BTBPE was the predominant NBFR in both soil and sediment samples. The concentrations and relative abundances of legacy and NBFRs exhibited large spatial variation. The calculated concentration ratios of the total of the nine NBFRs (∑9NBFRs) to BDE-209 (∑9NBFRs/BDE-209) in most of the analyzed samples far exceeded 1, implying a clear shift from legacy brominated flame retardants to NBFRs in the downstream of Chuhe River basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Xing
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Liangchen Zhong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, 210042, China
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Wen Gu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Mengyuan Liang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Lili Shi
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Shuai Sun
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, 210042, China.
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Han Y, Cheng J, He L, Zhang M, Ren S, Sun J, Xing X, Tang Z. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soils from Tianjin, North China: distribution, health risk, and temporal trends. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:1177-1191. [PMID: 32607699 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Available information is still insufficient for a comprehensive understanding of the global distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the environment. In particular, little is known about the changing trend of their distribution in urban soils. We conducted a survey of 21 PBDEs in urban soils from Tianjin, China. The chemicals were widely present in the area and summed concentrations ranged from 0.65 to 108 ng/g in soil, indicating low to moderate levels of pollution relative to other areas. BDE-209 was the predominant congener, contributing 88.9% of the concentrations of total soil PBDEs. Source assessment indicated that soil PBDEs in the area were mainly derived from the release of commercial deca-BDE from local industrial production processes and consumer products. We found that the soil concentrations of PBDEs appear to have declined in recent years, compared with other previous reports in this region. However, more studies are needed on this possible change trend of PBDE pollution, especially its impact on human health, although their calculated non-carcinogenic health risks in this study were low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiali Cheng
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lei He
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610101, China
| | - Minna Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shan Ren
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jiazheng Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiangyang Xing
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Liang Y, Wang H, Yang Q, Cao S, Yan C, Zhang L, Tang N. Spatial distribution and seasonal variations of atmospheric organophosphate esters (OPEs) in Tianjin, China based on gridded field observations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114460. [PMID: 32283395 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric concentrations of 14 organophosphate esters (OPEs) were monitored by passive air sampling at 33 sites to determine their spatial distributions, and seasonal variations (summer and winter) in Tianjin, North China. The total concentrations of the OPEs (∑9OPEs) in the summer ranged from 0.08 to 1113 ng/sample with a median of 98.4 ng/sample, which was non-statistically different from the concentrations obtained in the winter (which ranged from 1.93 to 548 ng/sample with a median of 46.2 ng/sample). Among the observed OPEs, the concentrations of TnBP and TCiPP were statistically higher in the summer compared with the winter (p < 0.05). For grouped OPEs, only a significantly higher level of chlorinated OPEs was found in summer than that in winter. In the winter, spatial differences were found to be significantly different between the concentrations of TnBP, TiBP, TCEP, and TEHP in the suburban and rural areas (p < 0.05). Considering the possible point-sources, in the summer, the concentrations of TDCPP, TCiPP, DPEHP, TEHP, and the total concentration of TCPs (denoted as ∑3TCP, comprised of the concentrations of TCP, TmCP, and ToCP) in an electronic-waste (e-waste) dismantling area were higher than those obtained at the other sampling sites. ∑9OPEs at the e-waste site and another site located near a manufacturing plant of organophosphate flame retardants (OFRs) were both higher than the median concentrations obtained at the other sampling sites, and TCiPP was the most abundant pollutant. In the winter, the concentrations of ∑9OPEs at the e-waste site were still higher than their median concentrations at the other sites. Because OPEs are used in aircraft lubricating oils and hydraulic fluids, an airport was thought to be another important source of TiBP and TPhP in the present study. Therefore, the e-waste site, airport, and OFR manufacturing plant may be the major sources of OPEs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China; Demonstration Center for Experimental Preventive Medicine Education (Tianjin Medical University), Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Huan Wang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, PR China
| | - Qiaoyun Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China; Demonstration Center for Experimental Preventive Medicine Education (Tianjin Medical University), Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, PR China.
| | - Shengyu Cao
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3M 2J6, Canada
| | - Caiqing Yan
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Naijun Tang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China; Demonstration Center for Experimental Preventive Medicine Education (Tianjin Medical University), Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, PR China
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Jiang Y, Yuan L, Lin Q, Ma S, Yu Y. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and human external and internal exposure in China: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:133902. [PMID: 31470322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as brominated flame retardants. Because of their toxicity and persistence, some PBDEs were restricted under the Stockholm Convention in 2009. Since then, many studies have been carried out on PBDEs in China and in many other countries. In the present review, the occurrences and contamination of PBDEs in air, water, sediment, soil, biota and daily food, human blood, hair, and other human tissues in China are comprehensively reviewed and described. The human exposure pathways and associated health risks of PBDEs are summarized. The data showed no obvious differences between North and South China, but concentrations from West China were generally lower than in East China, which can be mainly attributed to the production and widespread use of PBDEs in eastern regions. High levels of PBDEs were generally observed in the PBDE production facilities (e.g., Jiangsu Province and Shandong Province, East China) and e-waste recycling sites (Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, East China, and Guiyu City and Qingyuan City, both located in Guangdong Province, South China) and large cities, whereas low levels were detected in rural and less-developed areas, especially in remote regions such as the Tibetan Plateau. Deca-BDE is generally the major congener. Existing problems for PBDE investigations in China are revealed, and further studies are also discussed and anticipated. In particular, non-invasive matrices such as hair should be more thoroughly studied; more accurate estimations of human exposure and health risks should be performed, such as adding bioaccessibility or bioavailability to human exposure assessments; and the degradation products and metabolites of PBDEs in human bodies should receive more attention. More investigations should be carried out to evaluate the quantitative relationships between internal and external exposure so as to provide a scientific basis for ensuring human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Jiang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Longmiao Yuan
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Qinhao Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shentao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515100, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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Zhang B, Zhao B, Yu M, Zhang J. Emission inventory and environmental distribution of decabromodiphenyl ether in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:1073-1081. [PMID: 28511352 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) is a highly brominated flame retardant that recent studies have identified as a potential persistent organic pollutant. Large amounts of decaBDE have been consumed and released in the environment in China, while no emission inventory has been available until now. In this study, a substance flow analysis was applied to establish the emission inventory of decaBDE in China from 1982 (the first year of decaBDE production in China) until 2013 based on activity data, transfer coefficients, and emission factors. The results show that the stock of decaBDE continually increased, reaching a peak of 290,000tons in 2007. The annual processing capacity of decaBDE also increased, and the processing capacity in 2013 was 49,000tons. Historical accumulative emissions were estimated to be 313.3tons from 1982 to 2013, and the annual emissions peaked in 2003 at 27.5tons. On average, decaBDE processing was the major source (58.4%) of total emissions, followed by treatment, production, and usage processes. From 1982 to 2013, decaBDE was released mainly into water sources, accounting for 50.7% of the accumulative emissions. At the provincial level, Guangdong, Shandong, and Zhejiang provinces were the largest producers in China. Simulations produced by the level III fugacity model showed that the projected concentration was very consistent with the measured value. The stock of decaBDE in the soil and sediment phases accounted for 99.8% of the total stock, and the transfer among the four environmental phases occurred mainly at the atmosphere-soil interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Bu Zhao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Mengqi Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
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Meng J, Hong S, Wang T, Li Q, Yoon SJ, Lu Y, Giesy JP, Khim JS. Traditional and new POPs in environments along the Bohai and Yellow Seas: An overview of China and South Korea. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 169:503-515. [PMID: 27894056 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapid economic growth during the past two decades in the region surrounding the Bohai and Yellow Seas has resulted in severe pollution. Large amounts of monitoring data on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in various environmental media have been accumulated, which allows us to conduct a fairly comprehensive assessment of the region around the Bohai and Yellow Seas to elucidate spatial patterns of pollution on a regional scale. This review summarized distributions of traditional and new POPs, including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), in various environmental media. In general, due to their physico-chemical properties (poor solubility in water), OCPs and PCBs were mainly detected in sediments, PBDEs and HBCDs were mainly detected in sediments and soils. PFASs, which have greater solubility, were mainly detected in the hydrosphere. For conventional POPs, such as OCPs and PCBs, Bohai Bay and Haihe River in China, Gyeonggi Bay and Lake Sihwa in South Korea were found to be most polluted areas. While for new POPs, such as PBDEs, HBCDs and PFASs, some areas were heavily polluted due to local production and applications. Estuarine and coastal areas of the Bohai Sea were more severely contaminated by POPs than coastal regions of the Yellow Sea. Overall, the present review will guide identification of key areas for strengthening risk assessment of POPs and management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Meng
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Tieyu Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qifeng Li
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Seo Joon Yoon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences & Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Zoology & Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Li WL, Ma WL, Jia HL, Hong WJ, Moon HB, Nakata H, Minh NH, Sinha RK, Chi KH, Kannan K, Sverko E, Li YF. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Surface Soils across Five Asian Countries: Levels, Spatial Distribution, and Source Contribution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12779-12788. [PMID: 27775342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A total of 23 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured in soil samples collected in areas with no known point source [urban/rural/background (U/R/B) sites] and in areas with known point source [brominated flame retardant (BFR)-related industrial sites (F sites) and e-waste recycling sites (E sites)] across five Asian countries. The highest PBDE concentrations were found in BFR-related industrial and e-waste recycling sites. The concentrations of PBDEs in U/R/B sites decreased in the following order: urban > rural > background sites. Total PBDE concentrations were dominated by BDE-209, while BDE-17, -85, -138, -191, -204, and -205 were the least abundant compounds. In both urban sites and rural sites, the mean concentrations of total PBDEs (∑23BDEs) in soils decreased in the following order: Japan > China > South Korea > India > Vietnam. The concentrations of PBDEs in soils were comparable with those reported in other studies. Among the three commercial PBDE mixtures, relatively large contributions of commercial penta-BDE were observed in Vietnam, whereas deca-BDE was the dominant form in mixtures contributing from 55.8 ± 2.5 to 100.0 ± 1.2% of the total PBDEs in soils collected from other four countries. Regression analysis suggested that local population density (PD) is a good indicator of PBDEs in soils of each country. Significant and positive correlation between soil organic content and PBDE level was observed in Chinese soil for most nondeca-BDE homologues with their usage stopped 10 years ago, indicating its important role in controlling the revolatilization of PBDEs from soil and changing the spatial trend of PBDE in soil from the primary distribution pattern to the secondary distribution pattern, especially when primary emission is ceased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hong-Liang Jia
- IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University , Dalian 116026, China
| | - Wen-Jun Hong
- IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University , Dalian 116026, China
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- IJRC-PTS, Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University , 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan city, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Haruhiko Nakata
- IJRC-PTS, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University , 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Nguyen Hung Minh
- Dioxin Laboratory, Center for Environmental Monitoring (CEM), Vietnam Environmental Administration (VEA) , 556 Nguyen Van Cu, Long Bien, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | | | - Kai Hsien Chi
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming University , Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
| | - Ed Sverko
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
- IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University , Dalian 116026, China
- IJRC-PTS-NA , Toronto, Ontario M2N 6X9, Canada
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Li WL, Liu LY, Zhang ZF, Song WW, Huo CY, Qiao LN, Ma WL, Li YF. Brominated flame retardants in the surrounding soil of two manufacturing plants in China: Occurrence, composition profiles and spatial distribution. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:1-7. [PMID: 26874313 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Surface soil samples were collected surrounding two brominated flame retardants (BFRs) manufacturing plants in China in August 2014 and analyzed for 23 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 8 novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). BDE209 and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were the predominant compounds in soil with the median levels of 1600 and 560 ng/g dw, respectively. The PBDEs profiles in soil samples were consistent with that of commercial product (comDecaBDE). The percentage contributions to total PBDEs decreased from higher to lower brominated homologues. Lower concentrations of NBFRs (excluding DBDPE) were detected in soil surrounding the two plants, suggesting they are byproducts or degradation products of the manufacturing activities. The concentrations of most BFRs dropped exponentially within 3-5 km of the manufacturing plants, suggesting recent deposition of these compounds to the soil. Directional distribution indicated that PBDEs and DBDPE concentrations were highest in the north direction of Plants 1. Three-day air parcel forward trajectories confirmed that the air parcel was responsible for the higher concentration of BFRs in the soil of north direction of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Chun-Yan Huo
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Li-Na Qiao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto M2N 6X9, Canada
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Lin Y, Ma J, Qiu X, Zhao Y, Zhu T. Levels, spatial distribution, and exposure risks of decabromodiphenylethane in soils of North China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:13319-13327. [PMID: 25940476 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Eighty-seven soil samples collected from North China were analyzed for decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE). The concentrations of DBDPE ranged from undetectable to 1612 ng/g, with the highest concentration present in Shandong. Additionally, the mean concentration of DBDPE in Shandong was found to be onefold higher than those found in Hebei and Shanxi, likely due to DBDPE production in Shandong. Relatively high concentrations of DBDPE in soils were also present in the south of Tianjin, where e-waste recycling may provide a source in this region. The fractions of DBDPE [DBDPE/(DBDPE + BDE209)] were lower than 0.5 in most soil samples, in agreement with the fact that deca-BDE is currently the main additive in brominated flame retardants (BFR) used in China. An obvious decreasing trend in DBDPE concentrations from east to west in North China was noted, with relatively higher DBDPE concentrations present in Shandong. A soil ingestion exposure assessment showed that for most sites, soil ingestion EDI was slightly lower than inhalation EDI; exceptions were found in several polluted sites, where soil ingestion was a more significant exposure route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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