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Bai C, He M, Li S, Liu J, Zhong L, Chen F, Zhou L, Jiang Y. Association between tonsillectomy and risk of oropharyngeal cancer: a systematic review. ACTA OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGICA ITALICA : ORGANO UFFICIALE DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI OTORINOLARINGOLOGIA E CHIRURGIA CERVICO-FACCIALE 2024; 44:143-149. [PMID: 38712770 PMCID: PMC11166217 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-n2790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Objective Studies have demonstrated that tonsillectomy may alter the risk of oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). We systematically reviewed the evidence and pooled data to examine such an association. Methods PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were searched up to 25th April 2023. Studies reporting an association between tonsillectomy and oropharyngeal cancer risk at any site were included. Results Five studies were eligible. All examined the risk of tonsillar and base of the tongue (BOT) cancer with prior history of tonsillectomy. On meta-analysis of the data, prior history of tonsillectomy was associated with a significantly decreased risk of tonsillar cancer. The second meta-analysis showed that history of tonsillectomy did not significantly alter the risk of BOT cancer. However, after exclusion of one study, the results showed an increased risk of BOT cancer with a history of tonsillectomy. Conclusions The scarce data available in the literature suggests that tonsillectomy may reduce the risk of tonsillar cancer but does not alter the risk of BOT cancer. Further studies are needed to explore the association between tonsillectomy and the risk of OPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiang Bai
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Longquanyi District First People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingfen He
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Longquanyi District First People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Pathology, Longquanyi District First People’s Hospital Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Longquanyi District First People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Linxiu Zhong
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Longquanyi District First People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Longquanyi District First People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Lanying Zhou
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Longquanyi District First People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanfeng Jiang
- General Surgery Department, Longquanyi District First People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Maksimoski M, Li C. Surgical Management of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea Beyond Tonsillectomy & Adenoidectomy: Tongue Base and Larynx. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2024; 57:431-445. [PMID: 38523050 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Pediatric patients with persistent obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) after adenotonsillectomy often have additional sites of upper airway obstruction such as the tongue base or larynx. Sleep endoscopy and cross-sectional, dynamic imaging can be used to direct surgical management of persistent OSA. The tongue base is one of the most common sites of obstruction in children with persistent OSA, especially for patients with Trisomy 21. Lingual tonsillectomy, tongue suspension, and/or posterior midline glossectomy may be used to address lingual tonsil hypertrophy and tongue base obstruction. Epiglottopexy and/or supraglottoplasty may be used to address laryngomalacia and epiglottic prolapse resulting in OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Maksimoski
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 2018, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Carol Li
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 2018, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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3
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Li C, Kou YF, DeMarcantonio MA, Heubi CH, Fleck R, Kandil A, Smith DF, Ishman SL. Sleep Endoscopy and Cine Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Children With Persistent Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 168:848-855. [PMID: 35608914 PMCID: PMC10127993 DOI: 10.1177/01945998221097659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare findings of same-day cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) and examine how each technique uniquely contributes to the evaluation of persistent obstructive sleep apnea following adenotonsillectomy. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Quaternary care center. METHODS Chart review was performed for consecutive patients who underwent same-day cine MRI and DISE between 2015 and 2020. Descriptive statistics are reported, and Cohen kappa coefficients were calculated to evaluate the agreement between cine MRI and DISE for obstruction at the adenoids, lingual tonsils, and tongue base. RESULTS There were 137 patients, the mean age was 10.4 years (95% CI, 3.2-16.7), and 62.8% were male. The most common sites of obstruction on DISE were the tongue base (86.9%), velum (78.7%), epiglottis (74.5%), inferior turbinate (68.6%), and lingual tonsil (61.3%). The most common sites of obstruction on cine MRI were the hypopharynx (56.3%), tongue base (44.8%), lingual tonsil (38.0%), and macroglossia (37.6%). There was moderate agreement for adenoid hypertrophy (κ = 0.53) and poor agreement for lingual tonsil hypertrophy (κ = 0.15) and tongue base obstruction (κ = 0.09). DISE identified more instances of multilevel obstruction when compared with cine MRI (94.9% vs 48.2%). CONCLUSION DISE offered a better examination of nasal and supraglottic obstruction and is sensitive to partial vs complete collapse, while cine MRI offered better soft tissue resolution for lymphoid tissue hypertrophy and provided a global view of primary and secondary airway obstruction. Cine MRI and DISE are complementary modalities in the evaluation of children with persistent obstructive sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Li
- Pediatric Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yann-Fuu Kou
- Pediatric Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael A. DeMarcantonio
- Pediatric Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Christine H. Heubi
- Pediatric Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert Fleck
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ali Kandil
- Division of Anesthesiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - David F. Smith
- Pediatric Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Center for Circadian Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Stacey L. Ishman
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of HeathVine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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4
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Svensson M, Ekström M, Sundh J, Ljunggren M, Grote L, Palm A. Adherence to CPAP therapy in Down syndrome: the population-based DISCOVERY study. J Clin Sleep Med 2023; 19:453-458. [PMID: 36458740 PMCID: PMC9978440 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.10364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Persons with Down syndrome (DS) have an increased risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) needing continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), but data on the therapy and outcomes in this population are scarce. We aimed to compare patient characteristics and outcomes of CPAP treatment for patients with OSA with and without DS. METHODS This was a population-based, longitudinal study on patients initiating CPAP therapy between July 2010 and March 2018 in Sweden and a population-based sex- and age-matched control group (control:case ratio 5:1), with linked data from the Swedish National Patient Registry and the Prescribed Drug Registry (DISCOVERY study cohort). RESULTS Patients with DS (n = 64) had a higher apnea-hypopnea index (51.7 ± 30.3 vs 36.8 ± 29.1 events/h, P < .001), Epworth Sleepiness Scale score (13.7 ± 5.9 vs 11.0 ± 4.9, P = .001), rate of previous surgery of tonsils and/or adenoids (21.9% vs 8.2%, P = .001), and more thyroid replacement hormone therapy (45.3% vs 7.8%, P < .001), but lower use of cardiovascular drugs (7.8% vs 22.3%, P = .003) compared with controls. At follow-up after 1.3 ± 0.9 years, there were no differences in nocturnal CPAP usage time (5.6 ± 2.4 vs 5.5 ± 2.0 hours, P = .77), CPAP adherence ≥ 4 hours/night (62% vs 65%, P = .93), or improvement in Epworth Sleepiness Scale score (-5.4 ± 6.8 vs -5.0 ± 2.0, P = .84) between DS and non-DS patients. CONCLUSIONS OSA severity was substantially higher in patients with DS despite an increased rate of tonsil surgery. Treatment outcomes in terms of adherence and improved daytime sleepiness were comparable between groups, underlining the importance of both OSA diagnosis and treatment in patients with DS. CITATION Svensson M, Ekström M, Sundh J, Ljunggren M, Grote L, Palm A. Adherence to CPAP therapy in Down syndrome: the population-based DISCOVERY study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(3):453-458.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Svensson
- Centre for Research and Development, Uppsala University, Region of Gävleborg, Gävle Hospital, Gävle, Sweden
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Cancer, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ekström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Respiratory Medicine, Allergology and Palliative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Josefin Sundh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro Sweden
| | - Mirjam Ljunggren
- Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ludger Grote
- Pulmonary Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center for Sleep and Wake Disorders, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Palm
- Centre for Research and Development, Uppsala University, Region of Gävleborg, Gävle Hospital, Gävle, Sweden
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Cancer, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Kirkham EM. Pediatric Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2022; 55:1165-1180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Volner K, Chao S, Camacho M. Dynamic sleep MRI in obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 279:595-607. [PMID: 34241671 PMCID: PMC8266991 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-021-06942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study is to systematically review the international literature for dynamic sleep magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a diagnostic tool in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), to perform meta-analysis on the quantitative data from the review, and to discuss its implications in future research and potential clinical applications. STUDY DESIGN A comprehensive review of the literature was performed, followed by a detailed analysis of the relevant data that has been published on the topic. METHODS Clinical key, Uptodate, Ovid, Ebscohost, Pubmed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Dynamed, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library were systematically searched. Once the search was completed, dynamic sleep MRI data were analyzed. RESULTS Nineteen articles reported on 410 OSA patients and 79 controls that underwent dynamic sleep MRI and were included in this review. For meta-analysis of dynamic sleep MRI data, eight articles presented relevant data on 160 OSA patients. Obstruction was reported as follows: retropalatal (RP) 98%, retroglossal (RG) 41% and hypopharyngeal (HP) in 5%. Lateral pharyngeal wall (LPW) collapse was found in 35/73 (48%) patients. The combinations of RP + RG were observed in 24% and RP + RG + LPW in 16%. If sedation was used, 98% of study participants fell asleep compared to 66% of unsedated participants. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic sleep MRI has demonstrated that nearly all patients have retropalatal obstruction, retroglossal obstruction is common and hypopharyngeal obstruction is rare. Nearly all patients (98%) who are sedated are able to fall asleep during the MRI. There is significant heterogeneity in the literature and standardization is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Volner
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tripler Army Medical Center Honolulu, Honolulu, USA, 1 Jarrett White Road, Hawaii, 96859.
| | - Silas Chao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tripler Army Medical Center Honolulu, Honolulu, USA, 1 Jarrett White Road, Hawaii, 96859
| | - Macario Camacho
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tripler Army Medical Center Honolulu, Honolulu, USA, 1 Jarrett White Road, Hawaii, 96859
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7
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Li C, Kou YF, Ishman SL. Pediatric OSA: Evidence-Based Review of Treatment Results. CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40136-021-00348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Abstract
This study was performed to establish the reference for tonsil size in children, including neonates, without tonsil-associated symptoms, in relation to anthropometric indices (sex/age/height/weight/body mass index).We evaluated the size of both tonsils in 362 children by ultrasonography. Tonsil size was calculated as 0.523abc (a, transverse diameter on the transverse image; b, longitudinal diameter on the transverse image; c, longitudinal diameter on the longitudinal image) and compared between each age year using the Wilcoxon signed rank sum test with Bonferroni correction. We evaluated the relationships between tonsil size and anthropometric indices.Among these children, tonsil size was significantly increased by the age of 3 years (0-1 vs 1-2 [volume (right) = 210.15 ± 205.27 vs 737.83 ± 335.72 mm, P (right) < 0.0001 and volume (left) = 218.26 ± 207.23 vs 645.33 ± 240.31 mm, P (left) < 0.0001]; 1-2 vs 2-3 [volume (right) = 737.83 ± 335.72 vs 1073.86 ± 468.21 mm, P (right) = 0.004 and volume (left) = 645.33 ± 240.31 vs 1109.73 ± 563.20 mm, P (left) < 0.0001]). Although there was a tendency for the tonsil size to increase in years 3-12, there was no significant difference. Using single linear regression analysis, we found a correlation between tonsil size and age (r right/left = 0.67/0.65), height (r right/left = 0.72/0.70), and weight (r right/left = 0.66/0.64), with height having the strongest correlation.In conclusion, tonsil size significantly increased by 3 years of age. Tonsil size was correlated with anthropometric indices, with height showing the strongest correlation.
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9
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Bitners AC, Arens R. Evaluation and Management of Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Lung 2020; 198:257-270. [PMID: 32166426 PMCID: PMC7171982 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-020-00342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common pediatric disorder characterized by recurrent events of partial or complete upper airway obstruction during sleep which result in abnormal ventilation and sleep pattern. OSAS in children is associated with neurobehavioral deficits and cardiovascular morbidity which highlights the need for prompt recognition, diagnosis, and treatment. The purpose of this state-of-the-art review is to provide an update on the evaluation and management of children with OSAS with emphasis on children with complex medical comorbidities and those with residual OSAS following first-line treatment. Proposed treatment strategies reflecting recommendations from a variety of professional societies are presented. All children should be screened for OSAS and those with typical symptoms (e.g., snoring, restless sleep, and daytime hyperactivity) or risk factors (e.g., neurologic, genetic, and craniofacial disorders) should undergo further evaluation including referral to a sleep specialist or pediatric otolaryngologist and overnight polysomnography, which provides a definitive diagnosis. A cardiology and/or endocrinology evaluation should be considered in high-risk children. For the majority of children, first-line treatment is tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy; however, some children exhibit multiple levels of airway obstruction and may require additional evaluation and management. Anti-inflammatory medications, weight loss, and oral appliances may be appropriate in select cases, particularly for mild OSAS. Following initial treatment, all children should be monitored for residual symptoms and polysomnography may be repeated to identify persistent disease, which can be managed with positive airway pressure ventilation and additional surgical approaches if required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raanan Arens
- Division of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, 3415 Bainbridge Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10467-2490, USA.
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10
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Waters KA, Castro C, Chawla J. The spectrum of obstructive sleep apnea in infants and children with Down Syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 129:109763. [PMID: 31704574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Describe the spectrum of OSA across time in infants and children with Down syndrome. METHODS Retrospective records review of children who underwent formal polysomnography (PSG) in one of two Australian tertiary sleep centres over selected 3.5-year periods. 152 children were identified, then all sleep study and treatment records were retrieved for the lifetime of the child through 2018. RESULTS 3.8 ± 3.2 studies (range 1-17) were retrieved per child and 38.2% had mild disease at worst. Children having only 1 study were more likely to have a normal or mild result than those having ≥2 (chi-square 11.25, p-value 0.0008) Studies were more often severe in children age <2 compared to those ≥2 years, (chi-square 12.87, p = 0.005). After age 2 years, OSA severity increased with age. Amongst 91 (56.4%) children with ≥2 studies, 71 (78.0%) had moderate or severe disease at some time. Studies evaluating the effects of surgery (most often adenotonsillectomy) showed resolution of disease to mild or normal in 53.3%. Where ≥2 studies were evaluated, the last study polarised towards normal or mild disease 40 (44.0%), or treatment titrations 34 (37.4%) with moderate or severe disease in 17 (18.7%). CONCLUSIONS In a tertiary sleep unit, a full spectrum of sleep disordered breathing in Down syndrome was seen from infancy onwards. Children having only one study were more likely to have normal results. Children with multiple studies reflected disease surveillance, including follow-up after treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Waters
- Department of Sleep Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, SIDS and Sleep Apnoea Research, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Sleep Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Australia.
| | - Chenda Castro
- Department of Sleep Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, SIDS and Sleep Apnoea Research, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Jasneek Chawla
- Department of Sleep Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Paediatric Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Sleep Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Australia
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Yu JL, Afolabi‐Brown O. Updates on management of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Pediatr Investig 2019; 3:228-235. [PMID: 32851328 PMCID: PMC7331384 DOI: 10.1002/ped4.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects about 1%-5% of the pediatric population. The consequences of untreated OSA in children include neurocognitive deficits, behavioral problems, poor school performance as well as systemic and pulmonary hypertension. The treatment options for pediatric OSA are numerous with a variety of surgical and non-surgical interventions. As our understanding of the complexities of OSA grows, the options for management have continued to expand as well. The objectives of this review are to describe the commonly prescribed treatments for pediatric OSA including adenotonsillectomy as well as use of positive airway pressure. We also highlight other surgical and non-surgical interventions available. In addition, we provide updates on current research focusing on newer diagnostic and experimental treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L. Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Division of Sleep MedicinePerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Olufunke Afolabi‐Brown
- Division of Pulmonary MedicineChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of PediatricsPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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12
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Pilot study of the potential of 3D ultrasound to measure tonsillar volume and hypertrophy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 126:109612. [PMID: 31408743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), results in approximately 4-5 million outpatient visits per year in the United States. In pediatric patients, OSA is primarily caused by adenotonsillar hypertrophy, and therefore, adenotonsillectomy remains an effective surgical treatment. We investigate whether 3D ultrasound (3DUS) imaging can accurately and objectively assess tonsillar hypertrophy for the potential identification and stratification of candidates for adenotonsillectomy. METHODS A prospective study was performed evaluating pediatric patients (N = 17) between the ages of 4-14 years who were undergoing adenotonsillectomy for OSA symptoms. On the day of surgery, tonsillar ultrasound was performed by a single attending radiologist. Tonsillectomy was performed and each tonsils' principal axes and physical volume by water submergence were measured. The findings were compared using paired T-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS The average tonsillar physical measurements of length, width and height were 1.54 ± 0.28, 2.0 ± 0.31 cm and 2.72 ± 0.41 cm, and 1.73 ± 0.17, 1.61 ± 0.21 mm and 2.98 ± 0.28 mm from physical and 3DUS estimations, respectively (P < 0.001 for all measurements). The average tonsillar volume was 3.84 ± 1.23 ml and 4.30 ± 1.15 ml from physical and 3DUS measurements, respectively (p = 0.04). The Bland-Altman mean difference ± 95% limit of agreement between length, width, height, and volume results from the two measurements were -0.186 ± 2.01 cm, -0.393 ± 6.33 cm, 0.25 ± 7.71 cm, and 0.45 ± 2.32 ml, respectively. CONCLUSION While 3DUS is feasible, it may not be an accurate estimate of tonsillar volume for assessing hypertrophy. A larger study will be required to establish the accuracy of 3DUS measurements of tonsillar volume.
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13
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Howard JJM, Sarber KM, Yu W, Smith DF, Tikhtman RO, Simakajornboon N, Ishman SL. Outcomes in children with down syndrome and mild obstructive sleep apnea treated non-surgically. Laryngoscope 2019; 130:1828-1835. [PMID: 31603543 DOI: 10.1002/lary.28325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nasal steroids, oral anti-leukotrienes and supplemental oxygen are effective in the treatment of mild obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in otherwise healthy children. However, their efficacy is unknown in children with Down syndrome (DS). Here we examine the effect of single medication therapy versus observation versus oxygen on polysomnographic outcomes in these children. METHODS We reviewed children (<18 years) diagnosed with DS and mild OSA (obstructive apnea-hypopnea index [oAHI] ≥1 to <5 events/hour) treated non-surgically (with supplemental oxygen, one medication, or observation) between 2012 and 2017. Demographic data, comorbid diagnoses, and pre- and posttreatment polysomnograms were analyzed. We assessed pre- and posttreatment oAHI, oxyhemoglobin saturation nadir, percent total sleep time (%TST) in rapid eye movement (REM), and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2 ) >50 mmHg. RESULTS Twenty-four children met inclusion criteria; 10 treated with medication, one with oxygen, and 13 with observation (baseline oAHI was 3.5, 3.3, and 2.9 events/hour, respectively). There was no significant change in oAHI, oxyhemoglobin saturation nadir, ETCO2 , or percent TST in REM after treatment for any treatment group (P = .21-.94). There was no association between reported symptoms and AHI severity or change in AHI. OSA resolved in one patient treated with observation and two treated with medication, but worsened in two each in the medication and observation groups. Resolution of OSA occurred in 20% treated with medication, 7.7% with observation, and 0% with oxygen (P = .82). CONCLUSION In our cohort, resolution of mild OSA was low. This suggests that consideration should be given to multimodality treatments in children with DS and mild OSA. Prospective studies will help establish effectiveness in this cohort. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 130:1828-1835, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier J M Howard
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Kathleen M Sarber
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.,Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Wenwen Yu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.,Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.,Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Raisa O Tikhtman
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Narong Simakajornboon
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Stacey L Ishman
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.,Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
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14
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Bluher AE, Ishman SL, Baldassari CM. Managing the Child with Persistent Sleep Apnea. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2019; 52:891-901. [PMID: 31301824 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects 2% to 4% of American children, and is associated with metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurocognitive sequelae. The primary treatment for pediatric OSA is adenotonsillectomy. Children with obesity, craniofacial syndromes, and severe baseline OSA are at risk for persistent disease. Evaluation of persistent OSA should focus on identifying the causes of upper airway obstruction. Interventions should be tailored to address the patient's symptomatology, sites of obstruction, and preference for surgical versus medical management. Further research is needed to identify management protocols that result in improved outcomes for children with persistent OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Bluher
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 600 Gresham Drive, Suite 1100, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Stacey L Ishman
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC# 2018, Cincinnati, OH 45229-2018, USA; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC# 2018, Cincinnati, OH 45229-2018, USA
| | - Cristina M Baldassari
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 600 Gresham Drive, Suite 1100, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; Departments of Pediatric Otolaryngology and Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters, 601 Children's Lane, 2nd Floor, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA.
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15
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Ulualp S. Outcomes of Tongue Base Reduction and Lingual Tonsillectomy for Residual Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea after Adenotonsillectomy. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 23:e415-e421. [PMID: 31649761 PMCID: PMC6805200 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1685156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Upper airway obstruction at multiple sites, including the velum, the oropharynx, the tongue base, the lingual tonsils, or the supraglottis, has been resulting in residual obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (TA). The role of combined lingual tonsillectomy and tongue base volume reduction for treatment of OSA has not been studied in nonsyndromic children with residual OSA after TA. Objective To evaluate the outcomes of tongue base volume reduction and lingual tonsillectomy in children with residual OSA after TA. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted to obtain information on history and physical examination, past medical history, findings of drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE), of polysomnography (PSG), and surgical management. Pre- and postoperative PSGs were evaluated to assess the resolution of OSA and to determine the improvement in the obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (oAHI) before and after the surgery. Results A total of 10 children (5 male, 5 female, age range: 10-17 years old, mean age: 14.5 ± 2.6 years old) underwent tongue base reduction and lingual tonsillectomy. Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) revealed airway obstruction due to posterior displacement of the tongue and to the hypertrophy of the lingual tonsils. All of the patients reported subjective improvement in the OSA symptoms. All of the patients had improvement in the oAHI. The postoperative oAHI was lower than the preoperative oAHI ( p < 0.002). The postoperative apnea-hypopnea index during rapid eye movement sleep (REM-AHI) was lower than the preoperative REM-AHI ( p = 0.004). Obstructive sleep apnea was resolved in children with normal weight. Overweight and obese children had residual OSA. Nonsyndromic children had resolution of OSA or mild OSA after the surgery. Conclusions Tongue base reduction and lingual tonsillectomy resulted in subjective and objective improvement of OSA in children with airway obstruction due to posterior displacement of the tongue and to hypertrophy of the lingual tonsils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seckin Ulualp
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States
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16
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Techniques for evaluation and management of tongue-base obstruction in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 26:409-416. [DOI: 10.1097/moo.0000000000000489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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17
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Cohen-Levy J, Quintal MC, Abela A, Rompré P, Almeida FR, Huynh N. Persistent sleep disordered breathing after adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy: a long-term survey in a tertiary pediatric hospital. Sleep Breath 2018; 22:1197-1205. [PMID: 30324546 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-018-1734-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the long-term prevalence of persistent sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in children, after adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy, and to assess the relationship between baseline characteristics and persistent nocturnal symptoms. METHODS The clinical charts of children operated for adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy in a tertiary hospital, between January 2000 and March 2016, were retrospectively reviewed. All patients who had signs of SDB prior to surgery received a six-question validated pediatric questionnaire, the Hierarchic Severity Clinical Scale (HSCS). RESULTS A total of 4000 children showing SDB prior to surgery were selected out of 5809 (68.9%); 1176 parents returned the questionnaire (29.4%), with a mean age at surgery of 4.3 ± 2.2 and age at survey of 9.6 ± 3.6. Complete resolution of SDB was subjectively reported in 798 patients (67.9%), and mild SDB was suspected in 301 children (25.6%, HSCS > 0 with chronic snoring), while 77 (6.5%) had a HSCS > 2.72, suggesting persistent obstructive sleep apnea. In non-syndromic children, male sex, history of sole adenoidectomy, or sole tonsillectomy, and early age of surgery (< 2 years-old) were associated with higher HSCS scores (p < 0.05). Moreover, symptoms had a tendency to decrease from 1 to 6 years, re-occur at age 7-8, and also after 13, with boys reporting more severe symptoms, at a younger age. CONCLUSIONS Surgical excision of lymphoid tissue to treat SDB in childhood seems to be effective in the long term in two-thirds of subjects, while partial surgeries, specific age groups and early surgery are more likely to have persistent or recurrent symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cohen-Levy
- Clinique d'orthodontie majeure, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
| | | | - Anthony Abela
- Service d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Canada
| | - Pierre Rompré
- Clinique d'orthodontie majeure, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Fernanda R Almeida
- Dentistry University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Centre de recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Canada
| | - Nelly Huynh
- Centre de recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Canada
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18
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Fleck RJ, Shott SR, Mahmoud M, Ishman SL, Amin RS, Donnelly LF. Magnetic resonance imaging of obstructive sleep apnea in children. Pediatr Radiol 2018; 48:1223-1233. [PMID: 30078047 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-018-4180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sleep-disordered breathing has a spectrum of severity that spans from snoring and partial airway collapse with increased upper airway resistance, to complete upper airway obstruction with obstructive sleep apnea during sleeping. While snoring occurs in up to 20% of children, obstructive sleep apnea affects approximately 1-5% of children. The obstruction that occurs in obstructive sleep apnea is the result of the airway collapsing during sleep, which causes arousal and impairs restful sleep. Adenotonsillectomy is the first-line treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and is usually effective in otherwise healthy nonsyndromic children. However, there are subgroups in which this surgery is less effective. These subgroups include children with obesity, severe obstructive sleep apnea preoperatively, Down syndrome, craniofacial anomalies and polycystic ovarian disease. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the first-line therapy for persistent obstructive sleep apnea despite previous adenotonsillectomy, but it is often poorly tolerated by children. When CPAP is not tolerated or preferred by the family, surgical options beyond adenotonsillectomy are discussed with the parent and child. Dynamic MRI of the airway provides a means to identify and localize the site or sites of obstruction for these children. In this review the authors address clinical indications for imaging, ideal team members to involve in an effective multidisciplinary program, basic anesthesia requirements, MRI protocol techniques and interpretation of the findings on MRI that help guide surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Fleck
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
- Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Sally R Shott
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mohamed Mahmoud
- Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stacey L Ishman
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Raouf S Amin
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lane F Donnelly
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Quality and Safety, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, CA, USA
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19
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Smitthimedhin A, Whitehead MT, Bigdeli M, Nino G, Perez G, Otero HJ. MRI determination of volumes for the upper airway and pharyngeal lymphoid tissue in preterm and term infants. Clin Imaging 2018; 50:51-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Slaats MALJ, Loterman D, van Holsbeke C, Vos W, Van Hoorenbeeck K, de Backer J, de Backer W, Wojciechowski M, Boudewyns A, Verhulst S. The Role of Functional Respiratory Imaging in Treatment Selection of Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Down Syndrome. J Clin Sleep Med 2018; 14:651-659. [PMID: 29609707 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.7064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The complexity of the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children with Down syndrome (DS) is illustrated by a prevalence of residual OSA after adenotonsillectomy. The aim of this study was to investigate whether upper airway imaging combined with computation fluid dynamics could characterize treatment outcome after adenotonsillectomy in these children. METHODS Children with DS and OSA were prospectively included. All children underwent an evaluation of the upper airway and an ultra-low dose computed tomography scan of the upper airway before adenotonsillectomy. The upper airway tract was extracted from the scan and combined with computational fluid dynamics. Results were evaluated using control polysomnography after adenotonsillectomy. RESULTS Thirty-three children were included: 18 boys, age 4.3 ± 2.3 years, median body mass index z-score 0.6 (-2.9 to 3.0), and median obstructive apnea-hypopnea index was 15.7 (3-70) events/h. The minimal upper airway cross-sectional area was significantly smaller in children with more severe OSA (P = .03). Nineteen children underwent a second polysomnography after adenotonsillectomy. Seventy-nine percent had persistent OSA (obstructive apneahypopnea index > 2 events/h). A greater than 50% decrease in obstructive apnea-hypopnea index was observed in 79% and these children had a significantly higher volume of the regions below the tonsils. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to characterize treatment outcome in children with DS and OSA using computed tomography upper airway imaging. At baseline, children with more severe OSA had a smaller upper airway. Children with a less favorable response to adenotonsillectomy had a smaller volume of regions below the tonsils, which could be due to enlargement of the lingual tonsils, glossoptosis, or macroglossia. COMMENTARY A commentary on this article appears in this issue on page 501.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wim Vos
- Technology, Biomedical Physics, FluidDA, Kontich, Belgium
| | | | - Jan de Backer
- Technology, Biomedical Physics, FluidDA, Kontich, Belgium
| | - Wilfried de Backer
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - An Boudewyns
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stijn Verhulst
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Sleep Lab at Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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21
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Ong AA, Atwood CM, Nguyen SA, Teufel RJ, Lal C, LaRosa AC, White DR. Down syndrome and pediatric obstructive sleep apnea surgery: A national cohort. Laryngoscope 2017; 128:1963-1969. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.27063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian A. Ong
- Department of OtolaryngologyUniversity at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesBuffalo New York
| | - Carlyn M. Atwood
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharleston South Carolina U.S.A
| | - Shaun A. Nguyen
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharleston South Carolina U.S.A
| | - Ronald J. Teufel
- Department of PediatricsMedical University of South CarolinaCharleston South Carolina U.S.A
| | - Chitra Lal
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharleston South Carolina U.S.A
| | - Angela C. LaRosa
- Department of PediatricsMedical University of South CarolinaCharleston South Carolina U.S.A
| | - David R. White
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharleston South Carolina U.S.A
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22
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Wilcox LJ, Bergeron M, Reghunathan S, Ishman SL. An updated review of pediatric drug-induced sleep endoscopy. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2017; 2:423-431. [PMID: 29299518 PMCID: PMC5743164 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) involves assessment of the upper airway using a flexible endoscope while patients are in a pharmacologically-induced sleep-like state. The aim of this article is to review the current literature regarding the role of DISE in children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The indications, typical anesthetic protocol, comparison to other diagnostic modalities, scoring systems, and outcomes are discussed. Methods A comprehensive review of literature regarding pediatric DISE up through May 2017 was performed. Results DISE provides a thorough evaluation of sites of obstruction during sedation. It is typically indicated for children with persistent OSA after tonsillectomy, those with OSA without tonsillar hypertrophy, children with risk factors predisposing then to multiple sites of obstruction, or when sleep-state dependent laryngomalacia is suspected. The dexmedotomidine and ketamine protocol, which replicates non-REM sleep, appears to be safe and is often used for pediatric DISE, although propofol is the most commonly employed agent for DISE in adults. Six different scoring systems (VOTE, SERS, Chan, Bachar, Fishman, Boudewyns) have been used to report pediatric DISE findings, but none is universally accepted. Conclusions DISE is a safe and useful technique to assess levels of obstruction in children. There is currently no universally-accepted anesthetic protocol or scoring system for pediatric DISE, but both will be necessary in order to provide a consistent method to report findings, enhance communication among providers and optimize surgical outcomes. Level of Evidence N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndy J. Wilcox
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioU.S.A
| | - Mathieu Bergeron
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioU.S.A
| | - Saranya Reghunathan
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery , University of Arizona College of Medicine–TucsonTucsonArizonaU.S.A.
| | - Stacey L. Ishman
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioU.S.A
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep MedicineCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioU.S.A
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery , University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhioU.S.A.
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23
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Management of Pediatric OSA Beyond Adeno-Tonsillectomy. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40675-017-0083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Kang KT, Koltai PJ, Lee CH, Lin MT, Hsu WC. Lingual Tonsillectomy for Treatment of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 143:561-568. [PMID: 28208178 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2016.4274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Importance Evidence indicates correlations between lingual tonsil hypertrophy and pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, to our knowledge, a meta-analysis of surgical outcomes for lingual tonsillectomy in children with OSA has not been conducted. Objective To evaluate the therapeutic outcomes of lingual tonsillectomy for treatment of pediatric OSA. Data Sources The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42015027053). PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Reviews databases were searched independently by 2 authors for relevant articles published by September 2016. Study Selection The literature search identified English-language studies that used polysomnography to evaluate children with lingual tonsil hypertrophy and OSA after lingual tonsillectomy alone. The search keywords were lingual tonsil, lingual tonsillectomy, sleep endoscopy, sleep apnea, and child. Data Extraction and Synthesis Polysomnographic data from each study were extracted. A random-effects model pooled postoperative sleep variable changes and success rates for lingual tonsillectomy in treating pediatric OSA. Main Outcomes and Measures Four outcomes for lingual tonsillectomy were analyzed. These included net postoperative changes in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), net postoperative changes in the minimum oxygen saturation, the overall success rate for a postoperative AHI less than 1, and the overall success rate for a postoperative AHI less than 5. Results This meta-analysis consisted of 4 studies (mean sample size, 18.25 patients), with a total of 73 unique patients (mean [SD] age, 8.3 [1.1] years). Fifty-nine percent (27 of 46) of the patients were male, and 1 of the 4 studies did not specify number of males. Lingual tonsillectomy was indicated for persistent OSA after adenotonsillectomy in all cases. Lingual tonsil hypertrophy was evaluated using computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging in 1 study, sleep endoscopy in 2 studies, and cine magnetic resonance imaging in 1 study. The mean change in the AHI after lingual tonsillectomy was a reduction of 8.9 (95% CI, -12.6 to -5.2) events per hour. The mean change in the minimum oxygen saturation after lingual tonsillectomy was an increase of 6.0% (95% CI, 2.7%-9.2%). The overall success rate was 17% (95% CI, 7%-35%) for a postoperative AHI less than 1 and 51% (95% CI, 25%-76%) for a postoperative AHI less than 5. Postoperative complications that developed included airway obstruction, bleeding, and pneumonia. Conclusions and Relevance Lingual tonsillectomy is an effective surgical management for children with OSA caused by lingual tonsil hypertrophy, and it achieves significant improvement in the AHI and the minimum oxygen saturation. However, children frequently have residual OSA after lingual tonsillectomy, and postoperative complications must be carefully managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Tai Kang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei2Department of Otolaryngology, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Peter J Koltai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Chia-Hsuan Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei2Department of Otolaryngology, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tzer Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hsiao Chung-Cheng Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan5Sleep Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Wei-Chung Hsu
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei5Sleep Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
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25
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The Efficacy of Adenotonsillectomy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children with Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 157:401-408. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599817703921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective Determine the efficacy of adenotonsillectomy in children with Down syndrome. Data Sources Databases included PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. The search was inclusive of all references available through January 5, 2017. Review Methods A systematic review of the medical literature addressing adenotonsillectomy in treating obstructive sleep apnea in children with Down syndrome was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Data were pooled using a random-effects model where possible. The quality of studies was graded using the Methodological Index for Nonrandomized Studies criteria. Results Of the 957 articles screened, 5 met inclusion for the qualitative analysis and 3 met criteria for the quantitative analysis. The findings of the qualitative analysis were that adenotonsillectomy has a positive effect on children with Down syndrome but in many cases is noncurative, up to 75% need postoperative breathing support, there is a high rate of immediate postoperative airway needs, and there is no change in sleep efficiency or architecture. The articles consistently reported moderate success in improving polysomnographic parameters, and limited pooling of the data demonstrated a mean decrease of the apnea-hypopnea index by 51% (95% confidence interval [CI], 46%-55%). Conclusion A 51% reduction in the preoperative apnea-hypopnea index can be expected with the intervention of adenotonsillectomy alone in children with Down syndrome. This information is useful for counseling and managing patient and family expectations. It also serves as a reminder to clinicians to obtain a postoperative sleep study, as many of these patients will need nighttime airway support or secondary sleep surgery.
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26
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Boudewyns A, Abel F, Alexopoulos E, Evangelisti M, Kaditis A, Miano S, Villa MP, Verhulst SL. Adenotonsillectomy to treat obstructive sleep apnea: Is it enough? Pediatr Pulmonol 2017; 52:699-709. [PMID: 28052557 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although adenotonsillectomy is the first line treatment for children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (0SAS),1 improvement in objectively documented outcomes is often inadequate and a substantial number of children have residual disease. Early recognition and treatment of children with persistent OSAS is required to prevent long-term morbidity. The management of these children is frequently complex and a multidisciplinary approach is required as most of them have additional risk factors for OSAS and comorbidities. In this paper, we first provide an overview of children at risk for persistent disease following adenotonsillectomy. Thereafter, we discuss different diagnostic modalities to evaluate the sites of persistent upper airway obstruction and the currently available treatment options. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:699-709. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boudewyns
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - F Abel
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - E Alexopoulos
- Sleep Disorders Laboratory, University of Thessaly School of Medicine and Larissa University Hospital, Larissa, Greece
| | - M Evangelisti
- University of Rome "La Sapienza" School of Medicine, Rome, Italy.,Regional Sleep Disorders Center, Sant' Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - A Kaditis
- First Department of Paediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, University of Athens School of Medicine and Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - S Miano
- Sleep and Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter of the Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - M P Villa
- University of Rome "La Sapienza" School of Medicine, Rome, Italy.,Regional Sleep Disorders Center, Sant' Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - S L Verhulst
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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27
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Salinas CR, Nuyen BA, Jafari A, Nation J. Refractory sleep-disordered breathing due to unilateral lingual tonsillar hypertrophy in a child with Proteus Syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 95:114-116. [PMID: 28576518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteus Syndrome (PS) is a rare congenital overgrowth disease affecting bones, skin, adipose and the central nervous system. The result is asymmetric, disfiguring hypertrophy which can manifest as craniofacial dysmorphia and aerodigestive tract abnormalities. We report the case of obstructive lingual tonsillar hypertrophy resulting in residual sleep disordered breathing after adenotonsillectomy in a child with PS, a previously unrecognized manifestation of the disease. Endoscopic treatment with coblation effectively and safely treated the obstructive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtni R Salinas
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian A Nuyen
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aria Jafari
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Javan Nation
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Alsufyani NA, Noga ML, Witmans M, Major PW. Upper airway imaging in sleep-disordered breathing: role of cone-beam computed tomography. Oral Radiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11282-017-0280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Fernandez F, Nyhuis CC, Anand P, Demara BI, Ruby NF, Spanò G, Clark C, Edgin JO. Young children with Down syndrome show normal development of circadian rhythms, but poor sleep efficiency: a cross-sectional study across the first 60 months of life. Sleep Med 2017; 33:134-144. [PMID: 28449894 PMCID: PMC5423393 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate sleep consolidation and circadian activity rhythms in infants and toddlers with Down syndrome (DS) under light and socially entrained conditions within a familiar setting. Given previous human and animal data suggesting intact circadian regulation of melatonin across the day and night, it was hypothesized that behavioral indices of circadian rhythmicity would likewise be intact in the sample with DS. Methods A cross-sectional study of 66 infants and young children with DS, aged 5–67 months, and 43 typically developing age-matched controls. Sleep and measures of circadian robustness or timing were quantified using continuous in-home actigraphy recordings performed over seven days. Circadian robustness was quantified via time series analysis of rest-activity patterns. Phase markers of circadian timing were calculated alongside these values. Sleep efficiency was also estimated based on the actigraphy recordings. Results This study provided further evidence that general sleep quality is poor in infants and toddlers with DS, a population that has sleep apnea prevalence as high as 50% during the preschool years. Despite poor sleep quality, circadian rhythm and phase were preserved in children with DS and displayed similar developmental trajectories in cross-sectional comparisons with a typically developing (TD) cohort. In line with past work, lower sleep efficiency scores were quantified in the group with DS relative to TD children. Infants born with DS exhibited the worst sleep fragmentation; however, in both groups, sleep efficiency and consolidation increased across age. Three circadian phase markers showed that 35% of the recruitment sample with DS was phase-advanced to an earlier morning schedule, suggesting significant within-group variability in the timing of their daily activity rhythms. Conclusions Circadian rhythms of wake and sleep are robust in children born with DS. The present results suggest that sleep fragmentation and any resultant cognitive deficits are likely not confounded by corresponding deficits in circadian rhythms. Circadian activity rhythms are robust in young children with Down syndrome. Early morning activity is phase-advanced in a subgroup. Infants with Down syndrome show significant sleep fragmentation. Sleep efficiency improves with age in children with Down syndrome, but still lags the trajectory seen in typical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Fernandez
- Departments of Psychology and Neurology, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA; Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.
| | - Casandra C Nyhuis
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA; Sonoran University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Payal Anand
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA; Sonoran University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Bianca I Demara
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA; Sonoran University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Norman F Ruby
- Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Goffredina Spanò
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA; Sonoran University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Caron Clark
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, USA
| | - Jamie O Edgin
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA; Sonoran University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
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Maris M, Verhulst S, Saldien V, Van de Heyning P, Wojciechowski M, Boudewyns A. Drug-induced sedation endoscopy in surgically naive children with Down syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med 2016; 24:63-70. [PMID: 27810188 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the pattern of upper airway (UA) obstruction in surgically naive children with Down syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and to evaluate the outcome of drug-induced sedation endoscopy (DISE)-directed treatment. METHODS A prospective study of DISE in surgically naive children with Down syndrome and OSA was performed. Treatment was individually tailored based on the DISE findings and was evaluated by control polysomnography (PGS). Results are presented as median (lower-upper quartile) unless otherwise stated. RESULTS In 41 children, aged 4.2 years (range, 2.8-6.0) with a body mass z score of 1.04 (-0.55 to 1.82) and obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (oAHI) of 10.1/h (range, 6.3-23.0), DISE was performed. Adeno-/tonsillar obstruction was found in 75.6% of the patients, and these patients subsequently underwent UA surgery. Seven patients were non-surgically treated, and three received a combined treatment. A multilevel collapse was present in 85.4%. Tongue base obstruction was present in ten patients (24.4%) and epiglottic collapse in 48.8%. Pre- and postoperative PSG data were available for 25 children (adenotonsillectomy, n = 16; tonsillectomy, n = 7; adenoidectomy, n = 2). A significant improvement in oAHI from 11.4/h (range, 7.7-27.0) to 5.5/h (range, 2.1-7.6) was found. Persistent OSA was present in 52% of the children. No significant association between different DISE findings and persistent OSA could be found. CONCLUSION Most patients with Down syndrome and OSA present with multilevel collapse on DISE. Adenotonsillectomy results in a significant improvement of the oAHI; however more than half of the patients had persistent OSA, probably due to multilevel collapse. Upper airway evaluation may provide more insights into the pattern of UA obstruction in patients with persistent OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Maris
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Belgium-Antwerp University, Belgium
| | - Stijn Verhulst
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Antwerp, Belgium-Antwerp University, Belgium
| | - Vera Saldien
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Belgium-Antwerp University, Belgium
| | - Paul Van de Heyning
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Belgium-Antwerp University, Belgium
| | - Marek Wojciechowski
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Antwerp, Belgium-Antwerp University, Belgium
| | - An Boudewyns
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Belgium-Antwerp University, Belgium.
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Prosser JD, Shott SR, Rodriguez O, Simakajornboon N, Meinzen-Derr J, Ishman SL. Polysomnographic outcomes following lingual tonsillectomy for persistent obstructive sleep apnea in down syndrome. Laryngoscope 2016; 127:520-524. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.26202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Drew Prosser
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Georgia Regents University; Augusta Georgia
| | - Sally R. Shott
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Oscar Rodriguez
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson Mississippi
| | - Narong Simakajornboon
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Jareen Meinzen-Derr
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio U.S.A
| | - Stacey L. Ishman
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati Ohio
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio
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Clark C, Ulualp SO. Multimodality assessment of upper airway obstruction in children with persistent obstructive sleep apnea after adenotonsillectomy. Laryngoscope 2016; 127:1224-1230. [PMID: 27411973 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may have multiple sites of upper airway obstruction (UAO). A wide variety of techniques has been used to evaluate UAO. Our aim was to compare findings of cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) in identifying UAO sites in children with persistent OSA after adenotonsillectomy (AT). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective chart review. MATERIAL AND METHODS The medical records of children who underwent DISE and cine MRI were reviewed. Data pertaining to demographics, past medical history, body mass index, polysomnography, findings of DISE, and cine MRI were obtained. RESULTS Fifteen children (11 boys, 4 girls; age range, 7-18 years) were identified. Comorbid conditions were Down syndrome in nine patients, cerebral palsy in one, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in two, and asthma in three. Severity of OSA was moderate in five, and severe in 10. DISE and cine MRI showed the same UAO site in 10 patients: a single site (tongue) in nine and multiple sites (tongue and oropharynx/lateral walls) in one. DISE showed additional UAO sites undetected by cine MRI in three patients. Cine MRI showed additional UAO sites undetected by DISE in one patient. DISE and cine MRI showed different sites of obstruction in one patient. CONCLUSIONS Cine MRI and DISE documented single and multiple sites of UAO in children with persistent OSA after AT. Cine MRI and DISE findings were similar in the majority of the children. Assessment of the sensitivity and specificity of cine MRI and DISE in detecting sites of UAO merits further investigation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4. Laryngoscope, 127:1224-1230, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Clark
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.,Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Seckin O Ulualp
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A
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Subramanyam R, Fleck R, McAuliffe J, Radhakrishnan R, Jung D, Patino M, Mahmoud M. Morfologia das vias aéreas superiores em pacientes com síndrome de Down sob sedação com dexmedetomidina. Braz J Anesthesiol 2016; 66:388-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjan.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Propst EJ, Amin R, Talwar N, Zaman M, Zweerink A, Blaser S, Zaarour C, Luginbuehl I, Karsli C, Aziza A, Forrest C, Drake J, Narang I. Midline posterior glossectomy and lingual tonsillectomy in obese and nonobese children with down syndrome: Biomarkers for success. Laryngoscope 2016; 127:757-763. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.26104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan J. Propst
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Canada
| | - Reshma Amin
- Division of Respiratory Medicine; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Canada
| | - Natasha Talwar
- Division of Respiratory Medicine; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Canada
| | - Michele Zaman
- Division of Respiratory Medicine; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Canada
| | - Allison Zweerink
- Division of Respiratory Medicine; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Canada
| | - Susan Blaser
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Canada
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Canada
| | - Christian Zaarour
- Department of Anesthesia; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Canada
| | - Igor Luginbuehl
- Department of Anesthesia; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Canada
| | - Cengiz Karsli
- Department of Anesthesia; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Canada
| | - Albert Aziza
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Canada
| | | | - James Drake
- Division of Neurosurgery; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Canada
| | - Indra Narang
- Division of Respiratory Medicine; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Canada
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The current state of pediatric drug-induced sleep endoscopy. Laryngoscope 2016; 127:266-272. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.26091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zevallos JP, Mazul AL, Rodriguez N, Weissler MC, Brennan P, Anantharaman D, Abedi-Ardekani B, Neil Hayes D, Olshan AF. Previous tonsillectomy modifies odds of tonsil and base of tongue cancer. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:832-8. [PMID: 26977858 PMCID: PMC4984870 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tonsillectomy is a commonly performed surgical procedure that involves removal of the palatine tonsils. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between previous tonsillectomy and odds of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) in a large population-based case-control study. We hypothesise that previous tonsillectomy is associated with a decreased odds of tonsil cancer with no impact on the odds of developing base of tongue (BOT) cancer. METHODS This was a population-based, frequency-matched case-control study with multinomial logistic regression, including 1378 controls, 108 BOT cancer cases, and 198 tonsil cancer cases. Demographic and risk factor data were collected using a structured questionnaire during an in-home visit conducted by trained nurse-interviewers. The human papillomavirus (HPV) tumour status was determined through Luminex-based multiplex PCR and p16 status by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Previous tonsillectomy was associated with a nearly two-fold increased odds of BOT cancer (OR=1.95, 95% CI 1.25-3.06, P=0.003) and a large decrease in the odds of tonsil cancer (OR=0.22, 95% CI 0.13-0.36, P<0.001). When HPV status was considered, tonsillectomy was associated with a decreased odds of HPV-positive tonsil cancer (OR=0.17, 95% CI 0.08-0.34, P<0.001) and an increased risk of HPV-positive BOT cancer (OR=2.46, 95% CI 1.22-4.95, P=0.012). When p16 status was considered, tonsillectomy was associated with an increased odds of p16-positive BOT cancer (OR=2.24, 95% CI 1.16-4.35, P=0.017) and a decreased odds of p16-positive tonsil cancer (OR=0.14, 95% CI 0.07-0.31, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Previous tonsillectomy modifies the odds of both tonsil and BOT cancer, with decreased odds of tonsil cancer and increased odds of BOT cancer. A history of previous tonsillectomy may play a role in OPSCC risk stratification when considered along with other covariates such as sexual history, smoking status, and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose P Zevallos
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 170 Manning Drive, CB 7070, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Angela L Mazul
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nidia Rodriguez
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mark C Weissler
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 170 Manning Drive, CB 7070, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | | | | | - D Neil Hayes
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew F Olshan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Lam DJ, Weaver EM, Macarthur CJ, Milczuk HA, O'Neill E, Smith TL, Nguyen T, Shea SA. Assessment of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea using a drug-induced sleep endoscopy rating scale. Laryngoscope 2016; 126:1492-8. [PMID: 26775080 DOI: 10.1002/lary.25842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Assess the reliability of a Sleep Endoscopy Rating Scale (SERS) and its relationship with pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series of pediatric patients who underwent drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) at the time of surgery for OSA from January 1, 2013 to May 1, 2014. METHODS Three blinded otolaryngologists scored obstruction on DISE recordings as absent (0), partial (+1), or complete (+2) at six anatomic levels: nasal airway, nasopharynx, velopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and arytenoids. Ratings were summed for a SERS total score (range, 0-12). Reliability was calculated using a κ statistic with linear weighting. SERS ratings and obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI) were compared using Spearman correlation. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis determined the ability of the SERS total score to predict severe OSA (OAHI >10). RESULTS Thirty-nine patients were included (mean age, 8.3 ± 5.1 years; 36% obese; mean OAHI, 19.1 ± 23.7). Intrarater and inter-rater reliability was substantial-to-excellent (κ = 0.61-0.83) and fair-to-substantial (κ = 0.33-0.76), respectively. Ratings correlated best with OAHI for the oropharynx (r = 0.54, P = .02), hypopharynx (r = 0.48, P = .04), and SERS total score (r = 0.75, P = .002). In ROC analysis, a SERS total score ≥6 demonstrated sensitivity/specificity of 81.8%/87.5%, respectively, and correctly classified 84% of patients. CONCLUSIONS The SERS can be applied reliably in children undergoing DISE for OSA. Ratings of the oropharynx, hypopharynx, and SERS total score demonstrated significant correlation with OSA severity. A SERS total score ≥6 was an accurate predictor of severe OSA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4. Laryngoscope, 126:1492-1498, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Lam
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Edward M Weaver
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Carol J Macarthur
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Henry A Milczuk
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Eleni O'Neill
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Timothy L Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Thuan Nguyen
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Steven A Shea
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
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Han HJ, Lee DJ, Mo JH, Lee SJ. A Case of Huge Lingual Tonsillar Hypertrophy Causing Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adult. JOURNAL OF RHINOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.18787/jr.2016.23.1.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Dong Jun Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Mo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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Subramanyam R, Fleck R, McAuliffe J, Radhakrishnan R, Jung D, Patino M, Mahmoud M. Upper airway morphology in Down Syndrome patients under dexmedetomidine sedation. Braz J Anesthesiol 2015; 66:388-94. [PMID: 27343789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjane.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Children with Down Syndrome are vulnerable to significant upper airway obstruction due to relative macroglossia and dynamic airway collapse. The objective of this study was to compare the upper airway dimensions of children with Down Syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea with normal airway under dexmedetomidine sedation. METHODS IRB approval was obtained. In this retrospective study, clinically indicated dynamic sagittal midline magnetic resonance images of the upper airway were obtained under low (1mcg/kg/h) and high (3mcg/kg/h) dose dexmedetomidine. Airway anteroposterior diameters and sectional areas were measured as minimum and maximum dimensions by two independent observers at soft palate (nasopharyngeal airway) and at base of the tongue (retroglossal airway). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Minimum anteroposterior diameter and minimum sectional area at nasopharynx and retroglossal airway were significantly reduced in Down Syndrome compared to normal airway at both low and high dose dexmedetomidine. However, there were no significant differences between low and high dose dexmedetomidine in both Down Syndrome and normal airway. The mean apnea hypopnea index in Down Syndrome was 16±11. Under dexmedetomidine sedation, children with Down Syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea when compared to normal airway children show significant reductions in airway dimensions most pronounced at the narrowest points in the nasopharyngeal and retroglossal airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Subramanyam
- Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA.
| | - Robert Fleck
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA
| | - John McAuliffe
- Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA
| | - Rupa Radhakrishnan
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA
| | - Dorothy Jung
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA
| | - Mario Patino
- Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA
| | - Mohamed Mahmoud
- Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA
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Diagnostic Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2015; 39:565-71. [PMID: 25836021 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0000000000000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We aim to review the diagnostic role of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Basic background about sleep apnea, MR anatomy of the pharyngeal airway, and MR imaging sequences applied in obstructive sleep apnea are discussed. Static and dynamic MR imaging is used in the assessment of patients with OSAS. Magnetic resonance imaging can detect the level, degree, and cause of obstruction in the upper airway that guide the clinical diagnosis and treatment. Imaging is used for prediction of treatment outcome and monitoring and follow-up of patients with OSAS after therapy.
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Friedman NR, Prager JD, Ruiz AG, Kezirian EJ. A Pediatric Grading Scale for Lingual Tonsil Hypertrophy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 154:171-4. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599815601403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lingual tonsil hypertrophy (LTH) is a common finding for children with residual obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) following an adenotonsillectomy. Secondary to the significant morbidity associated with OSA, identification and treatment of residual OSA are paramount. A dedicated LTH grading scale for children does not exist. The current adult LTH scale is impractical for children. Imaging is not routine for children, since it frequently requires sedation. We present a pediatric LTH grading scale with substantial interrater reliability to facilitate standardization of endoscopy findings and promote outcomes-based research for OSA surgery in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman R. Friedman
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jeremy D. Prager
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Amanda G. Ruiz
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Eric J. Kezirian
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Manickam PV, Shott SR, Boss EF, Cohen AP, Meinzen-Derr JK, Amin RS, Ishman SL. Systematic review of site of obstruction identification and non-CPAP treatment options for children with persistent pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Laryngoscope 2015; 126:491-500. [PMID: 26153380 DOI: 10.1002/lary.25459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Although adenotonsillectomy is accepted as a first-line therapy for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), there is currently no consensus regarding optimal methods for identifying the sites of obstruction or treatment of children with persistent disease after surgery. With this in mind, our aim was to systematically review the English-language literature pertaining to these issues. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS We searched all indexed years of Pubmed, Cochrane CENTRAL, DynaMed, UpToDate, CINAHL, and Scopus for English-language articles containing original human data, with ≥ 7 participants, all < 18 years old. Data regarding study design, demographics, clinical characteristics/outcomes, level of evidence, and risk of bias were obtained. Articles were independently reviewed by two investigators. RESULTS Of 758 identified abstracts, 24 articles (combined population = 960) were ultimately included. Seventeen (71%) described methods to identify site(s) of obstruction: drug-induced sleep endoscopy (11/24), cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (3/24), and alternative imaging (3/24). Treatment options included lingual tonsillectomy (n = 6), with success rates of 57% to 88% (Cohen's effect size d = 1.38), as well as supraglottoplasty (n = 4), with success rates of 58% to 72% (d = 0.64). Additional treatments included medications and surgery (e.g., partial midline glossectomy and tongue suspension). CONCLUSIONS Drug-induced sleep endoscopy and cine MRI are the most commonly reported tools to identify sites of obstruction for children with persistent OSA; however, these techniques have not yet been clearly linked to outcomes. Evidence for treatment is extremely limited and focuses primarily on lingual tonsillectomy and supraglottoplasty. Also, reports regarding appropriate patient selection and outcomes in obese or otherwise healthy children are scant.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vairavan Manickam
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Sally R Shott
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Emily F Boss
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Aliza P Cohen
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Jareen K Meinzen-Derr
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Raouf S Amin
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Stacey L Ishman
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
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Slaats MA, Van Hoorenbeeck K, Van Eyck A, Vos WG, De Backer JW, Boudewyns A, De Backer W, Verhulst SL. Upper airway imaging in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Med Rev 2015; 21:59-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jensen KM, Sevick CJ, Seewald LA, Halbower AC, Davis MM, McCabe ER, Kempe A, Abman SH. Greater Risk of Hospitalization in Children With Down Syndrome and OSA at Higher Elevation. Chest 2015; 147:1344-1351. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Lal C, White DR, Joseph JE, van Bakergem K, LaRosa A. Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Down Syndrome. Chest 2015; 147:570-579. [PMID: 25644910 DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Lal
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC.
| | - David R White
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Jane E Joseph
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Karen van Bakergem
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Angela LaRosa
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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Intraoperative long range optical coherence tomography as a novel method of imaging the pediatric upper airway before and after adenotonsillectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 79:63-70. [PMID: 25479699 PMCID: PMC4313623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES While upper airway obstruction is a common problem in the pediatric population, the first-line treatment, adenotonsillectomy, fails in up to 20% of patients. The decision to proceed to surgery is often made without quantitative anatomic guidance. We evaluated the use of a novel technique, long-range optical coherence tomography (LR-OCT), to image the upper airway of children under general anesthesia immediately before and after tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy. We investigated the feasibility of LR-OCT to identify both normal anatomy and sites of airway narrowing and to quantitatively compare airway lumen size in the oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal regions pre- and post-operatively. METHODS 46 children were imaged intraoperatively with a custom-designed LR-OCT system, both before and after adenotonsillectomy. These axial LR-OCT images were both rendered into 3D airway models for qualitative analysis and manually segmented for quantitative comparison of cross-sectional area. RESULTS LR-OCT images demonstrated normal anatomic structures (base of tongue, epiglottis) as well as regions of airway narrowing. Volumetric rendering of pre- and post-operative images clearly showed regions of airway collapse and post-surgical improvement in airway patency. Quantitative analysis of cross-sectional images showed an average change of 70.52mm(2) (standard deviation 47.87mm(2)) in the oropharynx after tonsillectomy and 105.58mm(2) (standard deviation 60.62mm(2)) in the nasopharynx after adenoidectomy. CONCLUSIONS LR-OCT is an emerging technology that rapidly generates 3D images of the pediatric upper airway in a feasible manner. This is the first step toward development of an office-based system to image awake pediatric subjects and thus better identify loci of airway obstruction prior to surgery.
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Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children is a highly prevalent disorder caused by a conglomeration of complex pathophysiological processes, leading to recurrent upper airway dysfunction during sleep. The clinical relevance of OSA resides in its association with significant morbidities that affect the cardiovascular, neurocognitive, and metabolic systems. The American Academy of Pediatrics recently reiterated its recommendations that children with symptoms and signs suggestive of OSA should be investigated with polysomnography (PSG), and treated accordingly. However, treatment decisions should not only be guided by PSG results, but should also integrate the magnitude of symptoms and the presence or absence of risk factors and signs of OSA morbidity. The first-line therapy in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy is adenotonsillectomy, although there is increasing evidence that medical therapy, in the form of intranasal steroids or montelukast, may be considered in mild OSA. In this review, we delineate the major concepts regarding the pathophysiology of OSA, its morbidity, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Leng Tan
- Sections of Pediatric Sleep Medicine and Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Comer Children’s Hospital, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - David Gozal
- Sections of Pediatric Sleep Medicine and Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Comer Children’s Hospital, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leila Kheirandish-Gozal
- Sections of Pediatric Sleep Medicine and Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Comer Children’s Hospital, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Oomen KPQ, Modi VK. Epiglottopexy with and without lingual tonsillectomy. Laryngoscope 2013; 124:1019-22. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.24279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karin P. Q. Oomen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College; New York New York U.S.A
| | - Vikash K. Modi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College; New York New York U.S.A
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Fernandez F, Edgin JO. Poor Sleep as a Precursor to Cognitive Decline in Down Syndrome : A Hypothesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 3:124. [PMID: 24558640 PMCID: PMC3928031 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0460.1000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We propose that sleep disruption is a lever arm that influences how cognition emerges in development and then declines in response to Alzheimer disease in people with Down syndrome. Addressing sleep disruptions might be an overlooked way to improve cognitive outcomes in this population. This article is a contribution to a Special Issue on Down Syndrome curated by the editors of the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Fernandez
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jamie O Edgin
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science Program, Sonoran University, Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Patel AB, Davidian E, Reebye U. Complicated airway due to unexpected lingual tonsil hypertrophy. Anesth Prog 2012; 59:82-4. [PMID: 22822995 DOI: 10.2344/11-06.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an unexpected failed laryngeal mask airway in a patient with unrecognized lingual tonsil hypertrophy (LTH). A 19-year-old obese woman presented for extraction of multiple teeth via intravenous general anesthesia. Surgery was interrupted due to a laryngospasm midway through the procedure. The laryngospasm required the existing laryngeal mask airway to be removed so the patient could be suctioned. Although it is unclear the extent of obstruction caused by LTH, the surgery had to be postponed due to the discovery of enlarged lingual tonsils, which prevented endotracheal intubation. One reason for unexpected difficult airways is attributed to LTH. It is recognized that LTH is more common in patients with obstructive sleep apnea; however, LTH also has an increased prevalence in obese children with prior palatine tonsillectomies or adenoidectomies. Unexpected LTH can complicate general anesthesia by making placement of a laryngeal mask airway difficult. Thus, further research needs to be conducted to gain a deeper understanding on how to reduce the risks presented by LTH during sedation surgeries.
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