1
|
Kanzawa J, Matsuki M, Kano S, Nakamata A, Nakata W, Furukawa R, Baba K, Ono S, Mori H. Massive true thymic hyperplasia with osseous metaplasia. Radiol Case Rep 2023; 18:2307-2310. [PMID: 37153480 PMCID: PMC10159817 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2023.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
True thymic hyperplasia is defined as an increase in both the size and weight of the gland, while maintaining a normal microscopic architecture. Massive true thymic hyperplasia is a rare type of hyperplasia that compresses adjacent structures and causes various symptoms. Limited reports address the imaging findings of massive true thymic hyperplasia. Herein, we report a case of massive true thymic hyperplasia in a 3-year-old girl with no remarkable medical history. Contrast-enhanced CT revealed an anterior mediastinal mass with a bilobed configuration containing punctate and linear calcifications in curvilinear septa, which corresponded to lamellar bone deposits in the interlobular septa. To our knowledge, this is the first report of massive true thymic hyperplasia with osseous metaplasia. We also discuss the imaging features and etiology of massive true thymic hyperplasia with osseous metaplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kanzawa
- Department of Radiology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken, 329-0498, Japan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Mitsuru Matsuki
- Department of Pediatric Medical Imaging, Jichi Children's Medical Center Tochigi, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kano
- Department of Radiology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakamata
- Department of Radiology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Waka Nakata
- Department of Pediatric Medical Imaging, Jichi Children's Medical Center Tochigi, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Rieko Furukawa
- Department of Pediatric Medical Imaging, Jichi Children's Medical Center Tochigi, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Baba
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Jichi Children's Medical Center Tochigi, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ono
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Jichi Children's Medical Center Tochigi, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Harushi Mori
- Department of Radiology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken, 329-0498, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu L, Lin Z, Wang R, Xie F, Zhou J, Liu T, Liu S, Zhao C, Xia B. Ultrasonographic analysis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children: a report of 55 cases. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221126378. [PMID: 36168708 PMCID: PMC9523863 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221126378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the value of ultrasonography in the diagnosis and treatment of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) in children. METHOD The clinical and imaging features of 55 children with pathologically confirmed LCH were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS Thirteen patients had bone LCH and 42 had multisystem LCH. Among the 13 cases of bone LCH, 8 cases involving the skull and 2 involving the scapula were characterized by osteolytic bone destruction, 1 case involving the clavicle and 1 involving the iliac bone showed multiple irregular bone destruction, and 1 case involving the tibia showed local hypoechoic cortical bone. Soft tissue echo filling was present in the local areas of bone destruction. Among the 42 cases of multisystem LCH, 33 involved the bone, 35 showed an enlarged liver, 15 involved the spleen, 2 involved the pancreas, 3 involved the lung, 3 involved the thymus, and 21 affected the lymph nodes in different regions. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasonography of the flat bones in children with LCH mainly showed punched-out osteolytic bone destruction. Long bone lesions were characterized by fan shell changes in the endosteum of long bones, and some also showed bone destruction. Multisystem LCH can affect almost any organ. Ultrasonography is important for early diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhouqin Lin
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruijie Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fusui Xie
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingran Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shizhe Liu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cailei Zhao
- Radiology Department, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bei Xia
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bao Z, Deng M, Zou Y, Wang H, Liang J, Mi Y. Case report of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a fetus detected by magnetic resonance imaging. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2020; 47:456-462. [PMID: 33145868 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease, and the diagnosis of LCH is mainly based on clinical manifestation, imaging and pathological examinations. But during pregnancy, imaging examinations especially play an important role in the diagnosis and prognostic assessment of fetal LCH. Up to now, there has been no report about magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of fetal LCH. We reported a 32-year-old woman at 36 weeks' gestation took fetal MRI because of fetal anomalies diagnosed by ultrasonography. On the fetus's MR images, the thymus was slightly enlarged with smooth or lobulated contour in supra anterior mediastinum, displayed heterogeneous signals and contained multiple small cysts on T2WI. Innumerable irregular nodules and patchy shadows were present throughout both lungs. Pulmonary lesions were bilateral and diffuse with relative sparing of the costophrenic angles. The margins of these lesions were fluffy and indistinct. These lesions showed heterogeneous signals on T2WI. MRI showed no lesions in skin region. After birth, lots of round or oval skin lesions distributed all over the baby's body presenting as ulcerated or blister-like rashes. The chest computer tomography (CT) showed punctate calcification and heterogeneous enhancement in the thymus and bilateral diffuse reticular or reticulonodular opacities in both lungs with fluffy and indistinct margins. Pathological finding was consistent with LCH. Through reporting MRI features of LCH in one fetus, this study aims to improve awareness of fetal LCH in radiologists and clinicians, to improve the prenatal diagnostic rate of this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongkun Bao
- Department of Radiology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meixiang Deng
- Department of Radiology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zou
- Department of Radiology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongzhu Wang
- Department of Equipment, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiawei Liang
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanhong Mi
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Orman G, Masand P, Hicks J, Huisman TAGM, Guillerman RP. Pediatric thoracic mass lesions: Beyond the common. Eur J Radiol Open 2020; 7:100240. [PMID: 32577435 PMCID: PMC7300149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejro.2020.100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Thoracic mass lesions can be categorized as originating in one of the three major compartments: a) chest wall and pleura, b) lung parenchyma and airways, c) mediastinum. While some of these, such as lymphoma, are common in both children and adults, others are rare and unique to childhood. The goal of this review is to familiarize radiologists with unusual but distinctive mass lesions of the pediatric thorax.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunes Orman
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, 6701 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030 United States
| | - Prakash Masand
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, 6701 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030 United States
| | - John Hicks
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Thierry A G M Huisman
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, 6701 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030 United States
| | - R Paul Guillerman
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, 6701 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030 United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Picarsic J, Egeler RM, Chikwava K, Patterson K, Jaffe R. Histologic patterns of thymic involvement in Langerhans cell proliferations: a clinicopathologic study and review of the literature. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2015; 18:127-38. [PMID: 25629953 DOI: 10.2350/15-01-1593-oa.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thymic involvement by Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) has been described mainly in isolated case reports. A description of the histopathologic patterns of LCH proliferations in the thymus, together with therapeutic implications, has not, to our knowledge, been previously addressed. The pathology consultation files at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center were reviewed for cases of thymic involvement by LCH. Relevant cases in the literature were also reviewed, and the histopathology and clinical course of those cases were collected. Nine consultation cases of thymic involvement were reviewed, together with 23 cases in the literature, which provided adequate pathologic description and ancillary confirmation (n = 32), revealing 4 distinct pathologic groups. Group 1 showed microscopic collection of hyperplastic LCH-like cells in incidental thymectomies of patients without LCH disease, requiring no further treatment (n = 7; 22%). Group 2 showed solitary and/or cystic LCH of the thymus with gland disruption, and at least 3 cases resolved without systemic therapy (n = 10; 31%). Group 3 showed more variable thymic involvement in multisystemic LCH disease, with either a medullary restricted pattern or more diffuse gland involvement, requiring adjuvant therapy and having a higher mortality rate (n = 13; 41%). Group 4 showed a mixed histiocytic lesion with a concurrent LCH and juvenile xanthogranuloma-like proliferation (n = 2; 6%). Thymic involvement in LCH is quite rare. Based on our cases and those in the literature, we propose 4 distinct pathologic groups of thymic involvement in Langerhans cell proliferations with relevance for diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Picarsic
- 1 Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lakatos K, Herbrüggen H, Pötschger U, Prosch H, Minkov M. Radiological features of thymic langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:E143-5. [PMID: 23813898 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
TI was reported in 18/1,264 (1.4%) LCH patients. All nine patients with TI at initial LCH presentation were below 2 years of age and had multisystem LCH (9/242, 4%). Images (sonography, CT, MRI) for central review were available in 15 cases. Characteristic findings of TI were thymus enlargement (67%), few to many cysts (80%), and few to many calcifications (100%). Sonographic and MRI findings were in excellent agreement. We recommend adding sonography of the thymus to the standard for initial clinical evaluation of LCH patients below the age of 2 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karoly Lakatos
- Department of Radiology, St. Anna Children's Hospital, University Clinic of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ducassou S, Seyrig F, Thomas C, Lambilliotte A, Marec-Berard P, Berger C, Plat G, Brugiere L, Ouache M, Barkaoui M, Armari-Alla C, Lutz P, Leverger G, Rialland X, Mansuy L, Pacquement H, Jeziorski E, Gandemer V, Chalard F, Chateil JF, Tazi A, Emile JF, Donadieu J. Thymus and mediastinal node involvement in childhood Langerhans cell histiocytosis: long-term follow-up from the French national cohort. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:1759-65. [PMID: 23813854 PMCID: PMC3824083 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mediastinal involvement (MI) in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) has been rarely reported. Here, we describe the clinical, radiological, and biological presentation, and the outcome of childhood LCH with MI. METHOD From the French LCH register, which includes 1,423 patients aged less than 18 years, we retrieved the medical charts of patients with mediastinal enlargement detected on chest X-rays. RESULTS Thirty-seven patients were retrieved, including 18 males; median age of diagnosis was 0.7 years, and median follow-up time was 6.2 years. The prevalence of MI varied with the age at diagnosis, ranging from 7% below 1 year old to less than 1% at >5 years. Thirteen cases (35%) were diagnosed because of MI-related symptoms, including respiratory distress (N = 4), superior venous cava syndrome (N = 2), and/or cough and polypnea (N = 10). CT scans performed in 32 cases at diagnosis showed tracheal compression (N = 5), cava thrombosis (N = 2), and/or calcification (N = 16). All patients presented multi-system disease at LCH diagnosis, and 35/37 were initially treated with vinblastine and corticosteroids. Death occurred in five cases, due to MI (N = 1) or hematological refractory involvement (N = 4). The overall 5-year survival was 87.1%, and immunodeficiency was not detected as a sequel. CONCLUSIONS MI in LCH mainly occurs in young children, and diagnosis was based on CT showing thymus enlargement and calcifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Ducassou
- Service D'hémato Oncologie Pédiatrique, CHU de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France,Service D'hémato Oncologie Pédiatrique, CHU de BordeauxBordeaux, France,*Correspondence to: Stephane Ducassou, Service D'hémato Oncologie Pédiatrique, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France., E-mail:
| | - Fanny Seyrig
- Service D'hémato Oncologie Pédiatrique, CHU de NantesNantes, France
| | - Caroline Thomas
- Service D'hémato Oncologie Pédiatrique, CHU de NantesNantes, France
| | - Anne Lambilliotte
- Service D'hématologie Oncologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Jeanne de FlandresLille, France
| | | | - Claire Berger
- Service D'hémato Oncologie Pédiatrique, CHU de Saint EtienneFrance
| | - Genevieve Plat
- Service D'hémato Oncologie Pédiatrique Hopital Purpan, CHU de ToulouseFrance
| | - Laurence Brugiere
- Service D'oncologie Pédiatrique, Institut Gustave RoussyVillejuif, France
| | - Marie Ouache
- Service D'hématologie Pédiatrique, Hopital Robert DébréParis, France
| | - Mohamed Barkaoui
- Service D'hémato Oncologie Pédiatrique, Centre de référence des histiocytoses, registre des histiocytoses, APHP Hôpital A. TrousseauParis, France
| | - Corinne Armari-Alla
- Service de Pédiatrie, Unité D'hémato Oncologie Pédiatrique, CHU MichallonGrenoble, France
| | - Patrick Lutz
- Service D'hémato Oncologie Pédiatrique, CHU de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
| | - Guy Leverger
- Service D'hémato Oncologie Pédiatrique, Centre de référence des histiocytoses, registre des histiocytoses, APHP Hôpital A. TrousseauParis, France
| | - Xavier Rialland
- Service de Pédiatrie, Unité d'hémato Oncologie Pédiatrique, CHU d'AngersAngers, France
| | - Ludovic Mansuy
- Service de Médecine Infantile II, CHU de Brabois, NancyFrance
| | | | - Eric Jeziorski
- Service de Médecine Infantile, Hopital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHU de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Virginie Gandemer
- Service D'hémato Oncologie Pédiatrique, Hopital Sud CHURennes, France
| | | | | | - Abdellatif Tazi
- Service de Pneumologie, Centre de référence des histiocytoses, APHP Hôpital Saint LouisParis, France
| | - Jean François Emile
- Laboratoire D'anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique, APHP Hopital A ParéBoulognes, France
| | - Jean Donadieu
- Service D'hémato Oncologie Pédiatrique, Centre de référence des histiocytoses, registre des histiocytoses, APHP Hôpital A. TrousseauParis, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chung WD, Im SA, Chung NG, Park GS. Langerhans cell sarcoma in two young children: imaging findings on initial presentation and recurrence. Korean J Radiol 2013; 14:520-4. [PMID: 23690723 PMCID: PMC3655310 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2013.14.3.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cell sarcoma (LCS) is a neoplastic proliferation of Langerhans cells with malignant cytological features and multi-organ involvement that typically has a poor prognosis. We experienced 2 cases of LCS in children less than 2 years of age and report them based primarily on CT and MR findings. Both children had findings of hepatosplenomegaly with low-attenuation nodular lesions, had multiple lymphadenopathy, and had shown recurrent lesions invading the skull during follow-up after chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woong Do Chung
- Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Poncelet M, Chabert C, Pierre Pracros J, Marec Berard P. Thymic langerhans cell histiocytosis in children: A case report. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ojped.2012.24052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
10
|
Langerhans cell histiocytosis with intrathymic calcifications and cavitation. Pediatr Radiol 2010; 40 Suppl 1:S62. [PMID: 20936517 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-010-1866-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
11
|
Yağci B, Varan A, Uner A, Akyüz C, Büyükpamukçu M. Thymic Langerhans cell histiocytosis mimicking lymphoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008; 51:833-5. [PMID: 18680163 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.21690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disorder characterized by clonal expansion of antigen presenting Langerhans cells. Different clinical features can be seen according to the involved organs and systems. Multisystem disease with organ dysfunction is more common in infants, whereas single system disease is usually observed in older children. The disease can affect any system or organ throughout the body. Thymus is a rarely involvement site reported in LCH and usually is accompanied by skin, bone or lung disease. Here we report a 12-year-old male with thymic involvement by LCH clinically mimicking lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Begül Yağci
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hacettepe University Institute of Oncology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Caruso S, Miraglia R, Maruzzelli L, Luca A, Gridelli B. Biliary wall calcification in Langerhans cell histiocytosis: report of two cases. Pediatr Radiol 2008; 38:791-4. [PMID: 18389229 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-008-0809-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a disorder of unknown pathogenesis affecting one or more organs (unifocal or disseminated form) due to clonal proliferation of Langerhans cells. Liver involvement is more frequent in the disseminated form and the radiological findings of end-stage liver disease due to LCH are similar to those of sclerosing cholangitis. We present the multidetector CT findings in two children with LCH liver involvement and the unique finding of calcification of the biliary wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Settimo Caruso
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IsMeTT), Via Ernesto Tricomi 1, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kilborn TN, Teh J, Goodman TR. Paediatric manifestations of Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a review of the clinical and radiological findings. Clin Radiol 2003; 58:269-78. [PMID: 12662947 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9260(02)00537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare disease in children. However, its ability to present in many ways, to mimic other conditions, and to manifest itself in many organs makes it a fascinating disease for radiologists. This article reviews the history of the disease, the features that are most useful in determining prognosis, and the various radiological findings seen in paediatric patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T N Kilborn
- Department of Radiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|