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Cameron ES, Krishna A, Emelko MB, Müller KM. Sporadic diurnal fluctuations of cyanobacterial populations in oligotrophic temperate systems can prevent accurate characterization of change and risk in aquatic systems. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 252:121199. [PMID: 38330712 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria increasingly threaten recreational water use and drinking water resources globally. They require dynamic monitoring to account for variability in their distribution arising from diel cycles associated with oscillatory vertical migration. While this has been discussed in marine and eutrophic freshwater contexts, reports of diurnal vertical migration of cyanobacteria in oligotrophic freshwater lakes are scant. Typical monitoring protocols do not reflect these dynamics and frequently focus only on surface water sampling approaches, and either ignore sampling time or recommend large midday timeframes (e.g., 10AM-3PM), thereby preventing accurate characterization of cyanobacterial community dynamics. To evaluate the impact of diurnal migrations and water column stratification on cyanobacterial abundance and composition, communities were characterized in a shallow well-mixed lake interconnected to a thermally stratified lake in the Turkey Lakes Watershed (Ontario, Canada) using amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene across a multi-time point sampling series in 2018 and 2022. This work showed that cyanobacteria are present in oligotrophic lakes and their community structure varies (i) diurnally, (ii) across the depth of the water column, (iii) interannually within the same lake and (iv) between different lakes that are closely interconnected within the same watershed. It underscored the need for integrating multi-timepoint, multi-depth discrete sampling guidance into lake and reservoir monitoring programs to describe cyanobacteria community dynamics and signal change to inform risk management associated with the potential for cyanotoxin production. Ignoring variability in cyanobacterial community dynamics (such as that reported herein) and reducing sample numbers can lead to a false sense of security and missed opportunities to identify and mitigate changes in trophic status and associated risks such as toxin or taste and odor production, especially in sensitive, oligotrophic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen S Cameron
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Anjali Krishna
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Monica B Emelko
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kirsten M Müller
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Chunyi K, Wei S, Mingken W, Chunyu X, Changxiu L. Diversity, community structure, and abundance of nirS-type denitrifying bacteria on suspended particulate matter in coastal high-altitude aquaculture pond water. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5594. [PMID: 38454013 PMCID: PMC10920899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Denitrifying bacteria harboring the nitrate reductase S (nirS) gene convert active nitrogen into molecular nitrogen, and alleviate eutrophication in aquaculture water. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) is an important component of aquaculture water and a carrier for denitrification. SPM with different particle sizes were collected from a coastal high-altitude aquaculture pond in Maoming City, China. Diversity, community structure, abundance of nirS-type denitrifying bacteria on SPM and environmental influencing factors were studied using high-throughput sequencing, fluorescence quantitative PCR, and statistical analysis. Pseudomonas, Halomonas, and Wenzhouxiangella were the dominant genera of nirS-type denitrifying bacteria on SPM from the ponds. Network analysis revealed Pseudomonas and Halomonas as the key genera involved in the interaction of nirS-type denitrifying bacteria on SPM in the ponds. qPCR indicated a trend toward greater nirS gene abundance in progressively larger SPM. Dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, and SPM particle size were the main environmental factors influencing changes in the nirS-type denitrifying bacterial community on SPM in coastal high-altitude aquaculture pond water. These findings increase our understanding of the microbiology of nitrogen cycle processes in aquaculture ecosystem, and will help optimize aquatic tailwater treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang Chunyi
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, People's Republic of China
- College of Life and Geographic Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi, 844000, People's Republic of China
| | - Sun Wei
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Mingken
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Chunyu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Changxiu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, People's Republic of China
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VanMensel D, Chaganti SR, Droppo IG, Weisener CG. Microbe-sediment interactions in Great Lakes recreational waters: Implications for human health risk. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:1605-1623. [PMID: 36998158 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Microbial assessments of recreational water have traditionally focused on culturing or DNA-based approaches of the planktonic water column, omitting influence from microbe-sediment relationships. Sediment (bed and suspended) has been shown to often harbour levels of bacteria higher than the planktonic phase. The fate of suspended sediment (SS) bacteria is extensively related to transport dynamics (e.g., deposition) of the associated sediment/floc. When hydraulic energy allows, SS will settle, introducing new (potentially pathogenic) organisms to the bed. With turbulence, including waves, currents and swimmers, the risk of human ingestion is elevated due to resuspension of bed sediment and associated microbes. This research used multiplex nanofluidic reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR on RNA of bacteria associated with bed and SS to explore the active bacteria in freshwater shorelines. Bacterial genes of human health concern regarding recreational water use were targeted, such as faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), microbial source tracking genes and virulence factors from waterborne pathogens. Results indicate avian sources (i.e., gulls, geese) to be the largest nonpoint source of FIB associated with sediment in Great Lakes shorelines. This research introduces a novel approach to microbial water quality assessments and enhances our understanding of microbe-sediment dynamics and the quality of freshwater beaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle VanMensel
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, N9B 3P4, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Subba Rao Chaganti
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan, 4840 South State Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48108, USA
| | - Ian G Droppo
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, N9B 3P4, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher G Weisener
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, N9B 3P4, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
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Géron A, Werner J, Wattiez R, Matallana-Surget S. Towards the discovery of novel molecular clocks in Prokaryotes. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37330701 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2220789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Diel cycle is of enormous biological importance as it imposes daily oscillation in environmental conditions, which temporally structures most ecosystems. Organisms developed biological time-keeping mechanisms - circadian clocks - that provide a significant fitness advantage over competitors by optimising the synchronisation of their biological activities. While circadian clocks are ubiquitous in Eukaryotes, they are so far only characterised in Cyanobacteria within Prokaryotes. However, growing evidence suggests that circadian clocks are widespread in the bacterial and archaeal domains. As Prokaryotes are at the heart of crucial environmental processes and are essential to human health, unravelling their time-keeping systems provides numerous applications in medical research, environmental sciences, and biotechnology. In this review, we elaborate on how novel circadian clocks in Prokaryotes offer research and development perspectives. We compare and contrast the different circadian systems in Cyanobacteria and discuss about their evolution and taxonomic distribution. We necessarily provide an updated phylogenetic analysis of bacterial and archaeal species that harbour homologs of the main cyanobacterial clock components. Finally, we elaborate on new potential clock-controlled microorganisms that represent opportunities of ecological and industrial relevance in prokaryotic groups such as anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, methanogenic archaea, methanotrophs or sulphate-reducing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustin Géron
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- Proteomic and Microbiology Department, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Johannes Werner
- High Performance and Cloud Computing Group, Zentrum für Datenverarbeitung (ZDV), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ruddy Wattiez
- Proteomic and Microbiology Department, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Sabine Matallana-Surget
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Zhang H, Shi Y, Huang T, Zong R, Zhao Z, Ma B, Li N, Yang S, Liu M. NirS-type denitrifying bacteria in aerobic water layers of two drinking water reservoirs: Insights into the abundance, community diversity and co-existence model. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:215-226. [PMID: 36182133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The nirS-type denitrifying bacterial community is the main drivers of the nitrogen loss process in drinking water reservoir ecosystems. The temporal patterns in nirS gene abundance and nirS-type denitrifying bacterial community harbored in aerobic water layers of drinking water reservoirs have not been studied well. In this study, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Illumina Miseq sequencing were employed to explore the nirS gene abundance and denitrifying bacterial community structure in two drinking water reservoirs. The overall results showed that the water quality parameters in two reservoirs had obvious differences. The qPCR results suggested that nirS gene abundance ranged from (2.61 ± 0.12) × 105 to (3.68 ± 0.16) × 105 copies/mL and (3.01 ± 0.12) × 105 to (5.36 ± 0.31) × 105 copies/mL in Jinpen and Lijiahe reservoirs, respectively. The sequencing results revealed that Paracoccus sp., Azoarcus sp., Dechloromonas sp. and Thauera sp. were the dominant genera observed. At species level, Cupriavidus necator, Dechloromonas sp. R-28400, Paracoccus denitrificans and Pseudomonas stutzeri accounted for more proportions in two reservoirs. More importantly, the co-occurrence network analysis demonstrated that Paracoccus sp. R-24615 and Staphylococcus sp. N23 were the keystone species observed in Jinpen and Lijiahe reservoirs, respectively. Redundancy analysis indicated that water quality (particularly turbidity, water temperature, pH and Chlorophyll a) and sampling time had significant influence on the nirS-type denitrifying bacterial community in both reservoirs. These results will shed new lights on exploring the dynamics of nirS-type denitrifying bacteria in aerobic water layers of drinking water reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Yinjie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Rongrong Zong
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Zhenfang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Ben Ma
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Shangye Yang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Mengqiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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Chaganti SR, Plouff C, Madani M, Shahraki AH, Vasquez AA, Seth R, Heath DD, Ram JL. Variation in the diversity of bacterial communities and potential sources of fecal contamination of beaches in the Huron to Erie corridor. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 222:118913. [PMID: 35940154 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the diversity of bacteria and E.coli levels at beaches is important for managing health risks. This study compared temporal changes of the bacterial communities of Belle Isle Beach (Detroit, MI) and Sand Point Beach (Windsor, ONT), both located near the Lake St. Clair origin of the Detroit River. Water samples collected 4 days/week for 12 weeks in summer, were subjected to 16S rRNA analysis of amplicon sequencing and E. coli enumeration. Bacterial communities changed over time, as determined by cluster dendrogram analysis, exhibiting different communities in July and August than in June and different communities at the two beaches. After June, alpha diversity decreased and relative abundance of Enterobacter (Gammaproteobacteria) increased at Sand Point; whereas, Belle Isle maintained its alpha diversity and dominance by Betaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Contamination at both beaches is dominated by birds (23% to 50% of samples), while only ∼10% had evidence of human-associated bacteria. High E. coli at both beaches was often associated with precipitation. Nearshore sampling counts were higher than waist-deep sampling counts. Despite the dynamic changes in bacterial communities between the two beaches, this analysis based on 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing is able to provide information about bacterial types associated with high E. coli levels and to use bacterial sequences to more precisely determine sources and health relevance of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subba Rao Chaganti
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Claire Plouff
- Belle Isle Aquarium Field Research Laboratory, Facility of Healthy Urban Waters, Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Mohammad Madani
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave. Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | | | - Adrian A Vasquez
- Belle Isle Aquarium Field Research Laboratory, Facility of Healthy Urban Waters, Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield St., Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Rajesh Seth
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave. Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Daniel D Heath
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada; Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Ram
- Belle Isle Aquarium Field Research Laboratory, Facility of Healthy Urban Waters, Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield St., Detroit, MI 48201, United States.
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Shahraki AH, Chaganti SR, Heath D. Spatio-temporal dynamics of bacterial communities in the shoreline of Laurentian great Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair's large freshwater ecosystems. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:253. [PMID: 34548037 PMCID: PMC8454060 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long-term trends in freshwater bacterial community composition (BCC) and dynamics are not yet well characterized, particularly in large lake ecosystems. We addressed this gap by temporally (15 months) and spatially (6 sampling locations) characterizing BCC variation in lakes Erie and St. Clair; two connected ecosystems in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Results We found a spatial variation of the BCC between the two lakes and among the sampling locations (significant changes in the relative abundance of 16% of the identified OTUs at the sampling location level). We observed five distinct temporal clusters (UPGMA broad-scale temporal variation) corresponding to seasonal variation over the 15 months of sampling. Temporal variation among months was high, with significant variation in the relative abundance of 69% of the OTUs. We identified significant differences in taxonomic composition between summer months of 2016 and 2017, with a corresponding significant reduction in the diversity of BCC in summer 2017. Conclusions As bacteria play a key role in biogeochemical cycling, and hence in healthy ecosystem function our study defines the scope for temporal and spatial variation in large lake ecosystems. Our data also show that freshwater BCC could serve as an effective proxy and monitoring tool to access large lake health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02306-y.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subba Rao Chaganti
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada. .,Present Address: Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, School of Environmental and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Daniel Heath
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
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Sadeghi J, Chaganti SR, Shahraki AH, Heath DD. Microbial community and abiotic effects on aquatic bacterial communities in north temperate lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 781:146771. [PMID: 33812116 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic bacterial community (BC) plays a vital role in determining the nature and rate of ecosystem function. However, the biotic and abiotic factors influencing BC structure and function are largely unknown. Hence, the current study characterizes the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on aquatic bacterial biodiversity to determine whether the dominant effects are biotic or abiotic by partitioning their relative effects across temperate Canadian lakes. We collected water samples from sixty southern Ontario lakes and characterized their BC and microbial eukaryotic community (MEC) compositions using high throughput metabarcode sequencing of 16S and 18S rRNA gene fragments. The diversity and richness of aquatic BCs differed considerably among our study lakes, and those differences were explained by environmental, spatial, and biotic (MEC) factors (31%, 23%, and 23% of variance explained, respectively). The relatively large contribution from biotic and abiotic factors (54%), relative to spatial effects, shows deterministic processes prevail in shaping BC assembly in freshwater lakes. However, spatial effects also contributed significantly, highlighting the role of stochastic processes (ecological drift and coupled with limited dispersal) in shaping BC structure. Furthermore, our co-occurrence network analysis showed strong positive and negative interactions within and between the BCs and MECs, indicating mutualistic or antagonistic co-occurrence patterns relationships play important roles in driving the variation in BC composition among our sampled lakes. Considered together, our community analyses show that deterministic and stochastic processes combined contribute to determining the aquatic BC composition, and hence likely function as well, across a broad array of temperate freshwater lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Sadeghi
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
| | - Subba Rao Chaganti
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, SEAS, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | | | - Daniel D Heath
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada; Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.
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Rolle F, Torti V, Valente D, De Gregorio C, Giacoma C, Von Hardenberg A. Sex and age-specific survival and life expectancy in a free ranging population of Indri indri (Gmelin, 1788). THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2021.1947398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. Rolle
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - V. Torti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - D. Valente
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - C. De Gregorio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - C. Giacoma
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - A. Von Hardenberg
- Conservation Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
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