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Arai H, Ueda M, Hirano T, Akizuki N, Lin S, Hanh DK, Widada J, Rohman MS, Nakai M, Kunimi Y, Vang LV, Wijonarko A, Inoue MN. Conserved infections and reproductive phenotypes of Wolbachia symbionts in Asian tortrix moths. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13219. [PMID: 38070178 PMCID: PMC10866051 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Wolbachia is a ubiquitous endosymbiotic bacterium that manipulates insect reproduction. A notable feature of Wolbachia is male killing (MK), whereby sons of infected females are killed during development; however, the evolutionary processes by which Wolbachia acquired the MK ability remain unclear. The tea tortrix moth Homona magnanima (Tortricidae) harbours three non-MK Wolbachia strains (wHm-a, wHm-b and wHm-c) and an MK strain wHm-t. Although wHm-t and wHm-c are closely related, only wHm-t has an MK-associated prophage region. To understand the evolutionary processes underlying the emergence of MK wHm-t, we examined Wolbachia infections and phenotypes in 62 tortricid species collected from 39 localities across Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam and Indonesia. PCR assays detected wHm-c relatives in 51 species and triple infection of wHm-a, wHm-b and wHm-c in 31 species. Apart from Taiwanese H. magnanima, no species exhibited the MK phenotype and were positive for the wHm-t-specific prophage. While wHm-t infection was dominant in Taiwanese H. magnanima, wHm-a, wHm-b and wHm-c were dominant in Japanese H. magnanima populations. These results suggest that wHm-a, wHm-b and wHm-c strains descended from a common ancestor with repeated infection loss and that wHm-t evolved from the wHm-c acquiring MK ability in allopatric populations of H. magnanima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Arai
- United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyoJapan
| | - Masatoshi Ueda
- United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyoJapan
| | - Tatsuya Hirano
- United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyoJapan
| | - Naoya Akizuki
- United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyoJapan
| | - Shiou‐Ruei Lin
- Crop Environment SectionTea and Beverage Research Station, Ministry of AgricultureTaoyuan CityTaiwan
| | | | - Jaka Widada
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of AgricultureUniversitas Gadjah MadaYogyakartaIndonesia
| | - Muhammad Saifur Rohman
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of AgricultureUniversitas Gadjah MadaYogyakartaIndonesia
| | - Madoka Nakai
- United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyoJapan
| | - Yasuhisa Kunimi
- United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyoJapan
| | - Le Van Vang
- College of AgricultureCan Tho UniversityCan Tho CityVietnam
| | - Arman Wijonarko
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of AgricultureUniversitas Gadjah MadaYogyakartaIndonesia
| | - Maki N. Inoue
- United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyoJapan
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Arai H, Watada M, Kageyama D. Two male-killing Wolbachia from Drosophila birauraia that are closely related but distinct in genome structure. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:231502. [PMID: 38204789 PMCID: PMC10776216 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Insects harbour diverse maternally inherited bacteria and viruses, some of which have evolved to kill the male progeny of their hosts (male killing: MK). The fly species Drosophila biauraria carries a maternally transmitted MK-inducing partiti-like virus, but it was unknown if it carries other MK-inducing endosymbionts. Here, we identified two male-killing Wolbachia strains (wBiau1 and wBiau2) from D. biauraria and compared their genomes to elucidate their evolutionary processes. The two strains were genetically closely related but had exceptionally different genome structures with considerable rearrangements compared with combinations of other Wolbachia strains. Despite substantial changes in the genome structure, the two Wolbachia strains did not experience gene losses that would disrupt the male-killing expression or persistence in the host population. The two Wolbachia-infected matrilines carried distinct mitochondrial haplotypes, suggesting that wBiau1 and wBiau2 have invaded D. biauraria independently and undergone considerable genome changes owing to unknown selective pressures in evolutionary history. This study demonstrated the presence of three male-killers from two distinct origins in one fly species and highlighted the diverse and rapid genome evolution of MK Wolbachia in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Arai
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0851, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Watada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 780-8857, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minamiosawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kageyama
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0851, Japan
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Ueda M, Arai H, Masaike K, Nakai M, Inoue MN. Distinct effects of three Wolbachia strains on fitness and immune traits in Homona magnanima. Heredity (Edinb) 2023; 130:22-29. [PMID: 36352207 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-022-00574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia occasionally increases host fitness or manipulates host reproductions to enhance vertical transmission. Multiple Wolbachia strains can coinfect the same host individual, which alters the density as well as phenotypes of the bacteria. However, the effects of Wolbachia coinfection on host fitness remain largely unknown. Here, we examined the effects of three phylogenetically distinct Wolbachia strains, wHm-a, wHm-b, and wHm-c, on host fitness by comparing non-infected, singly infected, and triply infected Homona magnanima lines within a fixed genetic background. By examining the effects of Wolbachia on host longevity, survivorship, and reproduction, we demonstrated that single infection with either wHm-b or wHm-c reduced host reproduction, but the triple infection led to the highest intrinsic growth rate. Susceptibility to the natural pathogens such as viruses and fungi was not different among the lines regardless of Wolbachia infection status. Cellular and humoral immunities were not affected by Wolbachia in females, whereas phenoloxidase activity was suppressed in males of all Wolbachia-infected lines, implying that it was a result of the mother's curse hypothesis or a strategy of Wolbachia to increase their horizontal transmission efficiency. Although how the host's genetic diversity affects the Wolbachia fitness effects is yet unknown, our findings indicated that the effects of Wolbachia are deeply influenced by infection status and that Wolbachia could change symbiotic strategy depending on host sex and transmission route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Ueda
- Department of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arai
- Department of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuki Masaike
- Department of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Madoka Nakai
- Department of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Maki N Inoue
- Department of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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Arai H, Inoue MN, Kageyama D. Male-killing mechanisms vary between Spiroplasma species. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1075199. [PMID: 36519169 PMCID: PMC9742256 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1075199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Male-killing, a male-specific death of arthropod hosts during development, is induced by Spiroplasma (Mollicutes) endosymbionts of the Citri-Poulsonii and the Ixodetis groups, which are phylogenetically distant groups. Spiroplasma poulsonii induces male-killing in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera) using the Spaid toxin that harbors ankyrin repeats, whereas little is known about the origin and mechanisms of male-killing induced by Spiroplasma ixodetis. Here, we analyzed the genome and the biological characteristics of a male-killing S. ixodetis strain sHm in the moth Homona magnanima (Tortricidae, Lepidoptera). Strain sHm harbored a 2.1 Mb chromosome and two potential plasmids encoding Type IV effectors, putatively involved in virulence and host-symbiont interactions. Moreover, sHm did not harbor the spaid gene but harbored 10 ankyrin genes that were homologous to those in other S. ixodetis strains. In contrast to the predominant existence of S. poulsonii in hemolymph, our quantitative PCR assays revealed a systemic distribution of strain sHm in H. magnanima, with particularly high titers in Malpighian tubules but low titers in hemolymph. Furthermore, transinfection assays confirmed that strain sHm can infect cultured cells derived from distantly related insects, namely Aedes albopictus (Diptera) and Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera). These results suggest different origins and characteristics of S. ixodetis- and S. poulsonii-induced male-killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Arai
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Maki N. Inoue
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kageyama
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
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Fujita R, Inoue MN, Takamatsu T, Arai H, Nishino M, Abe N, Itokawa K, Nakai M, Urayama SI, Chiba Y, Amoa-Bosompem M, Kunimi Y. Late Male-Killing Viruses in Homona magnanima Identified as Osugoroshi Viruses, Novel Members of Partitiviridae. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:620623. [PMID: 33552030 PMCID: PMC7854922 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.620623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Late male-killing, a male-specific death after hatching, is a unique phenotype found in Homona magnanima, oriental tea tortrix. The male-killing agent was suspected to be an RNA virus, but details were unknown. We herein successfully isolated and identified the putative male-killing virus as Osugoroshi viruses (OGVs). The three RNA-dependent RNA polymerase genes detected were phylogenetically related to Partitiviridae, a group of segmented double-stranded RNA viruses. Purified dsRNA from a late male-killing strain of H. magnanima revealed 24 segments, in addition to the RdRps, with consensus terminal sequences. These segments included the previously found male-killing agents MK1068 (herein OGV-related RNA16) and MK1241 (OGV-related RNA7) RNAs. Ultramicroscopic observation of purified virions, which induced late male-killing in the progeny of injected moths, showed sizes typical of Partitiviridae. Mathematical modeling showed the importance of late male-killing in facilitating horizontal transmission of OGVs in an H. magnanima population. This study is the first report on the isolation of partiti-like virus from insects, and one thought to be associated with late male-killing, although the viral genomic contents and combinations in each virus are still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Fujita
- Laboratory of Sanitary Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki N Inoue
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Takumi Takamatsu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arai
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Mayu Nishino
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Abe
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Kentaro Itokawa
- Pathogen Genomics Center, Natinal Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Nakai
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Syun-Ichi Urayama
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuto Chiba
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Michael Amoa-Bosompem
- Laboratory of Sanitary Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Kunimi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
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