Common characteristics of the human and rhesus macaque CD1e molecules: conservation of biochemical and biological properties during primate evolution

Polysaccharides and glycolipids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their induced immune responses

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). The structures of polysaccharides and glycolipids at M. tuberculosis cell wall vary among different strains, which affect the physiology and pathogenesis of mycobacteria by activating or inhibiting innate and acquired immunity. Among them, some components such as lipomannan (LM) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM) activate innate immunity by recognizing some kinds of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like Toll-like receptors, while other components like mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) could prevent innate immune responses by inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and maturation of phagosomes. In addition, many glycolipids can activate natural killer T (NKT) cells and CD1-restricted T cells to produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Furthermore, humoral immunity against cell wall components, such as antibodies against LAM, plays a role in immunity against M. tuberculosis infection. Cell wall polysaccharides and glycolipids of M. tuberculosis have potential applications as antigens and adjuvants for novel TB subunit vaccines.

The ins and outs of CD1 molecules: bringing lipids under immunological surveillance

An emerging area of investigation is the role of lipids as immunological antigens. CD1 glycoproteins comprise a family of molecules that are specialized for presenting lipids, glycolipids and lipopeptides to T lymphocytes. Variations in the cytoplasmic tail sequences of CD1 isoforms lead to differential association with adaptor proteins and consequently divergent routes of intracellular trafficking, resulting in surveillance of distinct cellular sites for binding lipid antigens. CD1 molecules efficiently gain access to lipids from intracellular microbial pathogens in endosomal compartments, and the trafficking and lipid-binding specialization of CD1 isoforms may correlate with the endosomal segregation of structurally distinct lipids. Endosomal trafficking is also critical for CD1d molecules to load antigenic self-lipids that are presented to autoreactive CD1d-restricted natural killer (NK)T cells and is required for the positive selection of these unique T cells. Recent studies reveal a key role for accessory proteins that facilitate the uptake of lipid antigens by CD1 molecules. These include lysosomal lipid-transfer proteins, such as the saposins, and apolipoprotein E, the major serum factor that binds and delivers extracellular lipids to antigen-presenting cells. These advances in understanding the CD1 lipid antigen presentation system raise new considerations about the role of the immune response in lipid-related diseases.

T-cell recognition of glycolipids presented by CD1 proteins

The most well-known molecular paradigm of antigen recognition by T cells involves partial digestion of proteins to generate small peptides, which bind to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. Recent studies of CD1, an MHC class I homolog encoded outside the MHC, have revealed that it presents diverse glycolipids to T cells. The molecular mechanism for lipid antigen recognition involves insertion of the lipid portion of antigens into a hydrophobic groove to form CD1-lipid complexes, which contact T-cell receptors (TCRs). Here, we examine the known antigen structures presented by CD1, the majority of which have sugar moieties that are capable of interacting with TCRs. Recognition of carbohydrate epitopes is precise, and lipid-reactive T cells alter systemic immune responses in models of infectious and autoimmune disease. These findings provide a previously unrecognized mechanism by which the cellular immune system can recognize alterations in many types of carbohydrate structures.

Identifying and structurally characterizing CD1b in Aotus nancymaae owl monkeys

This study reports the molecular characterization and tissue expression of the non-human Aotus nancymaae primate CD1b isoform in the search for an experimental animal model to be used in evaluating the role of non-peptide antigen-presentation molecules in the immune response to infectious agents. CD1b expression on the surface of A. nancymaae peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells, shown by flow cytometry, was made possible by using human CD1b isoform antibodies. Studying the expression of CD1b-encoded transcripts revealed this molecule's broad distribution in several tissues. The A. nancymaae CD1b transcript-encoded amino-acid sequence showed 95.5% identity with the human sequence. Such high sequence homology was reflected in the identical structural conservation of how pockets A', C' and F' and tunnel T' conforming the antigen's binding site are organized, the similar arrangement of those amino-acids interacting with the T-cell receptor (TCR) during antigen presentation, and the conservation of YQNI-motif sequence in the cytoplasmatic tail (responsible for the molecule's intracellular trafficking in humans). Comparing the structure of human CD1a and CD1b and mouse CD1d proteins with CD1b structure in A. nancymaae obtained by minimization revealed that changes in the latter molecule's alpha1 and alpha2 domains imposed a narrowing of the antigen-binding groove in A. nancymaae CD1b. The high structural similarity between A. nancymaae CD1b and that from humans presented in this study leads to A. nancymaae being proposed as a suitable experimental animal model for analyzing CD1b in vivo, mainly in bacterial and parasite infections such as tuberculosis and malaria, respectively.

CD1: antigen presentation and T cell function

This review summarizes the major features of CD1 genes and proteins, the patterns of intracellular trafficking of CD1 molecules, and how they sample different intracellular compartments for self- and foreign lipids. We describe how lipid antigens bind to CD1 molecules with their alkyl chains buried in hydrophobic pockets and expose their polar lipid headgroup whose fine structure is recognized by the TCR of CD1-restricted T cells. CD1-restricted T cells carry out effector, helper, and adjuvant-like functions and interact with other cell types including macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, T cells, and B cells, thereby contributing to both innate and adaptive immune responses. Insights gained from mice and humans now delineate the extensive range of diseases in which CD1-restricted T cells play important roles and reveal differences in the role of CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c in contrast to CD1d. Invariant TCR alpha chains, self-lipid reactivity, and rapid effector responses empower a subset of CD1d-restricted T cells (NKT cells) to have unique effector functions without counterpart among MHC-restricted T cells. This review describes the function of CD1-restricted T cells in antimicrobial responses, antitumor immunity, and in regulating the balance between tolerance and autoimmunity.