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Cuesta LM, Verna A, Pérez S. Modulation of granzymes mRNA expression in neural tissue of BoAHV-1 and BoAHV-5-infected cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 260:110610. [PMID: 37196596 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Bovine alphaherpesviruses (BoAHV)-1 and 5 are neurotropic viruses of cattle which differ in their neuropathogenic potential. BoAHV-5 is responsible for non-suppurative meningoencephalitis in calves while BoAHV-1 can occasionally cause encephalitis. Granzymes (GZMs) are serine-proteases that participate in CD8+ T cells-mediated killing of virally-infected cells upon release through perforin (PFN)-formed pores in the cell membrane. Recently, six GZMs have been identified in cattle (A, B, K, H, M and O). However, their expression in bovine tissues has not been evaluated. In this study, the mRNA expression levels of PFN and GZMs A, B, K, H and M in the nervous system of calves experimentally-inoculated with BoAHV-1 or BoAHV-5 were analyzed at the three distinct stages of the infectious cycle of alphaherpesviruses: acute infection, latency and reactivation. This is the first report describing the expression of GZMs in bovine neural tissue and the first analysis of GZM expression in the context of bovine alphaherpesviruses neuropathogenesis. The findings revealed that PFN and GZM K are upregulated during BoAHV-1 or BoAHV-5 acute infection. In contrast to BoAHV-1, during BoAHV-5 latency a significant up-regulation of PFN, GZM K and GZM H was detected. PFN and GZM A, K and H expression was also up-regulated during BoAHV-5 reactivation. Therefore, a distinct pattern of PFN and GZM expression is evident along the infectious cycle of each alphaherpesvirus and this might contribute to the differences in BoAHV-1 and BoAHV-5 neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Martínez Cuesta
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco S/N, Tandil 7000, Argentina
| | - Andrea Verna
- Área de Producción Animal, Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS, CONICET-INTA), Ruta Nacional 226 km 73,5, Balcarce, 7620 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Pérez
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco S/N, Tandil 7000, Argentina.
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Futas J, Oppelt J, Burger PA, Horin P. A Deadly Cargo: Gene Repertoire of Cytotoxic Effector Proteins in the Camelidae. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:304. [PMID: 33669939 PMCID: PMC7924851 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells can kill target cells based on their expression and release of perforin, granulysin, and granzymes. Genes encoding these molecules have been only poorly annotated in camelids. Based on bioinformatic analyses of genomic resources, sequences corresponding to perforin, granulysin, and granzymes were identified in genomes of camelids and related ungulate species, and annotation of the corresponding genes was performed. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to study evolutionary relationships between the species analyzed. Re-sequencing of all genes in a panel of 10 dromedaries and 10 domestic Bactrian camels allowed analyzing their individual genetic polymorphisms. The data showed that all extant Old World camelids possess functional genes for two pore-forming proteins (PRF1, GNLY) and six granzymes (GZMA, GZMB, GZMH, GZMK, GZMM, and GZMO). All these genes were represented as single copies in the genome except the GZMH gene exhibiting interspecific differences in the number of loci. High protein sequence similarities with other camelid and ungulate species were observed for GZMK and GZMM. The protein variability in dromedaries and Bactrian camels was rather low, except for GNLY and chymotrypsin-like granzymes (GZMB, GZMH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Futas
- CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (J.O.)
- Department of Animal Genetics, Veterinary and Pharmaceutical University, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Oppelt
- CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (J.O.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Neuropathology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6100, USA
| | - Pamela Anna Burger
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1160 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Petr Horin
- CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (J.O.)
- Department of Animal Genetics, Veterinary and Pharmaceutical University, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
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Martínez Cuesta L, Pérez SE. Perforin and granzymes in neurological infections: From humans to cattle. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 75:101610. [PMID: 33453589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Perforin and granzymes are essential components of the cytotoxic granules present in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. These proteins play a crucial role in a variety of conditions, including viral infections, tumor immune surveillance, and tissue rejection. Besides their beneficial effect in most of these situations, perforin and granzymes have also been associated with tissue damage and immune diseases. Moreover, it has been reported that perforin and granzymes released during viral infections could contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases. In this review, we summarize the information available on human perforin and granzymes and their relationship with neurological infections and immune disorders. Furthermore, we compare this information with that available for bovine and present data on perforin and granzymes expression in cattle infected with bovine alphaherpesvirus types1 and -5. To our knowledge, this is the first review analyzing the impact of perforin and granzymes on neurological infections caused by bovine herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Martínez Cuesta
- Virology, SAMP Department, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Pinto 399, Tandil, PC7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Elizabeth Pérez
- Virology, SAMP Department, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Pinto 399, Tandil, PC7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Ahlawat S, Arora R, Sharma U, Sharma A, Girdhar Y, Sharma R, Kumar A, Vijh RK. Comparative gene expression profiling of milk somatic cells of Sahiwal cattle and Murrah buffaloes. Gene 2020; 764:145101. [PMID: 32877747 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
India is the world's largest milk producing country because of massive contribution made by cattle and buffaloes. In the present investigation, comprehensive comparative profiling of transcriptomic landscape of milk somatic cells of Sahiwal cattle and Murrah buffaloes was carried out. Genes with highest transcript abundance in both species were enriched for biological processes such as lactation, immune response, cellular oxidant detoxification and response to hormones. Analysis of differential expression identified 377 significantly up-regulated and 847 significantly down-regulated genes with fold change >1.5 in Murrah buffaloes as compared to Sahiwal cattle (padj <0.05). Marked enrichment of innate and adaptive immune response related GO terms and higher expression of genes for various host defense peptides such as lysozyme, defensin β and granzymes were evident in buffaloes. Genes related to ECM-receptor interaction, complement and coagulation cascades, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and keratinization pathway showed more abundant expression in cattle. Network analysis of the up-regulated genes delineated highly connected genes representing immunity and haematopoietic cell lineage (CBL, CD28, CD247, PECAM1 and ITGA4). For the down-regulated dataset, genes with highest interactions were KRT18, FGFR1, GPR183, ITGB3 and DKK3. Our results lend support to more robust immune mechanisms in buffaloes, possibly explaining lower susceptibility to mammary infections as compared to cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Ahlawat
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Reena Arora
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India.
| | - Upasna Sharma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Anju Sharma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Yashila Girdhar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Rekha Sharma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
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Pokharel K, Weldenegodguad M, Popov R, Honkatukia M, Huuki H, Lindeberg H, Peippo J, Reilas T, Zarovnyaev S, Kantanen J. Whole blood transcriptome analysis reveals footprints of cattle adaptation to sub-arctic conditions. Anim Genet 2019; 50:217-227. [PMID: 30957254 PMCID: PMC6593690 DOI: 10.1111/age.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Indigenous cattle breeds in northern Eurasia have adapted to harsh climate conditions. The local breeds are important genetic resources with cultural and historical heritages, and therefore, their preservation and genetic characterization are important. In this study, we profiled the whole‐blood transcriptome of two native breeds (Northern Finncattle and Yakutian cattle) and one commercial breed (Holstein) using high‐throughput RNA sequencing. More than 15 000 genes were identified, of which two, 89 and 162 genes were significantly upregulated exclusively in Northern Finncattle, Yakutian cattle and Holstein cattle respectively. The functional classification of these significantly differentially expressed genes identified several biological processes and pathways related to signalling mechanisms, cell differentiation and host–pathogen interactions that, in general, point towards immunity and disease resistance mechanisms. The gene expression pattern observed in Northern Finncattle was more similar to that of Yakutian cattle, despite sharing similar living conditions with the Holstein cattle included in our study. In conclusion, our study identified unique biological processes in these breeds that may have helped them to adapt and survive in northern and sub‐arctic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pokharel
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Myllytie 1, Jokioinen, FI-31600, Finland
| | - M Weldenegodguad
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Myllytie 1, Jokioinen, FI-31600, Finland.,Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, FI-70311, Finland
| | - R Popov
- Yakutian Research Institute of Agriculture (FGBNU Yakutskij NIISH), ul. Bestyzhevo-Marlinskogo 23/1, Yakutsk, 67001, The Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia
| | - M Honkatukia
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Myllytie 1, Jokioinen, FI-31600, Finland.,The Nordic Genetic Resources Center (Nordgen), P.O. Box 115, Ås, NO-1431, Norway
| | - H Huuki
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Myllytie 1, Jokioinen, FI-31600, Finland
| | - H Lindeberg
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Halolantie 31A, Maaninka, FI-71750, Finland
| | - J Peippo
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Myllytie 1, Jokioinen, FI-31600, Finland
| | - T Reilas
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Myllytie 1, Jokioinen, FI-31600, Finland
| | - S Zarovnyaev
- GBU Saha Agroplem, ul. Ordzhonkidze 20/204, Yakutsk, 67700, The Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia
| | - J Kantanen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Myllytie 1, Jokioinen, FI-31600, Finland
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Granzyme B Is an Essential Mediator in CD8 + T Cell Killing of Theileria parva-Infected Cells. Infect Immun 2018; 87:IAI.00386-18. [PMID: 30323022 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00386-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is established evidence that cytotoxic CD8+ T cells are important mediators of immunity against the bovine intracellular protozoan parasite Theileria parva However, the mechanism by which the specific CD8+ T cells kill parasitized cells is not understood. Although the predominant pathway used by human and murine CD8+ T cells to kill pathogen-infected cells is granule exocytosis, involving the release of perforin and granzyme B, there is to date a lack of published information on the biological activities of bovine granzyme B. The present study set out to define the functional activities of bovine granzyme B and determine its role in mediating the killing of T. parva-parasitized cells. DNA constructs encoding functional and nonfunctional forms of bovine granzyme B were produced, and the proteins expressed in Cos-7 cells were used to establish an enzymatic assay to detect and quantify the expression of functional granzyme B protein. Using this assay, the levels of killing of different T. parva-specific CD8+ T cell clones were found to be significantly correlated with the levels of granzyme B protein but not the levels of mRNA transcript expression. Experiments using inhibitors specific for perforin and granzyme B confirmed that CD8+ T cell killing of parasitized cells is dependent on granule exocytosis and, specifically, granzyme B. Further studies showed that the granzyme B-mediated death of parasitized cells is independent of caspases and that granzyme B activates the proapoptotic molecule Bid.
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