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García-Álvarez MA, Chaves-Pozo E, Cuesta A. Cytotoxic activity and gene expression during in vitro adaptive cell-mediated cytotoxicity of head-kidney cells from betanodavirus-infected European sea bass. Dev Comp Immunol 2024; 152:105124. [PMID: 38145864 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) is essential in eradicating virus-infected cells, involving CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells, through the activation of different pathways. This immune response is well-studied in mammals but scarcely in teleost fish. Our aim was to investigate the adaptive CMC using head-kidney (HK) cells from European sea bass infected at different times with nodavirus (NNV), as effector cells, and the European sea bass brain cell line (DLB-1) infected with different NNV genotypes, as target cells. Results showed low and unaltered innate cytotoxic activity through the infection time. However, adaptive CMC against RGNNV and SJNNV/RGNNV-infected target cells increased from 7 to 30 days post-infection, peaking at 15 days, demonstrating the specificity of the cytotoxic activity and suggesting the involvement of CTLs. At transcriptomic level, we observed up-regulation of genes related to T cell activation, perforin/granzyme and Fas/FasL effector pathways as well as apoptotic cell death. Further studies are necessary to understand the adaptive role of European sea bass CTLs in the elimination of NNV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A García-Álvarez
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Physiology and Welfare of Marine Species Group (PHYSIS), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia (COMU-IEO), CSIC, Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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2
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Cuesta LM, Verna A, Pérez S. Modulation of granzymes mRNA expression in neural tissue of BoAHV-1 and BoAHV-5-infected cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 260:110610. [PMID: 37196596 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Bovine alphaherpesviruses (BoAHV)-1 and 5 are neurotropic viruses of cattle which differ in their neuropathogenic potential. BoAHV-5 is responsible for non-suppurative meningoencephalitis in calves while BoAHV-1 can occasionally cause encephalitis. Granzymes (GZMs) are serine-proteases that participate in CD8+ T cells-mediated killing of virally-infected cells upon release through perforin (PFN)-formed pores in the cell membrane. Recently, six GZMs have been identified in cattle (A, B, K, H, M and O). However, their expression in bovine tissues has not been evaluated. In this study, the mRNA expression levels of PFN and GZMs A, B, K, H and M in the nervous system of calves experimentally-inoculated with BoAHV-1 or BoAHV-5 were analyzed at the three distinct stages of the infectious cycle of alphaherpesviruses: acute infection, latency and reactivation. This is the first report describing the expression of GZMs in bovine neural tissue and the first analysis of GZM expression in the context of bovine alphaherpesviruses neuropathogenesis. The findings revealed that PFN and GZM K are upregulated during BoAHV-1 or BoAHV-5 acute infection. In contrast to BoAHV-1, during BoAHV-5 latency a significant up-regulation of PFN, GZM K and GZM H was detected. PFN and GZM A, K and H expression was also up-regulated during BoAHV-5 reactivation. Therefore, a distinct pattern of PFN and GZM expression is evident along the infectious cycle of each alphaherpesvirus and this might contribute to the differences in BoAHV-1 and BoAHV-5 neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Martínez Cuesta
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco S/N, Tandil 7000, Argentina
| | - Andrea Verna
- Área de Producción Animal, Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS, CONICET-INTA), Ruta Nacional 226 km 73,5, Balcarce, 7620 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Pérez
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco S/N, Tandil 7000, Argentina.
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3
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Althaus J, Nilius-Eliliwi V, Maghnouj A, Döring S, Schroers R, Hudecek M, Hahn SA, Mika T. Cytotoxicity of CD19-CAR-NK92 cells is primarily mediated via perforin/ granzyme pathway. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023:10.1007/s00262-023-03443-1. [PMID: 37052701 PMCID: PMC10361870 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have improved cancer immunotherapy in recent years. Immune cells, such as Natural killer cells (NK-cells) or T cells, are used as effector cells in CAR-therapy. NK92-cells, a cell line with known cytotoxic activity, are of particular interest in CAR-therapy since culturing conditions are simple and anti-tumor efficacy combined with a manageable safety profile was proven in clinical trials. The major pathways of immune effector cells, including NK92-cells, to mediate cytotoxicity, are the perforin/granzyme and the death-receptor pathway. Detailed knowledge of CAR-effector cells' cytotoxic mechanisms is essential to unravel resistance mechanisms, which potentially arise by resistance against apoptosis-inducing signaling. Since mutations in apoptosis pathways are frequent in lymphoma, the impact on CAR-mediated cytotoxicity is of clinical interest. In this study, knockout models of CD19-CAR-NK92 cells were designed, to investigate cytotoxic pathways in vitro. Knockout of perforin 1 (Prf1) and subsequent abrogation of the perforin/granzyme pathway dramatically reduced the cytotoxicity of CD19-CAR-NK92 cells. In contrast, knockout of FasL and inhibition of TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligands) did not impair cytotoxicity in most conditions. In conclusion, these results indicate the perforin/granzyme pathway as the major pathway to mediate cytotoxicity in CD19-CAR-NK92 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Althaus
- Department of Molecular Gastrointestinal Oncology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Verena Nilius-Eliliwi
- Department of Molecular Gastrointestinal Oncology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, D-44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Abdelouahid Maghnouj
- Department of Molecular Gastrointestinal Oncology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sascha Döring
- Department of Molecular Gastrointestinal Oncology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Roland Schroers
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, D-44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Hudecek
- Department of Internal Medicine 2, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan A Hahn
- Department of Molecular Gastrointestinal Oncology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Mika
- Department of Molecular Gastrointestinal Oncology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, D-44892, Bochum, Germany.
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Kolossváry M, deFilippi C, McCallum S, Fitch KV, Diggs MR, Fulda ES, Ribaudo HJ, Fichtenbaum CJ, Aberg JA, Malvestutto CD, Currier JS, Casado JL, Gutiérrez F, Sereti I, Douglas PS, Zanni MV, Grinspoon SK. Identification of pre-infection markers and differential plasma protein expression following SARS-CoV-2 infection in people living with HIV. EBioMedicine 2023; 90:104538. [PMID: 36966617 PMCID: PMC10037041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms contributing to COVID-19 severity in people with HIV (PWH) are poorly understood. We evaluated temporal changes in plasma proteins following SARS-CoV-2 infection and identified pre-infection proteomic markers associated with future COVID-19. METHODS We leveraged data from the global Randomized Trial to Prevent Vascular Events in HIV (REPRIEVE). Antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated PWH with clinical, antibody-confirmed COVID-19 as of September 2021 were matched on geographic region, age, and sample timing to antibody negative controls. For cases and controls, pre COVID-19 pandemic specimens were obtained prior to January 2020 to assess change over time and relationship to COVID-19 severity, using false-discovery adjusted mixed effects modeling. FINDINGS We compared 257 unique plasma proteins in 94 COVID-19 antibody-confirmed clinical cases and 113 matched antibody-negative controls, excluding COVID-19 vaccinated participants (age 50 years, 73% male). 40% of cases were characterized as mild; 60% moderate to severe. Median time from COVID-19 infection to follow-up sampling was 4 months. Temporal patterns of protein changes differed based on COVID-19 disease severity. Among those experiencing moderate to severe disease vs. controls, NOS3 increased whereas ANG, CASP-8, CD5, GZMH, GZMB, ITGB2, and KLRD1 decreased. Higher pre-pandemic levels of granzymes A, B and H (GZMA, GZMB and GZMH) were associated with the future development of moderate-severe COVID-19 and were related to immune function. INTERPRETATION We identified temporal changes in proteins closely linked to inflammatory, immune, and fibrotic pathways which may relate to COVID-19-related morbidity among ART-treated PWH. Further we identified key granzyme proteins associated with future COVID-19 in PWH. FUNDING This study is supported through NIH grants U01HL123336, U01HL123336-06 and 3U01HL12336-06S3, to the clinical coordinating center, and U01HL123339, to the data coordinating center as well as funding from Kowa Pharmaceuticals, Gilead Sciences, and a grant award through ViiV Healthcare. The NIAID supported this study through grants UM1 AI068636, which supports the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) Leadership and Operations Center, and UM1 AI106701, which supports the ACTG Laboratory Center. This work was also supported by NIAID through grant K24AI157882 to MZ. The work of IS was supported by the intramural research program of NIAID/NIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márton Kolossváry
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chris deFilippi
- Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA, 22042, USA
| | - Sara McCallum
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Kathleen V Fitch
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Marissa R Diggs
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Evelynne S Fulda
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Heather J Ribaudo
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carl J Fichtenbaum
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Judith A Aberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlos D Malvestutto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Judith S Currier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jose L Casado
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Ramon y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Gutiérrez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario de Elche and University Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain; CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irini Sereti
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pamela S Douglas
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Markella V Zanni
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Steven K Grinspoon
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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Zhou Z, Wang Y, Shao F. Inducing Pyroptosis via Gasdermin B and Gasdermin E Cleavage. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2641:147-161. [PMID: 37074648 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3040-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Gasdermin B (GSDMB) and gasdermin E (GSDME) are two members of the gasdermin family, which shares a conservative gasdermin-N domain capable of executing pyroptotic cell death, through perforating the plasma membrane from inside of the cell. Both GSDMB and GSDME are autoinhibited in the resting stage and require proteolytic cleavage to unleash the pore-forming activity that otherwise is masked by their C-terminal gasdermin-C domain. GSDMB is cleaved and activated by granzyme A (GZMA) from cytotoxic T lymphocytes or natural killer cells, while GSDME is activated by caspase-3 cleavage downstream of various well-known "apoptotic" stimuli. Here, we describe the methods for inducing pyroptosis through GSDMB and GSDME cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhou
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Zheng L, Byadgi O, Rakhshaninejad M, Nauwynck H. Upregulation of torso-like protein (perforin) and granzymes B and G in non-adherent, lymphocyte-like haemocytes during a WSSV infection in shrimp. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 128:676-683. [PMID: 35985630 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrates only have an innate immunity in which haemocytes play an important role. In our lab, 5 subpopulations of haemocytes were identified in the past by an iodixanol density gradient: hyalinocytes, granulocytes, semi-granulocytes and two subpopulations of non-phagocytic cells. For the two latter subpopulations, the haemocytes have small cytoplasm rims, do not adhere to the bottom of plastic cell-culture grade wells and present folds in the nucleus. These characteristics are similar to those of mammalian lymphocytes. Therefore, they were designated lymphocyte-like haemocytes. Although little is known about their function, we hypothesize, based on their morphology, that they may have a cytotoxic activity. First, a fast isolation technique was developed to separate the non-adherent haemocytes from the adherent haemocytes. After 60 min incubation on cell culture plates, the non-adherent haemocytes were collected. The purity reached 93% as demonstrated by flow cytometry and light microscopy upon a Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining. Cytotoxicity by lymphocytes is mediated by molecules such as perforin and granzymes and therefore, we searched for their genes in the shrimp genome. Genes coding for a torso-like protein, granzyme B and granzyme G were identified. Primers were designed and RT-PCR/RT-qPCR assays were developed. The results demonstrated that torso-like protein, granzyme B and granzyme G were mainly expressed in non-adherent haemocytes. The shrimp torso-like protein gene was most related to that of the crab torso-like protein; granzyme B gene was most related to that of mouse granzyme B and granzyme G gene was most related to that of zebrafish granzyme G. In a 72-hour in vivo WSSV infection challenge, the mRNA expression of shrimp torso-like protein, granzyme B and granzyme G in haemocytes was increasing over time, which indicated that torso-like protein, granzyme B and granzyme G of shrimp haemocytes are involved in the immune response during a viral infection. In the future, antibodies will be raised against these proteins for more in-depth functional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zheng
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Omkar Byadgi
- International Program in Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 91201, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Mostafa Rakhshaninejad
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Nel I, Beaudoin L, Gouda Z, Rousseau C, Soulard P, Rouland M, Bertrand L, Boitard C, Larger E, Lehuen A. MAIT cell alterations in adults with recent-onset and long-term type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2021; 64:2306-2321. [PMID: 34350463 PMCID: PMC8336671 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05527-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes expressing an αβ T cell antigen receptor that recognises the MHC-related 1 molecule. MAIT cells are altered in children at risk for and with type 1 diabetes, and mouse model studies have shown MAIT cell involvement in type 1 diabetes development. Since several studies support heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes physiopathology according to the age of individuals, we investigated whether MAIT cells were altered in adults with type 1 diabetes. METHODS MAIT cell frequency, phenotype and function were analysed by flow cytometry, using fresh peripheral blood from 21 adults with recent-onset type 1 diabetes (2-14 days after disease onset) and 47 adults with long-term disease (>2 years after diagnosis) compared with 55 healthy blood donors. We also separately analysed 17 women with long-term type 1 diabetes and an associated autoimmune disease, compared with 30 healthy women and 27 women with long-term type 1 diabetes. RESULTS MAIT cells from adults with recent-onset type 1 diabetes, compared with healthy adult donors, harboured a strongly activated phenotype indicated by an elevated CD25+ MAIT cell frequency. In adults with long-term type 1 diabetes, MAIT cells displayed an activated and exhausted phenotype characterised by high CD25 and programmed cell death 1 (PD1) expression and a decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α. Even though MAIT cells from these patients showed upregulated IL-17 and IL-4 production, the polyfunctionality of MAIT cells was decreased (median 4.8 vs 13.14% of MAIT cells, p < 0.001) and the frequency of MAIT cells producing none of the effector molecules analysed increased (median 34.40 vs 19.30% of MAIT cells, p < 0.01). Several MAIT cell variables correlated with HbA1c level and more particularly in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes. In women with long-term type 1 diabetes, MAIT cell alterations were more pronounced in those with an associated autoimmune disease than in those without another autoimmune disease. In women with long-term type 1 diabetes and an associated autoimmune disease, there was an increase in CD69 expression and a decrease in the survival B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) (p < 0.05) and CD127 (IL-7R) (p < 0.01) marker expression compared with women without a concomitant autoimmune disorder. Concerning effector molecules, TNF-α and granzyme B production by MAIT cells was decreased. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Alterations in MAIT cell frequency, phenotype and function were more pronounced in adults with long-term type 1 diabetes compared with adults with recent-onset type 1 diabetes. There were several correlations between MAIT cell variables and clinical characteristics. Moreover, the presence of another autoimmune disease in women with long-term type 1 diabetes further exacerbated MAIT cell alterations. Our results suggest that MAIT cell alterations in adults with type 1 diabetes could be associated with two aspects of the disease: impaired glucose homeostasis; and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Nel
- Institut Cochin, Inserm, CNRS, Laboratory of Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Beaudoin
- Institut Cochin, Inserm, CNRS, Laboratory of Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Zouriatou Gouda
- Institut Cochin, Inserm, CNRS, Laboratory of Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Camille Rousseau
- Institut Cochin, Inserm, CNRS, Laboratory of Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Soulard
- Institut Cochin, Inserm, CNRS, Laboratory of Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Rouland
- Institut Cochin, Inserm, CNRS, Laboratory of Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Léo Bertrand
- Institut Cochin, Inserm, CNRS, Laboratory of Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Christian Boitard
- Institut Cochin, Inserm, CNRS, Laboratory of Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Diabetology Department, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP Centre - Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Larger
- Institut Cochin, Inserm, CNRS, Laboratory of Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Diabetology Department, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP Centre - Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Lehuen
- Institut Cochin, Inserm, CNRS, Laboratory of Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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Martínez Cuesta L, Pérez SE. Perforin and granzymes in neurological infections: From humans to cattle. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 75:101610. [PMID: 33453589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Perforin and granzymes are essential components of the cytotoxic granules present in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. These proteins play a crucial role in a variety of conditions, including viral infections, tumor immune surveillance, and tissue rejection. Besides their beneficial effect in most of these situations, perforin and granzymes have also been associated with tissue damage and immune diseases. Moreover, it has been reported that perforin and granzymes released during viral infections could contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases. In this review, we summarize the information available on human perforin and granzymes and their relationship with neurological infections and immune disorders. Furthermore, we compare this information with that available for bovine and present data on perforin and granzymes expression in cattle infected with bovine alphaherpesvirus types1 and -5. To our knowledge, this is the first review analyzing the impact of perforin and granzymes on neurological infections caused by bovine herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Martínez Cuesta
- Virology, SAMP Department, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Pinto 399, Tandil, PC7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Elizabeth Pérez
- Virology, SAMP Department, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Pinto 399, Tandil, PC7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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9
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Nishie M, Suzuki E, Hattori M, Kawaguch K, Kataoka TR, Hirata M, Pu F, Kotake T, Tsuda M, Yamaguchi A, Sugie T, Toi M. Downregulated ATP6V1B1 expression acidifies the intracellular environment of cancer cells leading to resistance to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 70:817-830. [PMID: 33000417 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02732-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Among several mechanisms for the resistance of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-overexpressing (HER2 +) cancer cells to trastuzumab, little is known regarding the mechanism underlying the resistance to trastuzumab-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Cell death due to ADCC is caused by apoptosis of target cells induced by granzymes released from natural killer cells. Because optimal granzyme physiological activity occurs at neutral pH, we assumed that the pH of the intracellular environment influences the cytotoxic effects of granzymes. We established ADCC-resistant cells and compared them with wild-type cells in terms of the expression of intracellular pH-regulating genes. The expression of ATP6V1B1, which encodes a component of vacuolar ATPases, was downregulated in the ADCC-resistant cells. Thus, to functionally characterize ATP6V1B1, we used a CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate ATP6V1B1-knockout SKBR3 and JIMT-1 cells (both HER2 + human breast cancer cell line). The resulting cells exhibited significantly less ADCC than the control SKBR3 and JIMT-1 cells. The intracellular pH of the ATP6V1B1-knockout SKBR3 and JIMT-1 cells was significantly lower than control SKBR3 and JIMT-1cells. An analysis of granzyme dynamics during the ADCC reaction in cancer cells revealed that granzymes degraded intracellularly in the control SKBR3 and JIMT-1 cells and accumulated in ATP6V1B1-knockout cells, but were not cytotoxic. These findings suggest that decreased vacuolar ATPase activity alters the cytoplasmic pH of cancer cells to create an environment that is less suitable for granzyme bioactivity, which adversely affects the induction of apoptosis of cancer cells by NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Nishie
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eiji Suzuki
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. .,Department of Breast Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin-kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Masakazu Hattori
- Department of Immunosenescence, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kawaguch
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuki R Kataoka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hirata
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fengling Pu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kotake
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Moe Tsuda
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayane Yamaguchi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Sugie
- Department of Breast Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masakazu Toi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Akbarin MM, Farhadi S, Allahyari A, Koshayar MM, Shirdel A, Rahimi H, Rezaee SA, Mahdifar M, Mozaheb Z, Mohamadi A, Bari A, Mohaddes S, Rafatpanah H. Interaction of perforin and granzyme B and HTLV-1 viral factors is associated with Adult T cell Leukemia development. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2020; 23:1007-1011. [PMID: 32952946 PMCID: PMC7478263 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.38454.9602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): Human T cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with adult T cell leukaemia (ATL), a malignant lymphoproliferative disease that infects CD4 T cells. It is not clear why the majority of HTLV-1-infected individuals remain asymptomatic carries (ACs) and a minority develop ATL. Cellular immune response has a critical role in ATL and destroys malignant and HTLV-1-infected cells. Perforin and granzyme have important functional roles in apoptosis and destruction of infected cells. In the present study we examined the role of perforin and granzyme in ATL patients and ACs. Materials and Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from ATL patients and ACs by using Ficoll-hypaque density centrifugation. RNA was extracted and cDNA was synthesized. A real-time PCR TaqMan method was designed and optimized for evaluation of perforin, granzyme, tax, and HBZ gene expression. HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) was quantified in patients with ATL and ACs. Results: The mRNA expression of tax and HBZ was significantly higher in ATL patients than ACs (P=0.011 and P=0.0001,respectively). The HTLV-1 PVL was higher in ATL patients compared to with AC group (P=0.015). There was a significant increase in perforin gene expression in ACs compared with ATL patients (P=0.002). Furthermore, the expression of granzyme was also higher in ACs compared with ATL patients, and significant differences were observed between the two groups (P=0.036). Conclusion: Low expression of perforin and granzyme in ATL patients seems to influence the efficiency of CTL function and destruction of HTLV-1-infected cells, which might contribute to the disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehdi Akbarin
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sadegh Farhadi
- Hematology Department, Ghaem Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Allahyari
- Hematology Department, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Koshayar
- Hematology Department, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Shirdel
- Hematology Department, Ghaem Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Rahimi
- Hematology Department, Ghaem Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahdifar
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Mozaheb
- Hematology Department, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Asadollah Mohamadi
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Bari
- Hematology Department, Ghaem Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - SeyedehTahereh Mohaddes
- Hematology Department, Ghaem Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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11
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Lionello S, Marzaro G, Martinvalet D. SAM50, a side door to the mitochondria: The case of cytotoxic proteases. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105196. [PMID: 32919042 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SAM50, a 7-8 nm diameter β-barrel channel of the mitochondrial outer membrane, is the central channel of the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM) complex involved in the biogenesis of β-barrel proteins. Interestingly, SAM50 is not known to have channel translocase activity; however, we have recently found that this channel is necessary and sufficient for mitochondrial entry of cytotoxic proteases. Cytotoxic lymphocytes eliminate cells that pose potential hazards, such as virus- and bacteria-infected cells as well as cancer cells. They induce cell death following the delivery of granzyme cytotoxic proteases into the cytosol of the target cell. Although granzyme A and granzyme B (GA and GB), the best characterized of the five human granzymes, trigger very distinct apoptotic cascades, they share the ability to directly target the mitochondria. GA and GB do not have a mitochondrial targeting signal, yet they enter the target cell mitochondria to disrupt respiratory chain complex I and induce mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent cell death. We found that granzyme mitochondrial entry requires SAM50 and the translocase of the inner membrane 22 (TIM22). Preventing granzymes' mitochondrial entry compromises their cytotoxicity, indicating that this event is unexpectedly an important step for cell death. Although mitochondria are best known for their roles in cell metabolism and energy conversion, these double-membrane organelles are also involved in Ca2+ homeostasis, metabolite transport, cell cycle regulation, cell signaling, differentiation, stress response, redox homeostasis, aging, and cell death. This multiplicity of functions is matched with the complexity and plasticity of the mitochondrial proteome as well as the organelle's morphological and structural versatility. Indeed, mitochondria are extremely dynamic and undergo fusion and fission events in response to diverse cellular cues. In humans, there are 1500 different mitochondrial proteins, the vast majority of which are encoded in the nuclear genome and translated by cytosolic ribosomes, after which they must be imported and properly addressed to the right mitochondrial compartment. To this end, mitochondria are equipped with a very sophisticated and highly specific protein import machinery. The latter is centered on translocase complexes embedded in the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes working along five different import pathways. We will briefly describe these import pathways to put into perspective our finding regarding the ability of granzymes to enter the mitochondria.
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12
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Jiang Y, Wei X, Guan J, Qin S, Wang Z, Lu H, Qian J, Wu L, Chen Y, Chen Y, Lin X. COVID-19 pneumonia: CD8 + T and NK cells are decreased in number but compensatory increased in cytotoxic potential. Clin Immunol 2020; 218:108516. [PMID: 32574709 PMCID: PMC7305921 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is posing a huge threat to human health worldwide. We aim to investigate the immune status of CD8+ T and NK cells in COVID-19 patients. Methods The count and immune status of lymphocytes were detected by flow cytometry in 32 COVID-19 patients and 18 healthy individuals. Results As the disease progression in COVID-19 patients, CD8+ T and NK cells were significantly decreased in absolute number but highly activated. After patients' condition improved, the count and immune status of CD8+ T and NK cells restored to some extent. GrA+CD8+ T and perforin+ NK cells had good sensitivity and specificity for assisting diagnosis of COVID-19. Conclusions As the disease progression, the declined lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients might lead to compensatory activation of CD8+ T and NK cells. GrA+CD8+ T and perforin+ NK cells might be used as meaningful indicators for assisting diagnosis of COVID-19. As disease progression, CD8+ T and NK cells were decreased but highly activated. After effective treatment, the immune status of CD8+ T and NK cells restored. GrA+ CD8+ T and perforin+ NK cells could assist diagnosis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jingjing Guan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Shuang Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhongyong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jingjing Qian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Lianfeng Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yingxiao Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou, Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yanfan Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Xiangyang Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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13
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Abstract
Basophils represent approximately 1% of human peripheral blood leukocytes. Their effector functions were initially appreciated in the 1970s when basophils were shown to express the high-affinity receptor (FcεRI) for IgE and to release proinflammatory mediators (histamine and cysteinyl leukotriene C4) and immunoregulatory cytokines (i.e., IL-4 and IL-13). Basophils in the mouse were subsequently identified and immunologically characterized. There are many similarities but also several differences between human and mouse basophils. Basophil-deficient mice have enabled to examine the in vivo roles of basophils in several immune disorders and, more recently, in tumor immunity. Activated human basophils release several proangiogenic molecules such as vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), vascular endothelial growth factor-B (VEGF-B), CXCL8, angiopoietin 1 (ANGPT1), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). On the other side, basophils can exert anti-tumorigenic effects by releasing granzyme B, TNF-α, and histamine. Circulating basophils have been associated with certain human hematologic (i.e., chronic myeloid leukemia) and solid tumors. Basophils have been found in tumor microenvironment (TME) of human lung adenocarcinoma and pancreatic cancer. Basophils played a role in melanoma rejection in basophil-deficient mouse model. By contrast, basophils appear to play a pro-tumorigenic role in experimental and human pancreatic cancer. In conclusion, the roles of basophils in experimental and human cancers have been little investigated and remain largely unknown. The elucidation of the roles of basophils in tumor immunity will demand studies on increasing complexity beyond those assessing basophil density and their microlocalization in TME. There are several fundamental questions to be addressed in experimental models and clinical studies before we understand whether basophils are an ally, adversary, or even innocent bystanders in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Marone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera dei Colli-Monaldi Hospital Pharmacy, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Mattei
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Mancini
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
- WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.
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14
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Abstract
Introduction: Granzyme B is a serine protease traditionally understood as having a role in immune-mediated cytotoxicity. Over the past decade, this dogma has been challenged, with a new appreciation that granzyme B can exert alternative extracellular roles detrimental to wound closure and remodeling. Granzyme B is elevated in response to tissue injury, chronic inflammation and/or autoimmune skin diseases, resulting in impaired wound healing. Areas covered: This review provides a historical background of granzyme B and a description of how it is regulated. Details are provided on the role of granzyme B in apoptosis as well as newly identified extracellular roles, focusing on those affecting wound healing, including on inflammation, dermal-epidermal junction separation, re-epithelialization, scarring and fibrosis, and autoimmunity. Finally, the use of pharmacological granzyme B inhibitors as potential therapeutic options for wound treatment is discussed. Expert opinion: Endogenous extracellular granzyme B inhibitors have not been identified in human bio-fluids, thus in chronic wound environments granzyme B appears to remain uncontrolled and unregulated. In response, targeted granzyme B inhibitors have been developed for therapeutic applications in wounds. Animal studies trialing inhibitors of granzyme B show improved healing outcomes, and may therefore provide a novel therapeutic approach for wound treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Turner
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD) Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group , Vancouver , BC , Canada
| | - Sho Hiroyasu
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD) Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group , Vancouver , BC , Canada
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD) Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group , Vancouver , BC , Canada
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15
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Kuchar M, Strizova Z, Votava M, Plzak J. The relevance of Fas/Fas ligand axis in the tumor microenvironment of salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2019; 97:135-6. [PMID: 31455593 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Perforin is an indispensable effector protein of primary cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL or NK cells) that typically defend the host against virus infection, or gene-modified (chimeric antigen receptor-CAR) anticancer T cells. Perforin's pore-forming activity is necessary for the delivery of proapoptotic serine proteases, granzymes, into the cytosol of infected or cancerous target cells. The complete loss of perforin function is detrimental for the function of cytotoxic lymphocytes, and leads to fatal immune dysregulation in infants and predisposes the carriers of hypomorphic perforin mutations to various chronic inflammatory sequelae and blood cancers. Here, we describe several optimized and validated functional assays using purified effector proteins and cytotoxic lymphocytes that enable detailed analysis of perforin-mediated target cell death pathways.
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17
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Hatano S, Murakami T, Noguchi N, Yamada H, Yoshikai Y. CD5 -NK1.1 + γδ T Cells that Develop in a Bcl11b-Independent Manner Participate in Early Protection against Infection. Cell Rep 2017; 21:1191-202. [PMID: 29091759 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently found that a unique subset of innate-like γδ T cells develops from the DN2a stage of the fetal thymus independently of the zinc-finger transcription factor B cell leukemia/lymphoma 11b (Bcl11b). Herein, we characterize these Bcl11b-independent γδ T cells in the periphery as CD5-NK1.1+ and Granzyme B+, and we show that they are capable of producing interferon (IFN)-γ upon T cell receptor stimulation without Ca2+ influx. In wild-type mice, these cells were sparse in lymphoid tissues but abundant in non-lymphoid tissues, such as the liver. Bcl11b-independent CD5-NK1.1+ γδ T cells appeared and contributed to early protection before Bcl11b-dependent CD5+NK1.1- γδ T cells following Listeria monocytogenes infection, resembling their sequential appearance during development in the thymus.
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18
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Yang J, Vrettou C, Connelley T, Morrison WI. Identification and annotation of bovine granzyme genes reveals a novel granzyme encoded within the trypsin-like locus. Immunogenetics 2018; 70:585-597. [PMID: 29947943 PMCID: PMC6096847 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-018-1062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Granzymes are a family of serine proteases found in the lytic granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, which are involved in killing of susceptible target cells. Most information on granzymes and their enzymatic specificities derive from studies in humans and mice. Although granzymes shared by both species show a high level of conservation, the complement of granzyme genes differs between the species. The aim of this study was to identify granzyme genes expressed in cattle, determine their genomic locations and analyse their sequences to predict likely functional specificities. Orthologues of the five granzyme genes found in humans (A, B, H, K and M) were identified, as well a novel gene designated granzyme O, most closely related to granzyme A. An orthologue of granzyme O was found in pigs and a non-function version was detected in the human genome. Use of specific PCRs demonstrated that all of these genes, including granzyme O, are expressed in activated subsets of bovine lymphocytes, with particularly high levels in CD8 T cells. Consistent with findings in humans and mice, the granzyme-encoding genes were located on three distinct genomic loci, which correspond to different proteolytic enzymatic activities, namely trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like and metase-like. Analysis of amino acid sequences indicated that the granzyme proteins have broadly similar enzymatic specificities to their human and murine counterparts but indicated that granzyme B has a different secondary specificity. These findings provide the basis for further work to examine their role in the cytotoxic activity of bovine CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK.,Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Christina Vrettou
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Tim Connelley
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
| | - W Ivan Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK.
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19
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Kumar AA, Delgado AG, Piazuelo MB, Van Kaer L, Olivares-Villagómez D. Innate CD8αα + lymphocytes enhance anti-CD40 antibody-mediated colitis in mice. Immun Inflamm Dis 2017; 5:109-123. [PMID: 28474503 PMCID: PMC5418141 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Immune responses in the intestines require tight regulation to avoid uncontrolled inflammation. We previously described an innate lymphocyte population in the intestinal epithelium (referred to as innate CD8αα+, or iCD8α cells) that can protect against gastrointestinal infections such as those mediated by Citrobacter rodentium. Methods Here, we have evaluated the potential contribution of these cells to intestinal inflammation by analyzing inflammation development in mice with decreased numbers of iCD8α cells. We also determined the potential of iCD8α cells to secrete granzymes and their potential role during inflammatory processes. Results We found that iCD8α cells play a pro‐inflammatory role in the development of disease in a colitis model induced by anti‐CD40 antibodies. We further found that the effects of iCD8α cells correlated with their capacity to secrete granzymes. We also observed that the pro‐inflammatory properties of iCD8α cells were controlled by interactions of CD8αα homodimers on these cells with the thymus leukemia antigen expressed by intestinal epithelial cells. Conclusions Our findings suggest that iCD8α cells modulate inflammatory responses in the intestinal epithelium, and that dysregulation of iCD8α cells effector functions may enhance disease. We propose that one of the mechanism by which iCD8α cells enhance inflammation is by the secretion of granzymes, which may promote recruitment of infiltrating cells into the epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaram A Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alberto G Delgado
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - M Blanca Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Danyvid Olivares-Villagómez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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20
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Matsuura Y, Yabu T, Shiba H, Moritomo T, Nakanishi T. Purification and characterization of a fish granzymeA involved in cell-mediated immunity. Dev Comp Immunol 2016; 60:33-40. [PMID: 26872543 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Granzymes are serine proteases involved in the induction of cell death against non-self cells. The enzymes differ in their primary substrate specificity and have one of four hydrolysis activities: tryptase, Asp-ase, Met-ase and chymase. Although granzyme genes have been isolated from several fishes, evidence for their involvement in cytotoxicity has not yet been reported. In the present study, we attempted to purify and characterize a fish granzyme involved in cytotoxicity using ginbuna crucian carp. The cytotoxicity of leukocytes was significantly inhibited by the serine protease inhibitor ''3, 4-dichloroisocoumarin''. In addition, we found that granzymeA-like activity (hydrolysis of Z-GPR-MCA) was inhibited by the same inhibitor and significantly enhanced by allo-antigen stimulation in vivo. Proteins from leukocyte extracts were subjected to two steps of chromatographic purification using benzamidine-Sepharose and SP-Sepharose. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 26,900 Da by SDS-PAGE analysis. The purified enzyme displayed a Km of 220 μM, a Kcat of 21.7 sec(-1) and a Kcat/Km of 98,796 sec(-1) M(-1) with an optimal pH of 9.5 for the Z-GPR-MCA substrate. The protease was totally inhibited by serine protease inhibitors and showed granzymeA-like substrate specificity. Therefore, we conclude that the purified enzyme belongs to the mammalian granzymeA (EC 3.4.21.78) and appears to be involved in cytotoxicity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Matsuura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yabu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hajime Shiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Moritomo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nakanishi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
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21
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Singha AK, Bhattacharjee B, Maiti D. Cytotoxic activity of T lymphocytes is induced upon stimulation with IL-3 plus GM-CSF in animal leukemia model. Leuk Res 2015; 39:S0145-2126(15)30364-7. [PMID: 26350142 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy for leukemia has severe toxicity and bone marrow transplantation is both financially and logistically demanding. Therefore, immunotherapy is a feasible and promising approach to treat leukemia. For immunotherapy, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) against leukemic cells were induced. In BALB/c mice, leukemia was induced by N-ethyl-N'-nitrosourea (ENU). The mice were treated with recombinant IL-3 and GM-CSF - both 5μg/kg/day for four days to induce functional CTL. The IL-3+GM-CSF treatment increased total leukocyte counts, accompanied by significant increase in CTL activity, in the leukemic mice. The IL-3+GM-CSF treatment also enhanced the expression of both p40 and p35 isoforms of IL-12. Perforin and granzyme B expressions were increased in the treated group supporting the T lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxic killing of the target cells. The protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activity was increased in leukemia but decreased after the treatment with IL-3 and GM-CSF. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production was decreased in leukemic condition but increased after the treatment with these colony stimulating factors. These data indicate the anti-leukemic potential of the IL-3 and GM-CSF combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Singha
- Immunology microbiology Lab, Department of Human Physiology, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura 799022, India
| | - Bhaskar Bhattacharjee
- Immunology microbiology Lab, Department of Human Physiology, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura 799022, India
| | - Debasish Maiti
- Immunology microbiology Lab, Department of Human Physiology, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura 799022, India.
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22
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Jang AY, Song EJ, Shin SH, Hwang PH, Kim SY, Jin YW, Lee EK, Lim MJ, Oh IS, Ahn JY, Nam SY. Potentiation of natural killer (NK) cell activity by methanol extract of cultured cambial meristematic cells of wild ginseng and its mechanism. Life Sci 2015; 135:138-46. [PMID: 26141997 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS As an alternative strategy to obtain large amounts of ginseng extract with high yield of ginsenosides, we have utilized culture of cambial meristematic cells (CMCs) from wild ginseng. The anti-tumor effects of methanol extract of ginseng CMCs (MEGC) and their action mechanisms were investigated. MAIN METHODS Mice were intraperitoneally administered with MEGC, and we explored NK cell activity, suppression of in vivo growth of tumor cells and relevant molecule expression. KEY FINDINGS MEGC significantly potentiated NK cell activity and suppressed in vivo growth of B16 melanoma cells. However, we observed no increase in NK cell number and unaltered expression of NK cell-activating (NKG2D) and inhibitory (Ly49, CD94/NKG2A) receptors as well as NK cell activation markers (CD25, CD69, CD119, and CD212) in MEGC-treated group compared to the controls. Instead, MEGC significantly enhanced IL-2 responsiveness in the early effector phase and the constitutive expression of granzyme B. SIGNIFICANCE Our data indicate that culture of CMCs is an attractive alternative method for sustainable production of ginseng extracts and clinical use. In addition, we have unraveled a novel mechanism underlying the potentiation of NK cell activity and antitumor effect of ginseng extract, in which it upregulates the constitutive expression of cytotoxic mediator(s) and IL-2 responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yeung Jang
- Department of Alternative Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Jeonju University, Jeonju 560-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Song
- Department of Alternative Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Jeonju University, Jeonju 560-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hye Shin
- Christian Medical Research Institute, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju 560-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyung Han Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 560-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 560-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Woo Jin
- Plant Stem Cell Institute, Unhwa Corp., Jeonju 562-222, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyong Lee
- Plant Stem Cell Institute, Unhwa Corp., Jeonju 562-222, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Lim
- Plant Stem Cell Institute, Unhwa Corp., Jeonju 562-222, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Seok Oh
- Plant Stem Cell Institute, Unhwa Corp., Jeonju 562-222, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeung Youb Ahn
- Plant Stem Cell Institute, Unhwa Corp., Jeonju 562-222, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yun Nam
- Department of Alternative Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Jeonju University, Jeonju 560-759, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Matsuura Y, Yabu T, Shiba H, Moritomo T, Nakanishi T. Identification of a novel fish granzyme involved in cell-mediated immunity. Dev Comp Immunol 2014; 46:499-507. [PMID: 24968079 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Granzymes (Gzms) are serine proteases released from cytoplasmic granules within cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. Gzms induce apoptosis within virus-infected and transformed cells. In fish as well as mammals, Gzms appear to play a major role in inducing target cell death. However, information on the function of fish Gzms is limited, although Gzm-like genes have been reported in several species. We identified and characterized a fish Gzm (termed gcGzm) in ginbuna crucian carp, Carassius auratus langsdorfii. The primary structure of gcGzm resembled mammalian GzmB, and gcGzm clustered with mammalian GzmB by phylogenetic tree analysis. gcGzm was secreted from HEK293T cells transfected with gcgzm cDNA and was predominantly expressed in CD8(+) T cells, as in mammals. Expression of gcgzm mRNA was greatly enhanced by allo-sensitization and infection with the intracellular pathogen Edwardsiella tarda, indicating that gcGzm is involved in cell-mediated immunity. However, its enzymatic activity was different from mammalian Gzms because gcGzm did not cleave the known substrates for mammalian Gzms. Thus we conclude that the newly discovered gcGzm is a novel secretory serine protease involved in cell-mediated immunity in fish, with similar structure to human GzmB but different substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Matsuura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yabu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hajime Shiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Moritomo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nakanishi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
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24
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Téllez-Bañuelos MC, Ortiz-Lazareno PC, Jave-Suárez LF, Siordia-Sánchez VH, Bravo-Cuellar A, Santerre A, Zaitseva GP. Endosulfan decreases cytotoxic activity of nonspecific cytotoxic cells and expression of granzyme gene in Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2014; 38:196-203. [PMID: 24657320 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the organochlorinated insecticide endosulfan, on the cytotoxic activity of Nile tilapia nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) was assessed. Juvenile Nile tilapia were exposed to endosulfan (7 ppb) for 96 h and splenic NCC were isolated. Flow cytometric phenotyping of NCC was based on the detection of the NCC specific membrane signaling protein NCCRP-1 by using the monoclonal antibody Mab 5C6; granzyme expression was evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR. The cytotoxic activity of sorted NCC on HL-60 tumoral cells was assessed using propidium iodide (PI) staining of DNA in HL-60 nuclei, indicating dead cells. Nile tilapia splenic NCC had the ability to kill HL-60 tumoral cells, however, the exposure to endosulfan significantly reduced, by a 65%, their cytotoxic activity when using the effector:target ratio of 40:1. Additionally, the exposure to endosulfan tended to increase the expression of NCCRP-1, which is involved in NCC antigen recognition and signaling. Moreover, it decreased the expression of the granzyme gene in exposed group as compared with non-exposed group; however significant differences between groups were not detected. In summary, the acute exposure of Nile tilapia to sublethal concentration of endosulfan induces alteration in function of NCC: significant decrease of cytotoxic activity and a tendency to lower granzyme expression, severe enough to compromise the immunity of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Cecilia Téllez-Bañuelos
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera a Nogales Km 15.5, Las Agujas, 45110 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Pablo Cesar Ortiz-Lazareno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS, Sierra Mojada 800, Col. Independencia, 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luis Felipe Jave-Suárez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS, Sierra Mojada 800, Col. Independencia, 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Victor Hugo Siordia-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera a Nogales Km 15.5, Las Agujas, 45110 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Bravo-Cuellar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS, Sierra Mojada 800, Col. Independencia, 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Anne Santerre
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera a Nogales Km 15.5, Las Agujas, 45110 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Galina P Zaitseva
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera a Nogales Km 15.5, Las Agujas, 45110 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
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25
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Stewart SE, Kondos SC, Matthews AY, D'Angelo ME, Dunstone MA, Whisstock JC, Trapani JA, Bird PI. The perforin pore facilitates the delivery of cationic cargos. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:9172-81. [PMID: 24558045 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.544890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes eliminate virally infected or neoplastic cells through the action of cytotoxic proteases (granzymes). The pore-forming protein perforin is essential for delivery of granzymes into the cytoplasm of target cells; however the mechanism of this delivery is incompletely understood. Perforin contains a membrane attack complex/perforin (MACPF) domain and oligomerizes to form an aqueous pore in the plasma membrane; therefore the simplest (and best supported) model suggests that granzymes passively diffuse through the perforin pore into the cytoplasm of the target cell. Here we demonstrate that perforin preferentially delivers cationic molecules while anionic and neutral cargoes are delivered inefficiently. Furthermore, another distantly related pore-forming MACPF protein, pleurotolysin (from the oyster mushroom), also favors the delivery of cationic molecules, and efficiently delivers human granzyme B. We propose that this facilitated diffusion is due to conserved features of oligomerized MACPF proteins, which may include an anionic lumen.
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26
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Rauf A, Khatri M, Murgia MV, Saif YM. Fas/FasL and perforin- granzyme pathways mediated T cell cytotoxic responses in infectious bursal disease virus infected chickens. Results Immunol 2012; 2:112-9. [PMID: 24371574 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a highly contagious disease of chickens which leads to immunosuppression. In our previous study it was demonstrated that, possibly, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells may employ perforin and granzyme-A pathway for the clearance of IBDV-infected bursal cells. In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxic T cell responses involving two independently functioning but complementary mechanisms: Fas-Fas ligand and perforin-granzyme pathways in IBDV-infected chickens. As demonstrated previously, infection of chickens with IBDV was accompanied by influx of CD8(+) T cells in the bursa and spleen. There was an upregulation in the gene expression of cytolytic molecules: Fas and Fas ligand (FasL), perforin (PFN) and granzyme-A (Gzm-A) in bursal and in the splenic tissues of IBDV inoculated chickens. Additionally, for the first time, we detected Fas, Fas ligand, Caspase-3 and PFN producing CD8(+) T cells in the bursa and spleen of IBDV-infected chickens. The infiltration and activation of CD8(+) T cells was substantiated by the detection of Th1 cytokine, IFN-γ. These data suggest that T cells may be involved in the clearance of virus from the target organ bursa and peripheral tissues such as spleen. The findings of these studies provide new insights into the pathogenesis of IBD and provide mechanistic evidence that the cytotoxic T cells may act through both Fas-FasL and perforin-granzyme pathways in mediating the clearance of virus-infected cells.
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Key Words
- Bursa of Fabricius, BF
- Classical Infectious Bursal Disease Virus, cIBDV
- Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes, CTLs
- Cytotoxic T cells
- Fas Ligand, FasL
- Fas–FasL
- Gamma Interferon, IFN-γ
- Granzyme
- Granzyme, Gzm
- IBDV
- Perforin
- Perforin, PFN
- Post Inoculation Days, PIDs
- Quantitative RT-PCR, qRT-PCR
- Tumor Necrosis Factor, TNF
- Virus clearance
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rauf
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
| | - Mahesh Khatri
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
| | - Maria V Murgia
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, United States ; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yehia M Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, United States ; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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27
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Zhu P, Chen YF, Li D, Chen XP. Relationship between acute rejection after heart transplantation and protein expression of perforin and granzyme B. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2007; 15:3289-3293. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v15.i31.3289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between acute rejection after heart transplantation and protein expression of perforin and granzyme B in organ recipients.
METHODS: All ventral heterotopic cardiac transplantation models were divided into three groups: rejection, treated, and isograft (20 recipients in each). Mean survival time (MST), histopathological changes, and protein expression of perforin and granzyme B in spleen lymphocytes were measured by Western blotting. Immunofluorescence techniques were used to determine the graft expression of perforin and granzyme B.
RESULTS: MST of heart allografts in the rejection and treated groups was 7.8 ± 0.77 d and 14.80 ± 1.01 d, respectively. Graft survival time in the isograft group was > 28 d, The differences between the three groups were statistically significant. The number of infiltrating cells in the rejection group, most of which were positive for perforin and granzyme B protein expression, was much higher than that in the other groups, as was the extent of the histopathological changes. Seven days after transplantation, compared with those in the treated group and isograft group, perforin protein expression in recipient spleen lymphocytes in the rejection group increased by 3.02-fold and 4.13-fold, while granzyme B protein expression increased by 3.44-fold and 2.50-fold, respectively.
CONCLUSION: Perforin and granzyme B can serve as a diagnostic index for acute rejection after transplantation.
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