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Ingrao F, Ngabirano E, Rauw F, Dauphin G, Lambrecht B. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a multivalent herpesvirus vectored vaccine against H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza in chicken. Vaccine 2024:S0264-410X(24)00452-3. [PMID: 38641498 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The application of recombinant herpesvirus of turkey, expressing the H9 hemagglutinin gene from low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) H9N2 and the avian orthoavulavirus-1 (AOAV-1) (commonly known as Newcastle Disease virus (NDV)) fusion protein (F) as an rHVT-H9-F vaccine, is an alternative to currently used classical vaccines. This study investigated H9- and ND-specific humoral and mucosal responses, H9-specific cell-mediated immunity, and protection conferred by the rHVT-H9-F vaccine in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. Vaccination elicited systemic NDV F- and AIV H9-specific antibody response but also local antibodies in eye wash fluid and oropharyngeal swabs. The ex vivo H9-specific stimulation of splenic and pulmonary T cells in the vaccinated group demonstrated the ability of vaccination to induce systemic and local cellular responses. The clinical protection against a challenge using a LPAIV H9N2 strain of the G1 lineage isolated in Morocco in 2016 was associated with a shorter duration of shedding along with reduced viral genome load in the upper respiratory tract and reduced cloacal shedding compared to unvaccinated controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Ingrao
- Service of Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Eva Ngabirano
- Service of Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Rauw
- Service of Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gwenaëlle Dauphin
- Ceva Santé Animale, 10 Avenue de la Ballastière, 33500 Libourne, France
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Kegele Lignani L, de Vasconcellos Carvalhaes de Oliveira R, Matos Dos Santos E, Antonio Bastos Camacho L, Reis Xavier J, Regina da Silva E Sá G, Mendonça Siqueira M, Marques Vieira da Silva A, Gil Melgaço J, Dos Santos Alves N, de Lourdes de Sousa Maia M, Caetano Prates Melo E. Neutralizing antibody titers against D8 genotype and persistence of measles humoral and cell-mediated immunity eight years after the first dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine in Brazilian children. Vaccine 2024; 42:2065-2071. [PMID: 38413280 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assess the level of measles vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies against the D8 genotype and the persistence of humoral and cell-mediated immunity in children who received their first dose of the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine eight years previously. METHODS Measles-specific IgG and neutralizing antibodies were determined in serum using ELISA and plaque reduction neutralization test, respectively. Cellular response was evaluated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). IFN-γ-secreting cells, memory B and T cells, and immunological mediators were assayed by ELISpot, flow cytometry, and multiplex liquid microarray assay, respectively. RESULTS Antibody concentrations declined over time; however, the vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies' effect against D8 and vaccinal genotypes persisted. PBMC stimulated with the vaccine virus exhibited specific IFN- γ-measles-secreting responses in most participants. Participants with high levels of neutralizing antibodies showed a higher proportion of activated B cells compared to participants with low levels of neutralizing antibodies, while proportions of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were similar between these groups. PBMC supernatant cytokine levels showed a significant difference between stimulated and non-stimulated conditions for IL-2, TNF-α, IL-10, and CXCL10. CONCLUSION Despite the decline in antibody concentrations over time, the participants still demonstrated neutralizing capacity against the measles D8 genotype five to eight years after the second dose of the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. Additionally, most of the enrolled children exhibited cell-mediated immunity responses to measles virus stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Kegele Lignani
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21041-250 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Eliane Matos Dos Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21041-250 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Bastos Camacho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Janaína Reis Xavier
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21041-250 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gloria Regina da Silva E Sá
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Rua Professor Gabizo, 264, 3° andar, Tijuca, CEP 20271-062 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marilda Mendonça Siqueira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Exantemáticos, Enterovírus e Emergências Virais, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21041-250 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andréa Marques Vieira da Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21041-250 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Gil Melgaço
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21041-250 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Dos Santos Alves
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21041-250 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes de Sousa Maia
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21041-250 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Enirtes Caetano Prates Melo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Idoko ND, Chukwuma IF, Nworah FN, Mba SE, Joshua PE, Nwodo OFC, Abusudah WF, Almohmadi NH, de Waard M. Immunomodulatory effects of epiphytic Loranthus micranthus leaf extracts collected from two host plants: Psidium guajava and Parkia biglobosa. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:7. [PMID: 38166988 PMCID: PMC10759741 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunological abnormalities are implicated in the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases. Due to the drug-related adverse effects of currently available orthodox immunomodulators, natural immunomodulators are being looked upon as potential agents to replace them in therapeutic regimens. This research aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory potential of L. micranthus extracts epiphytic on Psidium guajava (LMPGE) and Parkia biglobosa (LMPBE). METHODS Phytochemical screening and acute toxicity testing were carried out to identify the phytoconstituents and safety profiles of the extracts. The extracts' innate and adaptive immunomodulatory potentials were determined in experimental animals using in vivo leucocyte mobilization, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, hemagglutination antibody titre, and cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression models. Levamisole was used as the standard drug throughout the study. RESULTS Compared to LMPBE, LMPGE contained significantly (p < 0.05) more tannins, cyanogenic glycosides, saponins, reducing sugars, glycosides, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Furthermore, the groups treated with the extracts had a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the total number of leucocytes, neutrophils, basophils, and antibody titers relative to the untreated control. In the same way, the treatment raised TLC in cyclophosphamide-intoxicated rats, with 250 mg/kg b. w. of LMPGE and LMPBE recording 9712.50 ± 178.00 and 8000.00 ± 105.00 × 109 /L, respectively, compared to 3425.00 ± 2 5.00 × 109 /L in the untreated group. Overall, LMPGE was more effective. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study suggest that L. micranthus epiphytic in Psidium guajava and Parkia biglobosa has possible immune stimulating potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngozi Dorathy Idoko
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ifeoma Felicia Chukwuma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
| | - Florence Nkechi Nworah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | | | - Parker Elijah Joshua
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Okwesilieze Fred Chiletugo Nwodo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Wafaa Fouzi Abusudah
- Clinical Nutrition Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, UMM AL-QURA University, Makkah, 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najlaa Hamed Almohmadi
- Clinical Nutrition Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, UMM AL-QURA University, Makkah, 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michel de Waard
- Smartox Biotechnology, 6 rue des Platanes, 38120, Saint-Egrève, France
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Univ nantes, F-44007, Nantes, France
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, LabEx «Ion Channels, Science & Therapeutics, F-06560, Valbonne, France
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Dapporto F, De Tommaso D, Marrocco C, Piu P, Semplici C, Fantoni G, Ferrigno I, Piccini G, Monti M, Vanni F, Razzano I, Manini I, Montomoli E, Manenti A. Validation of a double-color ELISpot assay of IFN-γ and IL-4 production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Immunol Methods 2024; 524:113588. [PMID: 38040193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot (ELISpot) assay detects cytokines secreted during T cell-specific immune responses against pathogens. As this assay has acquired importance in the clinical setting, standard bioanalytical evaluation of this method is required. Here, we describe a formal bioanalytical validation of a double-color ELISpot assay for the evaluation of IFN-γ and IL-4 released by T helper 1 and T helper 2 cells, respectively. As recommended by international guidelines, the parameters assessed were: range and detection limits (limit of detection, LOD; upper and lower limit of quantification, ULOQ and LLOQ), Linearity, Relative Accuracy, Repeatability, Intermediate Precision, Specificity and Robustness. The results obtained in this validation study demonstrate that this assay meets the established acceptability criteria. ELISpot is therefore a reliable technique for measuring T cell-specific immune responses against various antigens of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Camilla Marrocco
- VisMederi S.r.l., Via Franco Ferrini, 53, 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy
| | - Pietro Piu
- VisMederi S.r.l., Via Franco Ferrini, 53, 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy
| | - Claudia Semplici
- VisMederi S.r.l., Via Franco Ferrini, 53, 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy
| | - Giulia Fantoni
- VisMederi S.r.l., Via Franco Ferrini, 53, 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy; Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Banchi di Sotto, 55, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Ferrigno
- VisMederi S.r.l., Via Franco Ferrini, 53, 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy
| | - Giulia Piccini
- VisMederi S.r.l., Via Franco Ferrini, 53, 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy
| | - Martina Monti
- VisMederi S.r.l., Via Franco Ferrini, 53, 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy
| | - Francesca Vanni
- VisMederi S.r.l., Via Franco Ferrini, 53, 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Razzano
- VisMederi S.r.l., Via Franco Ferrini, 53, 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy
| | - Ilaria Manini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Banchi di Sotto, 55, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi S.r.l., Via Franco Ferrini, 53, 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy; Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Banchi di Sotto, 55, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Malik JA, Kaur G, Agrewala JN. Revolutionizing medicine with toll-like receptors: A path to strengthening cellular immunity. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127252. [PMID: 37802429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors play a vital role in cell-mediated immunity, which is crucial for the immune system's defense against pathogens and maintenance of homeostasis. The interaction between toll-like-receptor response and cell-mediated immunity is complex and essential for effectively eliminating pathogens and maintaining immune surveillance. In addition to pathogen recognition, toll-like receptors serve as adjuvants in vaccines, as molecular sensors, and recognize specific patterns associated with pathogens and danger signals. Incorporating toll-like receptor ligands into vaccines can enhance the immune response to antigens, making them potent adjuvants. Furthermore, they bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems and improve antigen-presenting cells' capacity to process and present antigens to T cells. The intricate signaling pathways and cross-talk between toll-like-receptor and T cell receptor (TCR) signaling emphasize their pivotal role in orchestrating effective immune responses against pathogens, thus facilitating the development of innovative vaccine strategies. This article provides an overview of the current understanding of toll-like receptor response and explores their potential clinical applications. By unraveling the complex mechanisms of toll-like-receptor signaling, we can gain novel insights into immune responses and potentially develop innovative therapeutic approaches. Ongoing investigations into the toll-like-receptor response hold promise in the future in enhancing our ability to combat infections, design effective vaccines, and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonaid Ahmad Malik
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Punjab 140001, India; Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, Punjab 140055, India
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Punjab 140001, India.
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Waerlop G, Leroux-Roels G, Pagnon A, Begue S, Salaun B, Janssens M, Medaglini D, Pettini E, Montomoli E, Gianchecchi E, Lambe T, Godfrey L, Bull M, Bellamy D, Amdam H, Bredholt G, Cox RJ, Clement F. Proficiency tests to evaluate the impact on assay outcomes of harmonized influenza-specific Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS) and IFN-ɣ Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot (ELISpot) protocols. J Immunol Methods 2023; 523:113584. [PMID: 37918618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude and quality of cell-mediated immune responses elicited by natural infection or vaccination are commonly measured by Interferon-ɣ (IFN-ɣ) Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot (ELISpot) and Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS). To date, laboratories apply a variety of in-house procedures which leads to diverging results, complicates interlaboratory comparisons and hampers vaccine evaluations. During the FLUCOP project, efforts have been made to develop harmonized Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for influenza-specific IFN-ɣ ELISpot and ICS assays. Exploratory pilot studies provided information about the interlaboratory variation before harmonization efforts were initiated. Here we report the results of two proficiency tests organized to evaluate the impact of the harmonization effort on assay results and the performance of participating FLUCOP partners. The introduction of the IFN-ɣ ELISpot SOP reduced variation of both background and stimulated responses. Post-harmonization background responses were all lower than an arbitrary threshold of 50 SFU/million cells. When stimulated with A/California and B/Phuket, a statistically significant reduction in variation (p < 0.0001) was observed and CV values were strongly reduced, from 148% to 77% for A/California and from 126% to 73% for B/Phuket. The harmonizing effect of applying an ICS SOP was also confirmed by an increased homogeneity of data obtained by the individual labs. The application of acceptance criteria on cell viability and background responses further enhanced the data homogeneity. Finally, as the same set of samples was analyzed by both the IFN-ɣ ELISpot and the ICS assays, a method comparison was performed. A clear correlation between the two methods was observed, but they cannot be considered interchangeable. In conclusion, proficiency tests show that a limited harmonization effort consisting of the introduction of SOPs and the use of the same in vitro stimulating antigens leads to a reduction of the interlaboratory variation of IFN-ɣ ELISpot data and demonstrate that substantial improvements for the ICS assay are achieved as comparable laboratory datasets could be generated. Additional steps to further reduce the interlaboratory variation of ICS data can consist of standardized gating templates and detailed data reporting instructions as well as further efforts to harmonize reagent and instrument use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenn Waerlop
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Geert Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anke Pagnon
- Sanofi, Research Global Immunology, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Sarah Begue
- Sanofi, Research Global Immunology, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | | | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Pettini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; VisMederi srl, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Teresa Lambe
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Leila Godfrey
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Maireid Bull
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Bellamy
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Håkon Amdam
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Geir Bredholt
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Rebecca Jane Cox
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Frédéric Clement
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Hongtu Q, BoLi L, Jianguo C, Shusheng P, Ming M. Immunogenicity of rabies virus G mRNA formulated with lipid nanoparticles and nucleic acid immunostimulators in mice. Vaccine 2023; 41:7129-7137. [PMID: 37866995 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Rabies is a preventable zoonotic disease caused by rabies virus (RABV) with high mortality. Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have opened up new avenues for vaccine development and pandemic preparedness with potent scalability, which may overcome the only licensed rabies inactived vaccine' shortcoming of time and cost wasting. Here, we designed an RABV mRNA vaccines expressed RABV G protein and capsulated with lipid nanoparticle (LNP) and different nucleic acid immunostimulator (CPG 1018, CPG 2395 and Poly I:C) and then assessed the immunogenicity and protective capacity in mice. While RABV mRNA capsulated with LNP and CPG 1018 could induce more potent humoral response with highest and durable RABV-G specific IgG titers and virus neutralizing titers, but also induced stronger RABV G-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) responses, including the highest proportions of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)- producing CD4+/CD8 + T cells according to a flow cytometry assay in mice. In addition, in the pre- and post-exposure challenge assays, LNP + CPG 1018 capsulated RABV G mRNA induced 100 % protection against 25 LD50 of RABV infection with highest inhibition efficacy of viral replication with the decreased virus genome detected by qRT-PCR. These results showed that RABV G mRNA capsulated with LNP immune-stimulating nucleic acids CPG 1018 showed promise as a safe and economical rabies vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Hongtu
- Scientific Research Department, Chengdu Qingbaijiang District People's Hospital, Chengdu, China.
| | - Liu BoLi
- Emergency Department, Chengdu Qingbaijiang District People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Jianguo
- Medical Laboratory, Chengdu Qingbaijiang District People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Shusheng
- Medical Laboratory, Chengdu Qingbaijiang District People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Ming
- Medical Laboratory, Chengdu Qingbaijiang District People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Yamada N, Kaneko M, Yang L, Matsuzawa S, Minematsu T, Kodama Y. Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to human cytomegalovirus in pregnant women with vertically transmitted infection following primary infection: A case report. J Infect Chemother 2023; 29:1071-1074. [PMID: 37451620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the major cause of neurological sequelae in infants. Immune control of primary HCMV infection appears to depend on the interaction between humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. We report the case of an HCMV-transmitter mother observed with dissociation between humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. The patient had immunoglobulin (Ig) G and M positivity at 11 weeks of gestation and showed fetal hyperechoic bowel and minimal ascites at 21 weeks of gestation. At 25 weeks of gestation, the polymerase chain reaction result for HCMV using amniotic fluid was positive. The numbers of spots in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay at 25, 36, and 39 weeks of gestation were three, five, and six spots/2 × 105 peripheral blood mononuclear cells, respectively. Furthermore, IgG avidity indexes (AIs) at 21, 25, 36, and 39 weeks of gestation were 37.6, 49.7, 72.5, and 74.3, respectively. At 40+1 weeks of gestation, the patient delivered a symptomatic infected newborn with a weight of 2,384 g (-2.6 SD) and a head circumference of 30 cm (-2.6 SD). The neonate had a petechial rash and bilateral hearing loss although did not show liver dysfunction or thrombocytopenia. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging revealed mild ventriculomegaly, left lateral/parietal polymicrogyria, and a punctate white matter lesion. This case showed that IgG AI increased with increasing gestational age, whereas the numbers of spots in the ELISPOT assay had no change. The dissociation between humoral and cell-mediated immune responses may be characteristic of the immune response of a transmitter mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoshi Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
| | - Masatoki Kaneko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan; Graduate School of Nursing Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Matsuzawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
| | - Toshio Minematsu
- Aisenkai Nichinan Hospital, 3649-2 Kazeda, Nichinan, Miyazaki, 887-0034, Japan.
| | - Yuki Kodama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
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Bela-Ong DB, Thompson KD, Kim HJ, Park SB, Jung TS. CD4 + T lymphocyte responses to viruses and virus-relevant stimuli in teleost fish. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023; 142:109007. [PMID: 37625734 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Fish diseases caused by viruses are a major threat to aquaculture. Development of disease protection strategies for sustainable fish aquaculture requires a better understanding of the immune mechanisms involved in antiviral defence. The innate and adaptive arms of the vertebrate immune system collaborate to mount an effective defence against viral pathogens. The T lymphocyte components of the adaptive immune system, comprising two major classes (helper T, Th or CD4+ and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CTLs or CD8+ T cells), are responsible for cell-mediated immune responses. In particular, CD4+ T cells and their different subsets orchestrate the actions of various other immune cells during immune responses, making CD4+ T cells central drivers of responses to pathogens and vaccines. CD4+ T cells are also present in teleost fish. Here we review the literature that reported the use of antibodies against CD4 in a few teleost fish species and transcription profiling of Th cell-relevant genes in the context of viral infections and virus-relevant immunomodulation. Studies reveal massive CD4+ T cell proliferation and expression of key cytokines, transcription factors, and effector molecules that evoke mammalian Th cell responses. We also discuss gaps in the current understanding and evaluation of teleost CD4+ T cell responses and how development and application of novel tools and approaches to interrogate such responses could bridge these gaps. A greater understanding of fish Th cell responses will further illuminate the evolution of vertebrate adaptive immunity, inform strategies to address viral infections in aquaculture, and could further foster fish as model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Berbulla Bela-Ong
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Hyoung Jun Kim
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for VHS, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Bin Park
- Coastal Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Pascagula, MS, 39567, USA
| | - Tae Sung Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Valdes I, Gil L, Lazo L, Cobas K, Romero Y, Bruno A, Suzarte E, Pérez Y, Cabrales A, Ramos Y, Hermida L, Guillén G. Recombinant protein based on domain III and capsid regions of zika virus induces humoral and cellular immune response in immunocompetent BALB/c mice. Vaccine 2023; 41:5892-5900. [PMID: 37599141 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus infection continues to be a global concern for human health due to the high-risk association of the disease with neurological disorders and microcephaly in newborn. Nowadays, no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment is available, and the development of safe and effective vaccines is yet a challenge. In this study, we obtained a novel subunit vaccine that combines two regions of zika genome, domain III of the envelope and the capsid, in a chimeric protein in E. coli bacteria. The recombinant protein was characterized with polyclonal anti-ZIKV and anti-DENV antibodies that corroborate the specificity of the molecule. In addition, the PBMC from zika-immune donors stimulated with the ZEC recombinant antigen showed the capacity to recall the memory T cell response previously generated by the natural infection. The chimeric protein ZEC was able to self-assemble after combination with an immunomodulatory specific oligonucleotide to form aggregates. The inoculation of BALB/c mice with ZEC aggregated and not aggregated form of the protein showed a similar humoral immune response, although the aggregated variant induced more cell-mediated immunity evaluated by in vitro IFNγ secretion. In this study, we propose a novel vaccine candidate against the zika disease based on a recombinant protein that can stimulate both arms of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Valdes
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Avenue 31, Playa, P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba.
| | - Lázaro Gil
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Avenue 31, Playa, P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Laura Lazo
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Avenue 31, Playa, P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Karem Cobas
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Avenue 31, Playa, P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Yaremis Romero
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Avenue 31, Playa, P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Andy Bruno
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Avenue 31, Playa, P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Edith Suzarte
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Avenue 31, Playa, P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Yusleidi Pérez
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Avenue 31, Playa, P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Ania Cabrales
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Avenue 31, Playa, P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Yassel Ramos
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Avenue 31, Playa, P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Lisset Hermida
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Avenue 31, Playa, P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Gerardo Guillén
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Avenue 31, Playa, P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
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11
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Ramzan MS, Suleman M, Rashid MI, Akbar H, Avais M. Comparative evaluation of cell-mediated immune response in calves immunized with live-attenuated and killed Theileria annulata vaccines. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2135-2145. [PMID: 37466666 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07912-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Tropical theileriosis is a tick-borne disease caused by the protozoan Theileria annulata and transmitted by numerous species of Ixodid ticks of the genus Hyalomma. The main clinical signs are fever, lymphadenopathy, and anemia responsible for heavy economic losses, including mortality, morbidity, vaccination failure, and treatment cost. Development of poor cell-mediated immunity (CMI) has been observed in the case of many bovine pathogens (bacteria, viruses, and parasites). Quantification of CMI is a prerequisite for evaluating vaccine efficacy against theileriosis caused by T. annulata. The current study evaluated the CMI in calves administered with two types of T. annulata vaccine (live attenuated and killed). We prepared a live attenuated T. annulata vaccine by attenuation in a rabbit model and also prepared killed vaccine from non-attenuated T. annulata. For the evaluation of immune response in experimental groups including control, 20 calves were divided into four different groups (A, B, C, and D). They were either inoculated subcutaneously with live rabbit-propagated-Theileria-infected RBCs (5 × 106) (group A) or with killed T. annulata vaccine (2 × 109 schizonts) with Freund's adjuvant (group B), along with an infected group (group C) and a healthy control group (group D). The protection of vaccinated calves was estimated with challenge infection. Our results showed that with a single shot of live-attenuated and killed vaccine with a booster dose elicited cell-mediated immune responses in immunized calves. We observed a significant elevation in CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in immunized calves. A significant difference in the CD8 + T cell response between the post-challenge stage of killed and live vaccine (p < 0.0001) was observed, whereas no other difference was found at both pre- and post-immunization stages. A similar finding was recorded for the CD4 + T cells at a post-challenge stage, where a significant difference was seen between killed and live vaccine (p < 0.0001). Another significant difference was observed between the CD8 + T cells and CD4 + T cells at the post-challenge stage in the live vaccine group, where there was a significantly higher induction of CD4 + T cell response (p < 0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sajid Ramzan
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Suleman
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Imran Rashid
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54200, Pakistan.
| | - Haroon Akbar
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Avais
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
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Suwankitwat N, Bhakha K, Molee L, Songkasupa T, Puangjinda K, Chamchoy T, Arjkumpa O, Nuansrichay B, Srisomrun S, Pongphitcha P, Lekcharoensuk P, Arunvipas P. Long-term monitoring of immune response to recombinant lumpy skin disease virus in dairy cattle from small-household farms in western Thailand. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 99:102008. [PMID: 37467568 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) was firstly reported in Thailand in 2021 which affected the cattle industry. However, there is limited information on the immune response of LSDV infection in Thailand where recombinant vaccine strain circulated. The aim of this research was to study the duration of LSD immune response of subclinical and clinical animals after natural infection in dairy cattle. Sixty-six dairy cattle from ten farms in central and western regions of Thailand were investigated. Antibody was detected by virus neutralization test and ELISA. Cell mediated immunity (CMI)-related cytokine gene expressions were evaluated. Antibody was detected until at least 15 months after the noticeable symptom. Cattle with subclinical disease had lower antibody levels compared to animals which had clinical disease. IFN-γ and TNF-α levels were increased, while IL-10 level was decreased in the infected animals compared to the controls. This study elucidated immune responses in dairy cattle herd affected by recombinant LSDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutthakarn Suwankitwat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bangkhen campus, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Virology section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Kultyarat Bhakha
- Virology section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Lamul Molee
- Virology section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Tapanut Songkasupa
- Virology section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Kanokwan Puangjinda
- Virology section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Tapakorn Chamchoy
- Epidemiology section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Orapun Arjkumpa
- The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen 40260, Thailand.
| | - Bandit Nuansrichay
- Virology section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Smit Srisomrun
- Bovine Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.
| | - Phitcha Pongphitcha
- Bovine Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bangkhen campus, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Pipat Arunvipas
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.
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Sokolnikova Y, Mokrina M, Magarlamov T, Grinchenko A, Kumeiko V. Specification of hemocyte subpopulations based on immune-related activities and the production of the agglutinin MkC1qDC in the bivalve Modiolus kurilensis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15577. [PMID: 37151667 PMCID: PMC10161718 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bivalves, such as Modiolus are used as indicator organisms to monitor the state of the marine environment. Even though hemocytes are known to play a key role in the adaptive and protective mechanisms of bivalves, these cells are poorly studied in horse-mussel Modiolus kurilensis. In this paper, we present classification of horse-mussel hemocytes based on their immune functions, including the production of specific immune-related molecules, as well as their morphological composition after isolation by density gradient centrifugation. An effective fractionation protocol was adapted to separate four hemocyte subpopulations with distinct morphofunctional profiles. First subpopulation consisted of small under-differentiated hemoblasts (2.20 ± 0.85%) with a bromodeoxyuridine positive nucleus, and did not show any immune reactivity. Second was represented by agranulocytes (24.11 ± 2.40%), with evenly filled cytoplasm containing a well-developed protein-synthesizing apparatus, polysomes, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, and positively stained for myeloperoxidase, acidic proteins, glycogen and neutral polysaccharides. Third subpopulation consisted of eosinophilic granulocytes (62.64 ± 9.32%) that contained the largest number of lysosomes, peroxisomes and vesicles with contents of different density, and showed the highest phosphatase, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phagocytic activities. Lastly, fourth group, basophilic granulocytes (14.21 ± 0.34%), are main producers of lectin-like protein MkC1qDC, recently discovered in M. kurilensis and characterized by pronounced antibacterial and anticancer activity. These cells characterized by intracytoplasmic of the MkC1qDC localization, forming granule-like bodies visualized with specific antibody. Both granulocytes and agranulocytes showed phagocytic activity and ROS production, and these reactions were more pronounced for eosinophilic granulocytes, suggesting that this group is the key element of the cell-mediated immune response of M. kurilensis. Our results support a concept of bivalve's hemocyte specification with distinct phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Sokolnikova
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
- Corresponding author. A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, FEB RAS, 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Mariia Mokrina
- Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
- Far Eastern Federal University, 690922, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Timur Magarlamov
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey Grinchenko
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
- Far Eastern Federal University, 690922, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim Kumeiko
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
- Far Eastern Federal University, 690922, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
- Corresponding author. Far Eastern Federal University, 690922, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
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14
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Buntinx E, Brochado L, Borja-Tabora C, Yu CY, Alberto ER, Montellano MEB, Carlos JC, Toloza LB, Hites M, Siber G, Clemens R, Ambrosino D, Qin H, Chen HL, Han HH, Hu B, Li P, Baccarini C, Smolenov I. Immunogenicity of an adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 trimeric S-protein subunit vaccine (SCB-2019) in SARS-CoV-2-naïve and exposed individuals in a phase 2/3, double-blind, randomized study. Vaccine 2023; 41:1875-1884. [PMID: 36781334 PMCID: PMC9910015 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated immunogenicity of SCB-2019, a subunit vaccine candidate containing a pre-fusion trimeric form of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S)-protein adjuvanted with CpG-1018/alum. METHODS The phase 2/3, double-blind, randomized SPECTRA trial was conducted in five countries in participants aged ≥ 18 years, either SARS-CoV-2-naïve or previously exposed. Participants were randomly assigned to receive two doses of SCB-2019 or placebo administered intramuscularly 21 days apart. In the phase 2 part of the study, on days 1, 22, and 36, neutralizing antibodies were measured by pseudovirus and wild-type virus neutralization assays to SARS-CoV-2 prototype and variants, and ACE2-receptor-binding antibodies and SCB-2019-binding antibodies were measured by ELISA. Cell-mediated immunity was measured by intracellular cytokine staining via flow cytometry. RESULTS 1601 individuals were enrolled between 24 March and 13 September 2021 and received at least one vaccine dose. Immunogenicity analysis was conducted in a phase 2 subset of 691 participants, including 428 SARS-CoV-2-naïve (381 vaccine and 47 placebo recipients) and 263 SARS-CoV-2-exposed (235 vaccine and 28 placebo recipients). In SARS-CoV-2-naïve participants, GMTs of neutralizing antibodies against prototype virus increased 2 weeks post-second dose (day 36) compared to baseline (224 vs 12.7 IU/mL). Seroconversion rate was 82.5 %. In SARS-CoV-2-exposed participants, one SCB-2019 dose increased GMT of neutralizing antibodies by 48.3-fold (1276.1 IU/mL on day 22) compared to baseline. Seroconversion rate was 92.4 %. Increase was marginal post-second dose. SCB-2019 also showed cross-neutralization capability against nine variants, including Omicron, in SARS-CoV-2-exposed participants at day 36. SCB-2019 stimulated Th1-biased cell-mediated immunity to the S-protein in both naïve and exposed participants. The vaccine was well tolerated, no safety concerns were raised from the study. CONCLUSIONS A single dose of SCB-2019 was immunogenic in SARS-CoV-2-exposed individuals, whereas two doses were required to induce immune response in SARS-CoV-2-naïve individuals. SCB-2019 elicited a cross-neutralizing response against emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants at antibody levels associated with clinical protection, underlining its potential as a booster. CLINICALTRIALS gov: NCT04672395; EudraCT: 2020-004272-17.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Charles Y. Yu
- De La Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute, Cavite City, Philippines
| | | | | | - Josefina C. Carlos
- University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | | | - Maya Hites
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Cliniques universitaires de Bruxelles Hôpital Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | | | - Ralf Clemens
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Branda Hu
- Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ping Li
- Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, USA
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Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. Inborn Errors of Immunity and Worries During the Monkeypox Outbreak. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28644. [PMID: 36890628 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are disorders characterized by the impaired development and functioning of the immune system components. These errors can affect cellular immunity, humoral immunity, or both, predisposing patients to localized and systemic manifestations (for the most recent update on the classification of IEI, see [1](#ref-0001)). Among various signs and symptoms, increased susceptibility to infections and autoimmune and inflammatory conditions with a high tendency to involve the skin, lungs, and gut are most-documented. With the re-emergence of the monkeypox (MPX) outbreak in 2022 and a new picture that it has presented, i.e., the global spread of the disease and the high prevalence in patients with human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV) [2](#ref-0002), worries are increasing about the possible threat of monkeypox virus (MPXV) to affect patients with IEI. As of November 04, 2022, 109 countries reported a total of more than 78,000 MPXV-infected cases, with a death rate of about 0.01% [3](#ref-0003). During this outbreak, males who have sex with other males (MSM) have constituted the majority of the MPXV-infected population [4,5](#ref-0004). Moreover, people with HIV account for about 40% of this population and exhibit a more severe disease course, as represented in the higher need for hospitalization [6](#ref-0006). To date, no infection with MPXV has been reported in patients with IEI; however, high susceptibility of immunocompromised people to this infection is alarming for people with IEI and their caregivers. Below address a few important questions concerning patients with IEI during this outbreak. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amene Saghazadeh
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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16
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Otuka H, Sato R. Serotonin- and eicosanoid-dependent rapid hemocyte aggregation in the hemolymph is the first step in nodule formation in Bombyx mori larvae. J Insect Physiol 2023; 145:104486. [PMID: 36669557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nodule formation is a well-known process in cellular immunity of insects. However, few studies have investigated the role of hemocytes in rapid aggregation before tissue adhesion. In addition, since nodule formation is usually elicited by injecting large quantities of microbes, it remains unclear whether nodule formation is a natural response. The present study addressed these issues. A small number of nodules adhered to the dorsal vessels 1 min after Saccharomyces cerevisiae injection, while numerous aggregates of hemocytes and S. cerevisiae cells were observed in the hemolymph. The aggregate number decreased sharply after 5 min, corresponding to a rapid increase in the number of nodules. This suggests that aggregates formed in the hemolymph in response to S. cerevisiae injection eventually attached to the tissues. Nodules were induced using conditions that do not occur in nature, i.e., injection of nearly 2,000,000 S. cerevisiae cells. However, many aggregates contained only one S. cerevisiae cell, suggesting that aggregate formation can begin with the invasion of a single cell and that nodule formation is not an unnatural response. Biosynthesis inhibitors of serotonin (5-HT) and eicosanoids inhibited aggregate and nodule formation. In addition, injection of 5-HT and prostaglandin E2 induced hemocyte aggregation within 1 min in the hemolymph, along with hemocytin release. This suggested that 5-HT and eicosanoids induce rapid aggregation in response to invading microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinata Otuka
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Ryoichi Sato
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan.
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17
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Moetlhoa B, Tjale M, Pretorius A, Hayeshi R, Grobler A, Mokoena NB. Rift Valley Fever vaccine strategies: Enhanced stability of RVF Clone 13. Vaccine 2023; 41:1050-1058. [PMID: 36593173 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) causes the zoonotic RVF disease, which results in substantial economic losses in livestock industries. Regular vaccination of livestock against RVF is necessary to generate long-term immunity and avoid the loss of livestock. The live attenuated vaccine based on Clone 13 virus strain has been used to reduce the negative impact of RVF disease. The vaccine strain is heat labile and requires stringent conditions for storage and handling. This research evaluated lactose and sucrose-based stabilizers coupled with lyophilisation to enhance stability of the RVF Clone 13 vaccine strain. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the sucrose-RVF vaccine was 97.0 °C with average residual moisture of below 2 %. The lactose formulation was characterised with Tg of 83.5 °C and residual moisture of above 2 %. The RVF Clone 13 sucrose-based formulation maintained higher antigen titres during lyophilisation compared to the lactose-formulated vaccine. Cellular-mediated and humoral immunity was evaluated and compared for the two newly formulated vaccines. Pheroid® technology was also investigated as a potential adjuvant and its ability to further enhance the immunogenicity conferred by the RVF Clone 13 vaccine formulations in Merino sheep. No adverse reactions were observed following injection of the vaccine formulations in mice, guinea pigs and Merino sheep. Comparable protective humoral immune responses against RVF were obtained for all animals vaccinated with the lactose and sucrose-based stabilisers with and without the Pheroid® adjuvant. No proliferation of CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells as well as expression of IFN-γ was observed for all animals group vaccinated with Pheroid® only. Specific CD8+ IFN-γ+T-cells were expressed at higher levels compared to the CD4+ IFN-γ+T-cells in the RVF Clone 13 vaccines, suggesting that cellular immunity against RVF is through the Class I antigen presentation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boitumelo Moetlhoa
- Onderstepoort Biological Products (OBP) SOC Ltd, 100 Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; DSI/NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform (PCDDP), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Mabotse Tjale
- Onderstepoort Biological Products (OBP) SOC Ltd, 100 Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Biophotonics, National Laser Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Meiring Naudé Road Brummeria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Alri Pretorius
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research (OVR), 100 Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Rose Hayeshi
- DSI/NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform (PCDDP), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Anne Grobler
- DSI/NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform (PCDDP), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Nobalanda B Mokoena
- Onderstepoort Biological Products (OBP) SOC Ltd, 100 Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
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18
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Jamshidi E, Asgary A, Shafiekhani P, Khajeamiri Y, Mohamed K, Esmaily H, Jamal Rahi S, Mansouri N. Longevity of immunity following COVID-19 vaccination: a comprehensive review of the currently approved vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2037384. [PMID: 35417285 PMCID: PMC9115789 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2037384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unknown how long the immunity following COVID-19 vaccination lasts. The current systematic review provides a perspective on the persistence of various antibodies for available vaccines.Both the BNT162b2 and the mRNA-1273 induce the production of IgA antibodies, reflecting the possible prevention of the asymptomatic spread. The mRNA-1273 vaccine's antibodies were detectable until 6 months, followed by the AZD1222, 3 months, the Ad26.COV2.S and the BNT162b2 vaccines within 2 months.The BNT162b2 produced anti-spike IgGs 11 days after the first dose and peaked at day 21, whereas the AZD1222 induced a neutralizing effect 22 days after the first dose.These vaccines induce T-cell mediated immune responses too. Each one of the AZD1222, Ad26.COV2.S, mRNA-1273 mediates T-cell response immunity at days 14-22, 15, and 43 after the first dose, respectively. Whereas for the BNT162b1 and BNT162b2 vaccines, T-cell immunity is induced 7 days and 12 weeks after the booster dose, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Jamshidi
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Asgary
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paria Shafiekhani
- USERN office, Functional Neurosurgery Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Khajeamiri
- School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kawthar Mohamed
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Manama, Bahrain
| | - Hadi Esmaily
- School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahand Jamal Rahi
- Laboratory of the Physics of Biological Systems, Institute of Physics, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nahal Mansouri
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Research Group on Artificial Intelligence in Pulmonary Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Heldman MR, Aagaard KM, Hill JA. Assessing and restoring adaptive immunity to HSV, VZV, and HHV-6 in solid organ and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:1345-1350. [PMID: 35150885 PMCID: PMC9363517 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus (VZV), and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) cause severe infections in immunocompromised hosts. Interventions to optimize virus-specific adaptive immunity may have advantages over antivirals in the prophylaxis and treatment of these infections. OBJECTIVES We sought to review adaptive immune responses and methods for assessing and replenishing cellular and humoral immunity to HSV, VZV, and HHV-6 in solid organ transplant and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. SOURCES We searched PubMed for relevant studies on immune responses to HSV, VZV, and HHV-6 as well as studies describing methods for evaluating and restoring cell-mediated immunity to other double-stranded DNA viruses in transplant recipients. Recent studies, randomized controlled trials, and investigations highlighting key concepts in clinical virology were prioritized for inclusion. CONTENT We describe the mechanisms of adaptive immunity to HSV, VZV, and HHV-6 and limitations of antivirals as prophylaxis and treatment for these infections in solid organ transplant and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. We review methods for measuring and restoring cellular immunity to double-stranded DNA viruses; their potential applications to management of HSV, VZV, and HHV-6 in immunocompromised hosts; and barriers to clinical use. Vaccination and virus-specific T cell therapies are discussed in detail. IMPLICATIONS The growing repertoire of diagnostic and therapeutic techniques focused on virus-specific adaptive immunity provides a novel approach to management of viral infections in transplant recipients. Investigations to optimize such interventions specifically in HSV, VZV, and HHV-6 are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine R. Heldman
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kaja M. Aagaard
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua A. Hill
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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20
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Suzuki T, Tang S, Otuka H, Ito K, Sato R. Nodule formation in Bombyx mori larvae is regulated by BmToll10-3. J Insect Physiol 2022; 142:104441. [PMID: 36116535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nodule formation is a two-step cell-mediated immune response that is elicited by the cytokine spätzle1. Spätzle1 is activated within 30 s of invasion by microorganisms via an extracellular signaling pathway that consists of pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognition receptors, C-type lectins, and serine proteases. Here, we investigated a hemocyte molecule that is involved in eliciting the first step of nodule formation. BmToll10-3 was one of 14 Toll homologs identified in the silkworm Bombyx mori; it is an ortholog of Spodoptera exigua Toll. Previous research suggested that SeToll elicits nodule formation, but no evidence was presented to indicate whether SeToll elicited the first or second step of nodule formation. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining confirmed that BmToll10-3 is expressed in granulocytes. To determine whether BmToll10-3 is involved in eliciting the first step of nodule formation, we tested an antiserum raised against BmToll10-3 in a nodule formation assay. The antiserum strongly inhibited the first step of nodule formation in B. mori larvae. Next, we tried to knock out BmToll10-3 using genome editing. Strains that were heterozygous for a truncated BmToll10-3 allele were generated, but no strain that was homozygous for truncated BmToll10-3 was generated. Nonetheless, several healthy homozygous larvae were identified before pupation, and we used these larvae in a nodule formation assay. The larvae that were homozygous for truncated BmToll10-3 did not form nodules. These results suggest that BmToll10-3 is involved in a cellular immunity, nodule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Shuyi Tang
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hinata Otuka
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ito
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Sato
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
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21
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Idiz UO, Yurttas TT, Degirmencioglu S, Orhan B, Erdogan E, Sevik H, Sevinc MM. Immunophenotyping of lymphocytes and monocytes and the status of cytokines in the clinical course of Covid-19 patients. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4744-4753. [PMID: 35667877 PMCID: PMC9348494 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lymphopenia, T cell subgroup changes, and cytokine level differences are important in the early diagnosis and treatment of Covid 19 cases and similar pandemics. We aimed to investigate the T cell, monocyte subgroups, and cytokine differences according to disease severity. METHOD A total of 46 volunteers were included in the study. According to disease status, there were three groups (control, mild, severe). The age, gender, smoking status, temperature, heart rate and oxygen saturation, complete blood count, CRP was noted, and flow cytometric analyses were performed for T cell and monocyte subgroups, and cytokine levels. RESULTS Temperature, heart rate, SPO2, WBC, lympocyte count, trombocyte count, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, D-dimer and CRP levels, lymphocyte %, lymphocyte/monocyte rate, monocyte subtypes (%), CD3+ , CD4+ , CD8+ cell counts, IL-1β, TNF-alpha, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, IL-23 were significantly different between groups. CRP, IL-8, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, NK cells (%) have positive correlation and negative correlation was observed at lymphocyte (count), lymphocyte (%), lymphocyte/monocyte, classical monocyte (%), lymphocyte (count), CD3+ (count), CD4+ (count). CONCLUSION Lymphocyte (%), Lymphocyte (count), CRP levels, CD3+ and CD4+ cell counts strongly correlate with disease severity are valuable parameters for determining the prognoses of Covid-19. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Oguz Idiz
- Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul University, DETAE, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tahir Talat Yurttas
- Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of Emergency, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serife Degirmencioglu
- Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bagnu Orhan
- Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Erdogan
- Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Husnu Sevik
- Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mert Mahsuni Sevinc
- Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
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22
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Abstract
Dear Editor, we would like to share ideas on the publication "Public health concerns over polio in war-torn Ukraine and nearby regions: Four lessons and a warning from the history of epidemics" [1]. During a war crisis, the dreadful scenario that prevails is unavoidable, and it will undoubtedly have an influence on health care at all levels in the combat zone. The disruption of disease control activities during the conflict has a significant public health impact. Fighting isn't taking place everywhere in Ukraine right now. Almost every aspect of the health-care system will be impacted. Ukraine's current condition is considered critical. The conflict has not yet spread to the capital and the rest of the country. In our Indochina scenario, a civil war had erupted, and the fighting in the main city had wreaked havoc on all health-care activities. The previous conflict's lessons can be applied to the current circumstances. During a crisis, it is frequently impossible to conduct any polio disease surveillance, and data on polio incidence is usually scarce. Low incidence as a result of underreporting is a common issue. Certainly, during times of conflict, primary health care, sanitation, and vaccination are all affected. The emergence of the polio epidemic in the postwar period is documented [2]. Following the end of the war in Ukraine, a similar situation could arise in the near future. Funding This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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23
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Moretto MM, Khan IA. Immune Response to Microsporidia. Exp Suppl 2022; 114:373-388. [PMID: 35544009 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93306-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microsporidia are a group of pathogens, which can pose severe risks to the immunocompromised population, such as HIV-infected individuals or organ transplant recipients. Adaptive immunity has been reported to be critical for protection, and mice depleted of T cells are unable to control these infections. In a mouse model of infection, CD8 T cells have been found to be the primary effector cells and are responsible for protecting the infected host. Also, as infection is acquired via a peroral route, CD8 T cells in the gut compartment act as a first line of defense against these pathogens. Thus, generation of a robust CD8 T-cell response exhibiting polyfunctional ability is critical for host survival. In this chapter, we describe the effector CD8 T cells generated during microsporidia infection and the factors that may be essential for generating protective immunity against these understudied but significant pathogens. Overall, this chapter will highlight the necessity for a better understanding of the development of CD8 T-cell responses in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and provide some insights into therapies that may be used to restore defective CD8 T-cell functionality in an immunocompromised situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali M Moretto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Imtiaz A Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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24
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Jaganathan S, Stieber F, Rao SN, Nikolayevskyy V, Manissero D, Allen N, Boyle J, Howard J. Preliminary Evaluation of QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 and QIAreach Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Total Test in Recently Vaccinated Individuals. Infect Dis Ther 2021; 10:2765-2776. [PMID: 34435336 PMCID: PMC8386336 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-021-00521-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is an increasing body of evidence surrounding the importance of a T cell-mediated response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and after COVID-19 vaccination. In this internal feasibility study, we evaluated both the total antibody (IgA, IgM, and IgG) and T cell responses in a cohort of COVID-19 convalescents and vaccinated individuals. METHODS Whole blood specimens were collected weekly from 12 subjects at different time points within/after the COVID-19 mRNA vaccination regimen, and from 4 PCR-confirmed convalescent donors to measure durability of humoral and cell-mediated immune response. T cell and antibody responses were evaluated via the QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 research use only (QFN SARS-CoV-2) assay which is an interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) and QIAreach Anti-SARS-CoV-2 total (Anti-CoV-2) test, respectively. RESULTS In a cohort of recently vaccinated individuals, subjects demonstrated robust total antibody and CD4+/CD8+ T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines when followed for 2 months post-2nd dose. In most individuals, T cell response declined between the 1st and 2nd doses suggesting a need for a booster or the completion of the 2-dose vaccine series. In a group of convalescent donors tested with QFN SARS-CoV-2 and Anti-CoV-2 tests, all patients had an antibody and T cell response up to 1 year after natural infection. CONCLUSION This small feasibility study demonstrates that the QFN-SARS-CoV-2 test is able to identify CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-mediated responses in SARS-CoV-2-vaccinated subjects and those recovered from COVID-19, alongside a qualitative antibody response detectable via the QIAreach Anti-CoV2 test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Jaganathan
- QIAGEN Sciences Inc, 19300 Germantown Road, Germantown, MD, 20874, USA
| | - Francis Stieber
- QIAGEN Sciences Inc, 19300 Germantown Road, Germantown, MD, 20874, USA
| | - Sonia N Rao
- QIAGEN Sciences Inc, 19300 Germantown Road, Germantown, MD, 20874, USA.
| | | | | | - Nadia Allen
- QIAGEN Sciences Inc, 19300 Germantown Road, Germantown, MD, 20874, USA
| | - Jeff Boyle
- QIAGEN Sciences Inc, 19300 Germantown Road, Germantown, MD, 20874, USA
| | - Jenny Howard
- QIAGEN Sciences Inc, 19300 Germantown Road, Germantown, MD, 20874, USA
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25
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Matsumoto M, Fischer U, Sano M, Kato G. Cell-mediated immune response against mycolic acids of Mycobacteroides salmoniphilum in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 124:104195. [PMID: 34217784 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteriosis caused by Mycobacterium spp. causes economic damages to the world aquaculture industry. In mammals, mycolic acids contained in the cell wall of Mycobacterium spp. are presented by CD1b molecule as lipid antigens and induce cell-mediated immunity (CMI). Here, we investigated CMI responses against the mycolic acids of Mycobacterioides salmoniphilum in a CD1-lacking teleost fish, rainbow trout. After stimulation of trout leukocytes with mycolic acids, the number and percentage of CD8α+ T cells increased. Fish immunized with mycolic acids showed an up-regulation of IFN-γ. Further, in vitro re-stimulation of leukocytes derived from immunized fish resulted in proliferation of CD8α+ cells. These data suggest that mycolic acids are recognized as lipid antigens resulting in an activation of rainbow trout CD8α+ cells and up-regulation of the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ. The mycolic acids are promising candidates for vaccines to activate CD8α+ T cells against fish mycobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Matsumoto
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Department of Marine Bioscience, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Uwe Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Motohiko Sano
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Department of Marine Bioscience, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Goshi Kato
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Department of Marine Bioscience, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan.
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26
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He L, Sun B, Guo Y, Yan K, Liu D, Zang Y, Jiang C, Zhang Y, Kong W. Immune response of C57BL/6J mice to herpes zoster subunit vaccines formulated with nanoemulsion-based and liposome-based adjuvants. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108216. [PMID: 34634689 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Herpes zoster (HZ) is a recurrent nerve tissue infection caused by the reactivation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV). At present, two vaccines, the live attenuated vaccine Zostavax™ and AS01B-adjuvanted recombinant subunit vaccine Shingrix™, are commercially available for HZ. The latter is superior to the former in terms of efficacy and duration of immunity in the elderly. In this study, we used glycoprotein E (gE) as an antigen, and investigated the effects of various adjuvants (MF59, MF59/CpG 2006, and MF59/QS-21) on the immune response of C57BL/6J mice to find an alternative adjuvant to AS01B-like adjuvant of liposome/QS-21/MPL. In addition to safety, the gE-specific antibody, IgG antibody subtype, and cytokine secretion by splenocytes, and cell-mediated immune responses were determined using ELISA and ELISPOT assays, respectively. Our results showed no significant effects on the body weight, temperature, or behavior of mice vaccinated with PBS or all adjuvanted vaccines. All adjuvanted vaccine groups showed significantly higher gE-specific IgG antibody levels than the gE-alone group on day 28 after the first vaccine dose. In addition, all adjuvants induced a remarkable increase in both IgG1 and IgG2b levels. However, MF59/QS-21 and MF59/CpG 2006 showed comparable capacities to those of liposome/QS-21/MPL in increasing the IgG2c levels, being superior to MF59. Further investigation revealed that MF59 only induced a limited increase in the levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, while MF59/QS-21, MF59/CpG 2006, and liposome/QS-21/MPL led to a significant increase in the secretion of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 and showed a Th1-biased immune response. Moreover, MF59/QS-21, MF59/CpG 2006, and liposome/QS-21/MPL adjuvanted vaccines resulted in comparable gE-specific IFN-γ + immune cell responses. These results suggest that the combination of MF59 with QS-21 or CpG 2006 may be a promising adjuvant candidate for subunit HZ vaccines. Further investigations are needed to illustrate their durability and efficacy in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China; NMPA Key Laboratory of Humanized Animal Models for Evaluation of Vaccines and Cell Therapy Products, Changchun, China
| | - Yingnan Guo
- R&D Center, Changchun BCHT Biotechnology Co., Changchun 130012, China
| | - Kunming Yan
- R&D Center, Changchun BCHT Biotechnology Co., Changchun 130012, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- R&D Center, Changchun BCHT Biotechnology Co., Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yang Zang
- R&D Center, Changchun BCHT Biotechnology Co., Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China; NMPA Key Laboratory of Humanized Animal Models for Evaluation of Vaccines and Cell Therapy Products, Changchun, China; R&D Center, Changchun BCHT Biotechnology Co., Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China; NMPA Key Laboratory of Humanized Animal Models for Evaluation of Vaccines and Cell Therapy Products, Changchun, China.
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China; NMPA Key Laboratory of Humanized Animal Models for Evaluation of Vaccines and Cell Therapy Products, Changchun, China; R&D Center, Changchun BCHT Biotechnology Co., Changchun 130012, China
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27
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Hu Y, Alnabulsi A, Alnabulsi A, Scott C, Tafalla C, Secombes CJ, Wang T. Characterisation and analysis of IFN-gamma producing cells in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 117:328-338. [PMID: 34343543 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
IFN-γ is one of the key cytokines involved in Th1 immune responses. It is produced mainly by T cells and NK cells, which drive both innate and adaptive responses to promote protection against infections. IFN-γ orthologues have been discovered to be functionally conserved in fish, suggesting that type I immunity is present in early vertebrates. However, few studies have looked at IFN-γ protein expression in fish and its role in cell mediated immunity due to a lack of relevant tools. In this study, four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) V27, N2, VAB3 and V91 raised against short salmonid IFN-γ peptides were developed and characterised to monitor IFN-γ expression. The results show that the IFN-γ mAbs specifically react to their peptide immunogens, recognise E. coli produced recombinant IFN-γ protein and rainbow trout IFN-γ produced in transfected HEK 293 cells. The mAb VAB3 was used further, to detect IFN-γ at the cellular level after in vitro and in vivo stimulation. In flow cytometry, a basal level of 3-5% IFN-γ secreting cells were detected in peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL), which increased significantly when stimulated in vitro with PAMPs (Aeromonas salmonicida bacterin), a mitogen (PHA) and recombinant cytokine (IL-2). Similarly, after injection of live bacteria (Aeromonas salmonicida) or poly I:C the number of IFN-γ+ cells increased in the lymphoid population of PBL, as well as in the myeloid population after infection, with the myeloid cells increasing substantially after both treatments. Immunohistochemistry was used to visualise the IFN-γ+ cells in spleen and head kidney following vaccination, which increased in intensity of staining and number relative to tissue from saline-injected control fish. These results show that several types of cells can produce IFN-γ in trout, and that they increase following infection or vaccination, and likely contribute to immune protection. Hence monitoring IFN-γ producing cells/protein secretion may be an important means to assess the effectiveness of Th1 responses and cell mediated immunity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehfang Hu
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Callum Scott
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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28
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Venegas-Vargas C, Taylor LP, Foss DL, Godbee TK, Philip R, Bandrick M. Cellular and humoral immunity following vaccination with two different PCV2 vaccines (containing PCV2a or PCV2a/PCV2b) and challenge with virulent PCV2d. Vaccine 2021; 39:5615-5625. [PMID: 34420789 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) associated disease is one of the most economically important swine diseases worldwide. Vaccines reduce PCV2 disease by inducing humoral immunity (neutralizing antibodies) and cell-mediated immunity (CMI) but may be improved by optimizing the immune response they induce. This study evaluated immune responses to a trivalent inactivated Porcine Circovirus (PCV) Type 1-Type 2a chimera (cPCV2a), cPCV2b and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MH) (an experimental serial of Fostera® Gold PCV MH, also marketed as Circomax® Myco) vaccine or a bivalent recombinant PCV2a baculovirus expressed ORF2 capsid plus MH vaccine (Circumvent® PCV-M G2). Treatment Groups (T) received two doses of placebo (T01), one full or two split doses of the trivalent vaccine (T02, T03) or two split doses of the bivalent vaccine (T04) where two doses were given, there was a three-week period between administrations. All pigs were challenged with a virulent field isolate of PCV2d. CMI was measured as PCV2-specific IFN-γ secreting cells in blood and lymph node. Humoral immunity was measured as PCV2 antibodies. Vaccine efficacy was determined as viremia and fecal shedding of virus. There was a robust antibody response in T02 and T04 post the second vaccination and all vaccinated groups post challenge. There was a robust PCV2-specific IFN-γ response following the 1st dose in T02 and T03 and after the second dose in T02. T04 induced a low but detectable PCV2-specific IFN-γ response only after the 2nd dose. Among lymph node cells (study day 52), there was a significantly higher PCV2-specific, IFN-γ response to replicase and PCV2d capsid peptides in T01, consistent with active viral replication in non-vaccinated pigs. The trivalent chimeric vaccine induced robust CMI and protective efficacy, following a one dose regimen or splitting the dose into two vaccine administrations.
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Hussien SM. Cellular and Molecular Detection of Multi-doses of Ionizing Radiation-Induced Immunomodulatory Response. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 79:887-894. [PMID: 34224072 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-01017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is used in a wide range of clinical applications. The study aims to evaluate various IR doses for their immunomodulatory responses, which can be used in multiple immunological conditions. Forty rats were exposed to whole-body gamma rays of 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 Gray (Gy). T-cell receptor (TCR) gene expression, serum transforming growth factor-beta, interleukin-10 (IL-10), and nitric oxide levels were measured on days 1 and 4 post irradiation. TCR activation occurred only at the genetic level, and radiation raised all measured parameters, even at low doses at α = 0.05 (P < 0.05). Except for IL-10, it shows a nearly 6% (P < 0.05) rise in early response in irradiated groups up to 0.5 Gy. At lower doses, the indirect impacts of IR were as essential as the direct impacts, and they increased over time in most measured parameters due to endogenous releases. They were having an anti-proliferative effect on the immune system. Lastly, a single acute IR dose can raise anti-inflammatory cytokines and anti-proliferative effects in the immune system, avoiding various contraindications associated with immunomodulatory drugs. More information on safety and clinical relevance is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha M Hussien
- Immunology lecturer, Radiation Safety Department, National Center for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Control, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority/ Egyptian Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Authority, 3 Ahmed Elzomor Str., 11762, P.O. Box 7551, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
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Dagnew AF, Vink P, Drame M, Willer DO, Salaun B, Schuind AE. Immune responses to the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine in immunocompromised adults: a comprehensive overview. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:4132-4143. [PMID: 34190658 PMCID: PMC8827627 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1930846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunocompromised (IC) persons are at increased risk for herpes zoster (HZ) and its complications, mainly due to impairment of cell-mediated immunity (CMI). The adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) demonstrated efficacy against HZ in autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (auto-HSCT) recipients and hematologic malignancy (HM) patients. We review immune responses to RZV in 5 adult IC populations, 4 of which were receiving multiple, concomitant immunosuppressive medications: auto-HSCT and renal transplant recipients, HM and solid tumor patients, and human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. Although administered in most cases when immunosuppression was near its maximum, including concomitantly with chemotherapy cycles, RZV induced robust and persistent humoral and, more importantly, CMI responses in all 5 IC populations. Based on the overall clinical data generated in older adults and IC individuals, RZV is expected to provide benefit in a broad adult population at risk for HZ.
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Catalioto RM, Valenti C, Bellucci F, Cialdai C, Altamura M, Digilio L, Pellacani AUE, Meini S. Booster immunization with a fractional dose of Prevnar 13 affects cell-mediated immune response but not humoral immunity in CD-1 mice. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07314. [PMID: 34195422 PMCID: PMC8239470 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving durable protective immunity following vaccination is dependent on many factors, including vaccine composition and antigen dose, and it has been investigated for various types of vaccines. Aim of the present study was to investigate the overall immune response elicited by two different booster doses in CD-1 mice, by exploiting the largely used 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevnar 13® (PCV13). Immunization was performed by two primary doses of PCV13 two weeks apart, and a full or fractional (1/5) booster dose on week 10. Serotype-specific antibody titer, avidity, and opsonophagocytic activity were evaluated one week later, and compared to cell-mediated immunity (CMI) responses determined as the frequency of cytokines producing splenocytes by in vitro recall with the antigens (carrier protein and polysaccharides). Data showed that regardless of the booster dose, a comparable humoral response was produced, characterized by similar amounts of serotype-specific antibodies, with analog avidity and opsonophagocytic properties. On the other hand, when CMI was evaluated, the presence of CRM197-specific IL-5 and IL-2 producing cells was evident in splenocytes from mice immunized with the full dose, while in those immunized with the fractional booster dose, IFN-γ producing cells responsive to both protein and polysaccharide antigens were significantly increased, whereas the number of IL-5 and IL-2 positive cells remained unaffected. Overall the present findings show that PCV13 humoral response in mice is associated to a Th2 predominant response at the full booster dose, while the fractional one favors a mixed Th1/Th2 response, suggesting an important role of CMI besides measurement of functional protective antibodies, as an additional and important key information in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose-Marie Catalioto
- Experimental Pharmacology Department, Menarini Ricerche S.p.A., Via dei Sette Santi 1, I-50131 Florence, Italy
| | - Claudio Valenti
- Experimental Pharmacology Department, Menarini Ricerche S.p.A., Via dei Sette Santi 1, I-50131 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Bellucci
- Experimental Pharmacology Department, Menarini Ricerche S.p.A., Via dei Sette Santi 1, I-50131 Florence, Italy
| | - Cecilia Cialdai
- Experimental Pharmacology Department, Menarini Ricerche S.p.A., Via dei Sette Santi 1, I-50131 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Altamura
- Corporate Preclinical Development for New Technologies, Antiinfectives and Non-oncological Drugs, A. Menarini NewTech S.r.l., Via dei Sette Santi 1, I-50131 Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefania Meini
- Experimental Pharmacology Department, Menarini Ricerche S.p.A., Via dei Sette Santi 1, I-50131 Florence, Italy
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Diez-Domingo J, Parikh R, Bhavsar AB, Cisneros E, McCormick N, Lecrenier N. Can COVID-19 Increase the Risk of Herpes Zoster? A Narrative Review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2021; 11:1119-1126. [PMID: 33999370 PMCID: PMC8126597 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-021-00549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes zoster (HZ) is associated with substantial morbidity. It is caused by reactivation of the latent varicella zoster virus (VZV) following decline in cell-mediated immunity, which is commonly age-related, but also occurs in individuals with immunosuppressive diseases and/or treatment. Since coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has been associated with T cell immune dysfunction and there have been reports of HZ in COVID-19 patients, we have performed a review of available literature on whether COVID-19 could trigger HZ. We identified 27 cases of HZ following COVID-19, which most frequently occurred within 1–2 weeks of COVID-19, and the majority of cases had typical presentation. Atypical presentations of HZ were noted especially in patients with lymphopenia. It has been hypothesized that VZV reactivation occurs as a consequence of T cell dysfunction (including lymphopenia and lymphocyte exhaustion) in COVID-19 patients. Based on current evidence, which is limited to case reports and case series, it is not possible to determine whether COVID-19 increases the risk of HZ. Practitioners should be aware of the possible increased risk of HZ during the pandemic period and consider timely therapeutic and preventive measures against it.
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Kimura S, Maeda K, Nagashima R, Miura K, Arakawa M, Ebina H, Tanaka N, Morita E. Efficient immunogenic peptide antigen delivery to dendritic cells using an ESCRT-mediated extracellular vesicle formation method. Vaccine 2021; 39:2976-82. [PMID: 33926749 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the activation of cell-mediated adaptive immune responses that play major roles in the elimination of virus-infected or tumor cells, it is important that dendritic cells present antigen peptides on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and activate pathogen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). As exogenous peptide antigens are generally presented on MHC class II but not class I, the development of a method for exogenous antigen delivery that facilitates MHC class I presentation is necessary for a potentially effective vaccine that is expected to provoke cell-mediated adaptive immune responses. Here, we developed extracellular vesicles that incorporate antigenic proteins by utilizing endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT)-mediated vesicle formation pathway. Furthermore, we proved that these vesicles could deliver their contents to the cytoplasm of dendritic cells and activate antigen-specific CTLs. These technologies could be applied to the development of novel CTL-inducing peptide vaccines.
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Noisumdaeng P, Roytrakul T, Prasertsopon J, Pooruk P, Lerdsamran H, Assanasen S, Kitphati R, Auewarakul P, Puthavathana P. T cell mediated immunity against influenza H5N1 nucleoprotein, matrix and hemagglutinin derived epitopes in H5N1 survivors and non-H5N1 subjects. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11021. [PMID: 33854839 PMCID: PMC7955671 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protection against the influenza virus by a specific antibody is relatively strain specific; meanwhile broader immunity may be conferred by cell-mediated immune response to the conserved epitopes across influenza virus subtypes. A universal broad-spectrum influenza vaccine which confronts not only seasonal influenza virus, but also avian influenza H5N1 virus is promising. Methods This study determined the specific and cross-reactive T cell responses against the highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in four survivors and 33 non-H5N1 subjects including 10 H3N2 patients and 23 healthy individuals. Ex vivo IFN-γ ELISpot assay using overlapping peptides spanning the entire nucleoprotein (NP), matrix (M) and hemagglutinin (HA) derived from A/Thailand/1(KAN-1)/2004 (H5N1) virus was employed in adjunct with flow cytometry for determining T cell functions. Microneutralization (microNT) assay was performed to determine the status of previous H5N1 virus infection. Results IFN-γ ELISpot assay demonstrated that survivors nos. 1 and 2 had markedly higher T cell responses against H5N1 NP, M and HA epitopes than survivors nos. 3 and 4; and the magnitude of T cell responses against NP were higher than that of M and HA. Durability of the immunoreactivity persisted for as long as four years after disease onset. Upon stimulation by NP in IFN-γ ELISpot assay, 60% of H3N2 patients and 39% of healthy subjects exhibited a cross-reactive T cell response. The higher frequency and magnitude of responses in H3N2 patients may be due to blood collection at the convalescent phase of the patients. In H5N1 survivors, the effector peptide-specific T cells generated from bulk culture PBMCs by in vitro stimulation displayed a polyfunction by simultaneously producing IFN-γ and TNF-α, together with upregulation of CD107a in recognition of the target cells pulsed with peptide or infected with rVac-NP virus as investigated by flow cytometry. Conclusions This study provides an insight into the better understanding on the homosubtypic and heterosubtypic T cell-mediated immune responses in H5N1 survivors and non-H5N1 subjects. NP is an immunodominant target of cross-recognition owing to its high conservancy. Therefore, the development of vaccine targeting the conserved NP may be a novel strategy for influenza vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirom Noisumdaeng
- Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand.,Thammasat University Research Unit in Modern Microbiology and Public Health Genomics, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok-noi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thaneeya Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Jarunee Prasertsopon
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Phisanu Pooruk
- The Government Pharmaceutical Organization, Biological Product Vaccine Production Plant, Kaengkhoi, Saraburi, Thailand
| | - Hatairat Lerdsamran
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Susan Assanasen
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok-noi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Prasert Auewarakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok-noi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pilaipan Puthavathana
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok-noi, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Guarneri F, Tresoldi ET, Sarli G, Boniotti MB, Lelli D, Barbieri I, Bacci B, D'Annunzio G, Amadori M. Dataset of immune responses induced in swine by an inactivated Porcine Circovirus 2b vaccine. Data Brief 2021; 35:106906. [PMID: 33997189 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.106906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A whole virus, inactivated, Porcine Circovirus 2b (PCV2b) vaccine was submitted to a quantal assay of potency, as explained in detail in our companion paper [1]. To this purpose, twenty, 45-day old piglets, checked for maternally-derived antibody (MDA), were allocated to four groups of 5 animals each; these were vaccinated with 800/266/88/0 nanograms, respectively, of an inactivated PCV2b strain, consisting of two distinct virion populations. Twenty-six days later, all the pigs were challenged intranasally with the homologous PCV2b strain. In the presence of a clear dose-dependent protection in terms of viremia, no such effect was observed in terms of weight gain after challenge. The 800 and 266-ng payloads were associated with neutralizing antibody titers above the MDA levels in oral fluids. Higher levels of viremia in control and 88-ng groups [1] coincided with a higher Natural Killer activity of tracheobronchial lymph node cells from PCV2-infected pigs. The PCV2 ORF2-specific ELISPOT assay for IFN-g– secreting cells showed very few (2–4) ORF2-specific cells/105 peripheral blood mononuclear cells beyond the basal levels under our experimental conditions (non-significant differences among groups). Also, no significant differences were observed in the degree of lymphoid tissue hyperplasia among the different groups.
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Dharmalingam K, Birdi A, Tomo S, Sreenivasulu K, Charan J, Yadav D, Purohit P, Sharma P. Trace Elements as Immunoregulators in SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viral Infections. Indian J Clin Biochem 2021;:1-11. [PMID: 33613002 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-021-00961-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional deficiency is associated with impaired immunity and increased susceptibility to infections. The complex interactions of trace elements with the macromolecules trigger the effective immune response against the viral diseases. The outcome of various viral infections along with susceptibility is affected by trace elements such as zinc, selenium, iron, copper, etc. due to their immuno-modulatory effects. Available electronic databases have been comprehensively searched for articles published with full text available and with the key words “Trace elements”, “COVID-19”, “Viral Infections” and “Immune Response” (i.e. separately Zn, Se, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, Cr, Li, Ni, Co) appearing in the title and abstract. On the basis of available articles we have explored the role of trace elements in viral infections with special reference to COVID-19 and their interactions with the immune system. Zinc, selenium and other trace elements are vital to triggerTH1 cells and cytokine-mediated immune response for substantial production of proinflammatory cytokines. The antiviral activity of some trace elements is attributed to their inhibitory effect on viral entry, replication and other downstream processes. Trace elements having antioxidants activity not only regulate host immune responses, but also modify the viral genome. Adequate dietary intake of trace elements is essential for activation, development, differentiation and numerous functions.
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Ward BJ, Séguin A, Couillard J, Trépanier S, Landry N. Phase III: Randomized observer-blind trial to evaluate lot-to-lot consistency of a new plant-derived quadrivalent virus like particle influenza vaccine in adults 18-49 years of age. Vaccine 2021; 39:1528-1533. [PMID: 33581920 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global reliance on eggs to produce most influenza vaccines has several limitations and new approaches to influenza vaccine production are needed. Herein we describe a phase 3, lot-to-lot consistency trial (NCT03321968) of a quadrivalent, recombinant, virus-like particle (VLP) influenza vaccine produced in plants. This platform is based on transient expression of proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana and yields VLPs bearing hemagglutinin (HA) protein trimers that are combined in a quadrivalent vaccine (QVLP). METHODS The HAs targeted in this study were A/California/07/2009 H1N1, A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 H3N2, B/Brisbane/60/08 and B/Phuket/3073/2013: recommended for the 2016-2017 Northern Hemisphere season. Healthy adults 18-49 years of age (n = 1200) were randomized 1:1:1 to receive a 0.5 mL intramuscular injection of QVLP (30 μg HA/strain) from three sequential lots. Local and systemic reactions were monitored for 21 days post-vaccination and blood was collected pre-vaccination and at day 21 (D21) after vaccination to measure hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies. RESULTS Subject demographics were similar between groups and compliance with study procedures was 96.3%. The study population was 54.8% female, the mean age (±SD) was 29.9 ± 9.01 and the racial distribution was 77.8% Caucasian, 15.6% Asian, 5.8% Black/African American and 0.8% other. The HI responses met the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research criteria for seroconversion (SCR ≥ 40%) and seroprotection rates (SPR ≥ 70%). The geometric mean fold rise in HI titers was ≥ 2.5 for all 4 strains for each lot. Lot-to-lot consistency was met with the 95% confidence intervals of the D21 mean geometric titre ratios falling between 0.67 and 1.5 for all four strains. No safety concerns were identified. Solicited adverse events were generally mild and transient: typical for what is reported after inactivated influenza vaccines. CONCLUSIONS This study supported earlier findings of the safety profile and immunogenicity of the plant-derived QVLP and demonstrated the consistency with which it can be produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Ward
- Medicago Inc., 1020 route de l'Église office 600, Québec, QC G1V 3V9, Canada; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Street, EM3-3248, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Annie Séguin
- Medicago Inc., 1020 route de l'Église office 600, Québec, QC G1V 3V9, Canada
| | - Julie Couillard
- Medicago Inc., 1020 route de l'Église office 600, Québec, QC G1V 3V9, Canada
| | - Sonia Trépanier
- Medicago Inc., 1020 route de l'Église office 600, Québec, QC G1V 3V9, Canada
| | - Nathalie Landry
- Medicago Inc., 1020 route de l'Église office 600, Québec, QC G1V 3V9, Canada.
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Abstract
Immune deficiencies may alter normal lung function and protective mechanisms, resulting in a myriad of pulmonary manifestations. Primary immunodeficiencies involve multiple branches of the immune system, and defects may predispose to recurrent upper and lower respiratory infections by common pathogens; opportunistic infections; and autoimmune, inflammatory, and malignant processes that may result in interstitial pneumonias. Secondary immunodeficiencies may result from neoplasms or their treatment, organ transplant and immunosuppression, and from autoimmune diseases and their treatments. Primary and secondary immunodeficiencies and their pulmonary manifestations may be difficult to diagnose and treat. A multidisciplinary approach to evaluation is essential.
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Moris P, Bellanger A, Ofori-Anyinam O, Jongert E, Yarzabal Rodriguez JP, Janssens M. Whole blood can be used as an alternative to isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells to measure in vitro specific T-cell responses in human samples. J Immunol Methods 2021; 492:112940. [PMID: 33493551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinology is confronted with diseases for which the control of T-cell responses by the vaccine is essential. Among the assays that have been designed to assess T-cell responses, intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) combined with flow cytometry is well-suited in the frame of clinical trials. This assay can be used starting from isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or from whole blood (WB), but firm equivalence between the two sample preparation methods has yet to be established. Therefore, we compared both methods by analyzing the frequency of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells expressing at least two of four immune markers in human samples taken from two independent clinical trials (NCT00397943 and NCT00805389) with a qualified ICS assay. In the first study, M72-specific CD4+ T-cell responses were analyzed using WB-ICS and PBMC-ICS in 293 samples. Of these, 128 were double positive (value ≥ lower limit of quantification [LLOQ] with both methods), 130 were double negative and only 35 sample results were discordant, leading to an overall agreement of 88.05%. When analyzing the 128 double positive samples, it was found that the geometric mean of ratios (GMR) for paired observations was 0.98, which indicates a very good alignment between the two methods. The Deming regression fitted between the methods also showed a good correlation with an estimated slope being 1.1085. In the second study, HBsAg-specific CD4+ T-cell responses were analyzed in 371 samples. Of these, 100 were double positive, 195 were double negative and 76 sample results were discordant, leading to an overall agreement of 79.51%. The GMR for paired observations was equal to 1.20, caused by a trend for overestimation in favor of the WB samples in the very high frequencies. The estimated slope of the Deming regression was 1.3057. In conclusion, we demonstrated that WB and PBMC methods of sample collection led to statistically concordant ICS results, indicating that WB-ICS is a suitable alternative to PBMC-ICS to analyze clinical trial samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erik Jongert
- GSK, Rue de l'Institut 89, 1330 Rixensart, Belgium.
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Sisman G, Barbur E, Saka D, Erdamar Cetin S. Pembrolizumab-induced immune-mediated fatal colitis with concurrent giardia infection. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:2385-8. [PMID: 33481043 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02815-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in medicine have enabled the use of monoclonal antibodies in the field of oncology. However, the new adverse effects of immunotherapeutic agents are still being reported. We present the first case of pembrolizumab-induced fatal colitis with concurrent Giardia infection in a patient with metastatic ovarian cancer. A 47-year-old woman with metastatic ovarian cancer who was being treated with pembrolizumab admitted to our clinic complaining of persisting bloody diarrhoea. Her stool antigen test was positive for Giardia. The patient received metronidazole. A colonoscopy with mucosal biopsy was performed upon no clinical or laboratory improvement. Colonoscopy detected deep exudative ulcers in sigmoid colon and rectum. The cytopathological evaluation revealed immune-mediated ischemic colitis. The treatment was rearranged with methylprednisolone. Upon an increase in bloody diarrhoea frequency and C-reactive protein levels, infliximab was started. However, the patient became refractory to infliximab therapy after the second dose and was deceased due to septic shock.
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Kumar A, Sawhney G, Kumar Nagar R, Chauhan N, Gupta N, Kaul A, Ahmed Z, Sangwan PL, Satheesh Kumar P, Yadav G. Evaluation of the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity of Bakuchiol using RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines and in animal models stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 91:107264. [PMID: 33340782 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bakuchiol (BAK) has been reported to have a diverse pharmacological property as an antibiotic, anti-cancer, anti-hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory and anti-convulsant agent. This study aimed to elucidate the immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory mechanism of bakuchiol using lipopolysaccharide stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and various animal models. The present study has shown that BAK significantly suppressed the pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in a dose-dependent manner and its oral administration significantly decreased delayed hypersensitivity responses as compared to control group. The assessment of immunomodulatory activity was carried out by the testing Hemagglutinating antibody (HA) titer, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses and phagocytic index by carbon clearance test. On the other hand, it showed significant decrease in circulating antibody titer and carbon clearance assay in a concentration-dependent manner. BAK has significantly potentiated the cellular immunity as well as humoral immunity by facilitating the footpad thickness responses in sheep RBCs in sensitized mice by significantly decreasing circulating antibody titer. Molecular studies revealed that BAK inhibited the activation of upstream mediator nuclear factor-κB by suppressing the phosphorylation of IκBα and p65. The responses were statistically significant as compared with the control (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Academy of Science and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India; Mutagenicity Laboratory, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Gifty Sawhney
- Academy of Science and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India; Inflammation Pharmacology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Nagar
- Academy of Science and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India; Mutagenicity Laboratory, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Narendra Chauhan
- Academy of Science and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India; Mutagenicity Laboratory, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Anpurna Kaul
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Zabeer Ahmed
- Academy of Science and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India; Inflammation Pharmacology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - P L Sangwan
- Academy of Science and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India; Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.
| | - P Satheesh Kumar
- Laboratory Animal Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Govind Yadav
- Academy of Science and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India; Mutagenicity Laboratory, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Laboratory Animal Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.
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Matsuura Y, Takano T, Matsuyama T, Sakai T, Terashima S, Nakayasu C. Development of a method to quantify endogenous IFNγ protein in amberjack species. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 107:251-259. [PMID: 33045332 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)γ is a pivotal cytokine that promotes and orchestrates innate cellular and adaptive cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens. The capacity of T cells in mammals to produce IFNγ has been measured using specific antibodies in order to analyze cell-mediated immune responses against infection or immuno-stimulants. In fish, however, measurement of IFNγ protein levels has not been possible due to a lack of research tools. In the present study, therefore, we established antibodies that react with endogenous amberjack IFNγ. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for IFNγ in amberjack species was developed using these antibodies. The ELISA could detect endogenous IFNγ at concentrations less than 100 pg/mL in PMA/ionomycin-stimulated leukocytes culture supernatant. IFNγ production was enhanced and lasted a long time following intracellular bacterial infection with Nocardia seriolae, which is thought to be targeted by cell-mediated immunity. These results demonstrate that quantification of IFNγ using the reported ELISA can be used to estimate the status of cell-mediated immunity in amberjack species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Matsuura
- Research Center for Fish Diseases, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami-Ise, Mie, Japan.
| | - Tomokazu Takano
- Research Center for Fish Diseases, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami-Ise, Mie, Japan
| | - Tomomasa Matsuyama
- Research Center for Fish Diseases, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami-Ise, Mie, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Sakai
- Research Center for Fish Diseases, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami-Ise, Mie, Japan
| | - Sachiko Terashima
- Research Center for Fish Diseases, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami-Ise, Mie, Japan
| | - Chihaya Nakayasu
- Research Center for Fish Diseases, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami-Ise, Mie, Japan
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Abstract
Animals receive environmental stimuli from neural signals in order to produce hormones that control immune responses. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a group of steroid hormones produced in the adrenal cortex and well-known mediators for the nervous and immune systems. GC secretion is induced by circadian rhythm and stress, and plasma GC levels are high at the active phase of animals and under stress condition. Clinically, GCs are used for allergies, autoimmunity, and chronic inflammation, because they have strong anti-inflammatory effects and induce the apoptosis of lymphocytes. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) acts as a transcription factor and represses the expression of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and prostaglandins by binding to its motif, glucocorticoid-response element, or to other transcription factors. In mice, GR suppresses the antigen-stimulated inflammation mediated by macrophages, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells, and impairs cytotoxic immune responses by downregulating interferon-γ production and inhibiting the development of type-1 helper T cells, CD8+ T cells, and natural killer cells. These immune inhibitory effects prevent lethality by excessive inflammation, but at the same time increase the susceptibility to infection and cancer. GCs can also activate the immune system. The circadian cycle of GC secretion controls the diurnal oscillations of the distribution and response of T cells, thus supporting T cell maintenance and effective immune protection against infection. Moreover, several reports have shown that GR has the potential to enhance the activities of Th2, Th17, and immunoglobulin-producing B cells. Stress has two different effects on immune responses: immune suppression to cause mortality by infection and cancer, and excessive immune activation to induce chronic inflammation and autoimmune disease. Consistently, stress-induced GCs strongly suppress cell-mediated immunity and cause viral infection and tumor development. They may also enhance the development of pathogenic helper T cells and cause tissue damage through neural and intestinal inflammation. Past studies have reported the positive and negative effects of GCs on the immune system. These opposing properties of GCs may regulate the immune balance between the responsiveness to antigens and excessive inflammation in steady-state and stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Shimba
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Koichi Ikuta
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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Muriel J, Vida C, Gil D, Pérez-Rodríguez L. Ontogeny of leukocyte profiles in a wild altricial passerine. J Comp Physiol B 2020; 191:195-206. [PMID: 33196859 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01323-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ecophysiological studies have highlighted the relevance of the avian immune system in individual fitness prospects in the wild. However, studies on the ontogeny of avian immunity are scarce. We analyse age-related changes in the cellular constitutive immunity throughout nestling development, as well as its relationship with sex and brood size. We found that cellular constitutive immunity could be affected by age, sex, brood size, or daily rhythm. Early-stage nestlings relied more on cells of the innate immunity rather than on cells linked to the adaptive immune system. Cellular immunity may not be fully mature in fledglings, as reflected by differences in phagocytic cell counts with regard to adults. Beyond the age-dependent effects, agranulocyte cell counts were affected by sibling competition while granulocyte cell counts showed a daily rhythm. We also show that the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was negatively related to body weight when nestlings become more independent. Our study contributes knowledge to the fields of developmental immunology and ecological immunology based on essential components of the cellular immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Muriel
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, IPE (CSIC), Avda. Nuestra Señora de la Victoria 16, 22700, Jaca, Spain.
| | - Carmen Vida
- Department of Biology Systems, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, C/19, Av. de Madrid, Km 33,600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares,, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Gil
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Pérez-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Abstract
In humans, infection with Leishmania manifests into a spectrum of diseases. The manifestation of the diseases depend on the resultant evasion of the parasite to immune responses namely by macrophages, which is an exclusive host of Leishmania. The B cells valiantly mount antibody responses, however, to no avail as the Leishmania parasites occupy the intracellular niches of the macrophages and subvert the immune response. Extensive studies have been documented on the role of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in protection and counter survival strategies of the parasites leading to downregulation of CMI. The present review attempts to discuss the cytokines in progression or resolution of visceral form of leishmaniasis or kala-azar, predominantly affecting the Indian subcontinent. The components/cytokine(s) responsible for the regulation of the critical balance of T helper cells and their subsets have been discussed in the perspective. Therefore, any strategy involving the treatment of visceral leishmania (VL) needs to consider the balance and regulation of T cell function.
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Abstract
Exosomes, virus-sized nanovesicles, are utilized as messenger systems of our body to communicate with other body cells and regulate immune functions. Almost all cells produce exosomes and are able to interact with immune cells in the blood stream and peripheral body areas. Different markers on the surface of exosomes are necessary for immune cell adhesion and interaction. Furthermore, many types of exosome-immune cell interaction, such as surface receptor contact and phagocytosis, are known. As carriers of different cargos, exosomes affect different immune cell types in head and neck cancers: So far, T cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells have been described in this context. For diagnostic purposes, a combined analysis of different parameters including protein amount, nucleic acid/protein expression, and the immunosuppressive impact of exosomes could empower exosomes as useful tools for evaluation of tumor promotion and progression in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ludwig
- Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Deutschland.
| | - N Rotter
- Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Deutschland
| | - M-N Theodoraki
- Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Deutschland
| | - J Jablonska
- Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Deutschland
| | - A Lammert
- Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Deutschland
| | - S Lang
- Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Deutschland
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Escribano MP, Ramos-Pinto L, Fernández-Boo S, Afonso A, Costas B, Guardiola FA. Mucosal immune responses in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles after Tenacibaculum maritimum challenge: A comparative study between ocular and blind sides. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 104:92-100. [PMID: 32492465 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Most pathogens start the process of infection at the mucosal surfaces and therefore the mucosal immune response plays an essential role in the course of the infection. Due to the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup) condition of flatfish, the present comparative study aimed to analyse several immune-related enzymes as well as the bactericidal activity in the skin mucus from ocular and blind sides. For this purpose, Senegalese sole juveniles were bath challenged with a sub-lethal dose of Tenacibaculum maritimum for 24 h and sampled at 1, 2 and 3 weeks. The haematological profile and immune-related parameters were also measured in plasma in order to evaluate the systemic immune response after T. maritimum challenge. Results from this study showed that most parameters tested increased in skin mucus of bath challenged fish compared to unchallenged ones. In contrast, the sub-lethal dose tested did not influence the haematological profile including peripheral numbers the different leucocyte types. No variations were observed in plasma lysozyme, peroxidase, protease and haemolytic complement activities between unchallenged and bath challenged fish. This study suggests that the studied innate immune-related molecules are constitutively present in both skin mucus sides but at different levels. Interestingly, the levels of most parameters measured were higher on the ocular side than on the blind side, possibly due to the higher exposure to invasion by waterborne microorganisms on this side. Therefore, the present study brings some insights regarding local immune responses after bacterial challenge in skin mucus from the ocular and blind sides in one of the most valuable flatfish species in southern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Escribano
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - L Ramos-Pinto
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Fernández-Boo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Afonso
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - B Costas
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - F A Guardiola
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal; Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Wang Y, Qi J, Cao H, Liu C. Immune Responses to Varicella-Zoster Virus Glycoprotein E Formulated with Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) Nanoparticles and Nucleic Acid Adjuvants in Mice. Virol Sin 2021; 36:122-32. [PMID: 32757147 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The subunit herpes zoster vaccine Shingrix is superior to attenuated vaccine Zostavax in both safety and efficacy, yet its unlyophilizable liposome delivery system and the limited supply of naturally sourced immunological adjuvant QS-21 still need to be improved. Based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) delivery systems that are stable during the lyophilization and rehydration process and using a double-emulsion (w/o/w) solvent evaporation method, we designed a series of nanoparticles with varicella-zoster virus antigen glycoprotein E (VZV-gE) as an antigen and nucleic acids including polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) and phosphodiester CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN), encapsulated as immune stimulators. While cationic lipids (DOTAP) have more potential than neutral lipids (DOPC) for activating gE-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in immunized mice, especially when gE is encapsulated in and presented on the surface of nanoparticles, PLGA particles without lipids have the greatest potential to induce not only the highest gE-specific IgG titers but also the strongest gE-specific CMI responses, including the highest proportions of interferon-γ (IFN-γ)- and interleukin-2 (IL-2)-producing CD4+/CD8+ T cells according to a flow cytometry assay and the greatest numbers of IFN-γ- and IL-2-producing splenocytes according to an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. These results showed that immune-stimulating nucleic acids together with the PLGA delivery system showed promise as a safe and economical varicella and zoster vaccine candidate.
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Abstract
Transfer factor (TF), also called "Lawrence transfer factor", or dialyzable leukocyte extract (DLE), has been used since the mid-twentieth century to transfer specific skin hypersensitivity through the injection of leukocytes from immunized donors to animals and humans. The main mechanism of action of TF has been suggested at the level of cell-mediated immunity, as it induces the production of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). Otherwise, TF can inhibit nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and decrease tumoral necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and IL-4 levels. Given these biological effects, TF has been prescribed for a wide variety of conditions including infections, allergies, autoimmunity, and cancer, with inconsistent results. The exact nature of TF, however, remains unknown, so it has been impossible to accurately define its pharmacokinetics or dosage. This is further complicated because researchers have used TF in a variety of ways across the different studies: antigen-specific or non-antigen-specific, orally or subcutaneously administered, human and non-human origin. In this review we summarize the most important data about what TF is, its mechanism of action, how it is produced, its biological effects, and the available clinical trials using it, in order to establish its role and potential clinical applications in modern medicine.
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Tovar-Salazar A, Weinberg A. Understanding the mechanism of action of cytomegalovirus-induced regulatory T cells. Virology 2020; 547:1-6. [PMID: 32442104 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that CMV-induced CD4+CD27-CD28- T cells have regulatory (Treg) function. Here we sought to identify the target/s and the mechanistic underpinning/s of this effect. CMV-induced CD4+CD27-CD28-were sorted from CMV-stimulated PBMC and added to CMV-stimulated autologous PBMC cultures. Transwell experiments showed that the CMV-induced Treg mechanism of action required cell-to-cell contact. CMV-Treg significantly decreased proliferation of autologous CMV-stimulated CD8+ and, to a lesser extent, CD4+ T cells; reduced activation and increased apoptosis of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells; and increased apoptosis and expression of CTLA-4, T cell-inhibitory ligand, on dendritic cells. There was no effect on monocytes. Anti-PD-1, but not anti-CTLA-4, mAb-treatment increased proliferation of CD8+ T cells and decreased apoptosis of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Our data indicated that CD8+ T cells were the main target of CMV-specific Treg, which induced apoptosis of their targets using the PD-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana Weinberg
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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