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Sun Z, He B, Yang Z, Huang Y, Duan Z, Yu C, Dan Z, Paek C, Chen P, Zhou J, Lei J, Wang F, Liu B, Yin L. Cost-Effective Whole Transcriptome Sequencing Landscape and Diagnostic Potential Biomarkers in Active Tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:2318-2332. [PMID: 38832694 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a prevalent and severe infectious disease that poses a significant threat to human health. However, it is frequently disregarded as there are not enough quick and accurate ways to diagnose tuberculosis. Here, we develop a strategy for tuberculosis detection to address the challenges, including an experimental strategy, namely, Double Adapter Directional Capture sequencing (DADCSeq), an easily operated and low-cost whole transcriptome sequencing method, and a computational method to identify hub differentially expressed genes as well as the diagnosis of TB based on whole transcriptome data using DADCSeq on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from active TB and latent TB or healthy control. Applying our approach to create a robust and stable TB multi-mRNA risk probability model (TBMMRP) that can accurately distinguish active and latent TB patients, including active TB and healthy controls in clinical cohorts, this diagnostic biomarker was successfully validated by several independent cross-platform cohorts with favorable performance in differentiating active TB from latent TB or active TB from healthy controls and further demonstrated superior or similar diagnostic accuracy compared to previous diagnostic markers. Overall, we develop a low-cost and effective strategy for tuberculosis diagnosis; as the clinical cohort increases, we can expand to different disease kinds and learn new features through our disease diagnosis strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiqiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Boxiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Zhifeng Yang
- Department of Chest Surgery, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430040, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430030, China
| | - Zhaoyu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Chengyi Yu
- Department of Active and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Zhaokui Dan
- Clinical Medicine School of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei Province 437100, China
| | - Chonil Paek
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Jun Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430030, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Active and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 100730, China
| | - Lei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
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Wang C, Li Y, Li S, Chen M, Hu Y. Proteomics Combined with RNA Sequencing to Screen Biomarkers of Sepsis. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:5575-5587. [PMID: 36172619 PMCID: PMC9512028 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s380137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To screen biomarkers in the serum of patients with sepsis by proteomics combined with RNA sequencing technology, and to find new diagnostic and therapeutic targets for sepsis. Patients and Methods Blood samples of 22 sepsis patients (sepsis group) and 10 healthy volunteers (normal group) were collected from January 2019 to December 2020. Data-independent acquisition (DIA) method was employed for protein profiling, RNA sequencing was employed for gene sequencing. Subsequently, quality control and differential analysis (FC≥2; FDR<0.05) of DIA data and RNA sequencing data were performed. Then we identified expression trend-consistent divergence factors by nine-quadrant analysis; subsequent protein-protein interaction (PPI) and gene ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis of intersection factors was performed, and meta-analysis of targets at transcriptome level was implemented using public datasets. Finally, five Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples (NC=2; SIRS=1; SEPSIS =2) were collected, and cell localization analysis of core genes was performed by 10× single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Results Compared with the normal group, there were 4681 differentially expressed genes and 202 differentially expressed proteins in the sepsis group. Among them, 25 factors were expressed in both proteome and transcriptome, and the analysis of PPI and GO found that they were mainly involved in biological processes such as white blood cell and neutrophil response, inflammatory and immune response. Four core genes GSTO1, C1QA, RETN, and GRN were screened by meta-analysis, all of which were highly expressed in the sepsis group compared with the normal group (P<0.05); scRNA-seq showed the core genes were mainly localized in macrophage cell lines. Conclusion The core genes GSTO1, C1QA, RETN and GRN are mainly expressed in macrophages, widely involved in inflammation and immune responses, and are highly expressed in plasma in the sepsis, suggesting that they may become potential research targets for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilin Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhu Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingchun Hu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
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Behairy MY, Abdelrahman ALA, Abdallah HY, Ibrahim EEDA, Sayed AA, Azab MM. In silico analysis of missense variants of the C1qA gene related to infection and autoimmune diseases. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2022; 17:1074-1082. [PMID: 36212588 PMCID: PMC9519598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives C1q is a key activator of the classical pathway of the complement system and exerts consequences relating to opsonization and phagocytosis. The C1qA gene is one of three genes encoding the C1q molecule. Defects in C1q, and especially in C1qA, have been linked to an increased susceptibility to infection, sepsis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. These defects could arise from missense single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and their deleterious impacts on protein structure and function. Thus, identifying high-risk missense SNPs in C1qA has become a necessity if we are to identify appropriate measures for prevention and management of affected patients. Methods A comprehensive in silico study was conducted to screen the 184 missense SNPs in the C1qA gene using different tools with different algorithms and approaches. We investigated the impact of SNPs on protein function, stability, and structure. In addition, we identified the location of the SNPs on protein domains, secondary structure alignment, and the phylogenetic conservation of their positions. Results Of the 184 missense SNPs, 10 SNPs were predicted to be the most damaging to protein function and structure. Conclusion Ten missense SNPs were predicted to have the highest risk of damaging protein function and structure, thus leading to infection, sepsis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. These 10 SNPs constitute the best candidates for further experimental investigations.
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Kosturkova MB, Mihaylova GM, Shivacheva TK, Radanova MA. Association of C1q gene cluster variants with rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot study. Rheumatol Int 2022; 42:1073-1083. [PMID: 35024943 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-022-05089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in C1q gene cluster were previously linked to autoimmunity and SLE, but data are scarce for their association with RA. In the present study, we evaluated associations of five SNPs (rs665691, rs682658, rs172378, rs292001 and rs294179) in the C1q genetic region with RA and some of its clinical and immunologic characteristics. Fifty-eight RA patients and 67 age- and gender-matched healthy controls, all Caucasian, participated in the study. They were genotyped for the five SNPs using TaqMan allelic discrimination assay, and their C1q levels were estimated by ELISA. Rheumatoid factor and anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies were measured (using latex agglutination and ELISA resp.) in the RA patients' group and relevant clinical information was collected. RA patients and healthy controls had similar frequencies of alleles and genotypes of rs665691, rs682658 and rs294179. Minor G-allele and GG genotype of rs172378 were associated with RA (OR = 2.80; 95% CI 1.62-4.81; p = 0.0002 and OR = 5.01; 95% CI 1.55-16.24; p = 0.007, resp.), as well as AA genotype of rs292001 (OR = 3.23; 95% CI 1.15-9.08; p = 0.026). C1q levels were significantly lower (still normal) in RA patients' group compared to healthy volunteers: 89 µg/ml (68-121) vs 114 µg/ml (60-169), p < 0.0001. Significant association was established between rs172378 and rs292001 and RA, in contrast to rs665691, rs682658 and rs294179. RA patients had lower C1q levels than healthy controls. Our findings correspond to the scientific knowledge so far and add additional clarity from a Bulgarian cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Blagoeva Kosturkova
- Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases, Medical University, #1 H. Smirnenski blvd, fl. 13, 9002, Varna, Bulgaria. .,Clinic of Internal Disease, UMHAT "St. Marina", Varna, Bulgaria.
| | - Galya Mihaylova Mihaylova
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Tanya Kirilova Shivacheva
- Clinic of Rheumatology, UMHAT "St. Marina", First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Maria Atanasova Radanova
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
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Qiao X, Shao MM, Yi FS, Shi HZ. Complement Component C1q as an Emerging Biomarker for the Diagnosis of Tuberculous Pleural Effusion. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:765471. [PMID: 34790186 PMCID: PMC8591783 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.765471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: The accurate differential diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) from other exudative pleural effusions is often challenging. We aimed to validate the accuracy of complement component C1q in pleural fluid (PF) in diagnosing TPE. Methods: The level of C1q protein in the PF from 49 patients with TPE and 61 patients with non-tuberculous pleural effusion (non-TPE) was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the diagnostic performance was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves based on the age and gender of the patients. Results: The statistics showed that C1q could accurately diagnose TPE. Regardless of age and gender, with a cutoff of 6,883.9 ng/mL, the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of C1q for discriminating TPE were 0.898 (95% confidence interval: 0.825-0.947), 91.8 (80.4-97.7), 80.3 (68.2-89.4), 78.9 (69.2-86.2), and 92.5 (82.6-96.9), respectively. In subgroup analysis, the greatest diagnostic accuracy was achieved in the younger group (≤ 50 years of age) with an AUC of 0.981 (95% confidence interval: 0.899-0.999) at the cutoff of 6,098.0 ng/mL. The sensitivity, specificity, PLR, NLR, PPV, and NPV of C1q were 95.0 (83.1-99.4), 92.3 (64.0-99.8), 97.4 (85.2-99.6), and 85.7 (60.6-95.9), respectively. Conclusion: Complement component C1q protein was validated by this study to be a promising biomarker for diagnosing TPE with high diagnostic accuracy, especially among younger patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qiao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Center for Pleural Diseases, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Ming Shao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Center for Pleural Diseases, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Shuang Yi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Center for Pleural Diseases, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huan-Zhong Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Center for Pleural Diseases, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Huang J, Yin X, Zhang L, Yao M, Wei D, Wu Y. Serum proteomic profiling in patients with advanced Schistosoma japonicum-induced hepatic fibrosis. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:232. [PMID: 33933138 PMCID: PMC8088642 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04734-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosoma japonicum is a parasitic flatworm that is the aetiological agent of human schistosomiasis, an important cause of hepatic fibrosis. Schistosomiasis-induced hepatic fibrosis is a consequence of the highly fibrogenic nature of egg-induced granulomatous lesions, which are the main pathogenic features of schistosomiasis. Although global awareness of the association between schistosomiasis-induced hepatic fibrosis and S. japonicum infection is increasing, little is known about the molecular differences associated with rapid progression to schistosomiasis in cirrhotic patients. Methods We systematically used data-independent acquisition (DIA)-based liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify differentially expressed proteins in serum samples from patients with advanced S. japonicum-induced hepatic fibrosis. Results Our analysis identified 1144 proteins, among which 66 were differentially expressed between the healthy control group and the group of patients with advanced S. japonicum-induced hepatic fibrosis stage F2 (SHF-F2) and 214 were differentially expressed between the SHF-F2 and SHF-F4 groups (up- or downregulation of at least 1.5-fold in serum samples). The results also indicated that two selected proteins (C1QA and CFD) are potential biomarkers for distinguishing between patients with SHF-F2 and those with SHF-F4 due to S. japonicum infection. Conclusions We provide here the first global proteomic profile of serum samples from patients with advanced S. japonicum-induced hepatic fibrosis. The proteins C1QA and CFD are potential diagnostic markers for patients with SHF-F2 and SHF-F4 due to S. japonicum infection, although further large-scale studies are needed. Our DIA-based quantitative proteomic analysis revealed molecular differences among individuals at different stages of advanced S. japonicum-induced hepatic fibrosis and may provide fundamental information for further detailed investigations. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04734-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Institute of Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinguang Yin
- Jiaxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Institute of Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Yao
- Institute of Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dahai Wei
- Institute of Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yiming Wu
- Institute of Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Yuan J, Du Z, Wu Z, Yang Y, Cheng X, Liu X, Jia J. A Novel Diagnostic Predictive Model for Idiopathic Short Stature in Children. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:721812. [PMID: 34603204 PMCID: PMC8485046 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.721812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Idiopathic short stature (ISS), an endocrine-related disease, is difficult to diagnose. Previous studies have shown that many children with some inflammation-related diseases often have short stature, but whether inflammation is the underlying mechanism of ISS has not been studied. Here, we attempt to explore the role of inflammation in the occurrence and development of ISS and to demonstrate an available clinical diagnostic model of ISS. METHODS Frozen serum samples were collected from ISS patients (n = 4) and control individuals (n = 4). Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) combined with LC-MS/MS analysis were applied to quantitative proteomics analysis. To assess clusters of potentially interacting proteins, functional enrichment (GO and KEGG) and protein-protein interaction network analyses were performed, and the crucial proteins were detected by Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE). Furthermore, serum levels of two selected proteins were measured by ELISA between ISS patients (n = 80) and controls (n = 80). In addition, experiments in vitro were used to further explore the effects of crucial proteins on endochondral ossification. RESULTS A total of 437 proteins were quantified, and 84 DEPs (60 upregulated and 24 downregulated) were identified between patients with ISS and controls. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the DEPs were primarily enriched in blood microparticle, acute inflammatory response, protein activation cascade, collagen-containing extracellular matrix, platelet degranulation, etc. According to the results of top 10 fold change DEPs and MCODE analysis, C1QA and C1QB were selected to further experiment. The expression levels of C1QA and C1QB were validated in serum samples. Based on the logistic regression analysis and ROC curve analysis, we constructed a novel diagnostic model by serum levels of C1QA and C1QB with a specificity of 91.2% and a sensitivity of 75% (AUC = 0.900, p <0.001). Finally, the western blotting analysis confirmed the expression levels of OCN, OPN, RUNX2, and Collagen X were downregulated in chondrocytes, and the outcome of Collagen II was upregulated. CONCLUSION Our study is the first to demonstrate the significant role of inflammation in the development of ISS. In addition, we identify C1QA and C1QB as novel serum biomarkers for the diagnosis of ISS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhi Du
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhiwen Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanqin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xigao Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xijuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Xijuan Liu, ; Jingyu Jia,
| | - Jingyu Jia
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Xijuan Liu, ; Jingyu Jia,
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Innate Immune Pattern Recognition Receptors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Nature and Consequences for Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1313:179-215. [PMID: 34661896 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67452-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a critical early response to prevent the establishment of the infection. Despite recent advances in understanding the host-pathogen dialogue in the early stages of tuberculosis (TB), much has yet to be learnt. The nature and consequences of this dialogue ultimately determine the path of infection: namely, either early clearance of M. tuberculosis, or establishment of M. tuberculosis infection leading to active TB disease and/or latent TB infection. On the frontline in innate immunity are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), with soluble factors (e.g. collectins and complement) and cell surface factors (e.g. Toll-like receptors and other C-type lectin receptors (Dectin 1/2, Nod-like receptors, DC-SIGN, Mincle, mannose receptor, and MCL) that play a central role in recognising M. tuberculosis and facilitating its clearance. However, in a 'double-edged sword' scenario, these factors can also be involved in enhancement of pathogenesis as well. Furthermore, innate immunity is also a critical bridge in establishing the subsequent adaptive immune response, which is also responsible for granuloma formation that cordons off M. tuberculosis infection, establishing latency and acting as a reservoir for bacterial persistence and dissemination of future disease. This chapter discusses the current understanding of pattern recognition of M. tuberculosis by innate immunity and the role this plays in the pathogenesis and protection against TB.
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