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Ma Z, Huang Y, Zhang Z, Liu X, Xuan Y, Liu B, Gao Z. Comparative genomic analysis reveals cellulase plays an important role in the pathogenicity of Setosphaeria turcica f. sp. zeae. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:925355. [PMID: 35935234 PMCID: PMC9355644 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.925355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Setosphaeria turcica f. sp. zeae and S. turcica f. sp. sorghi, the two formae speciales of S. turcica, cause northern leaf blight disease of corn and sorghum, respectively, and often cause serious economic losses. They have obvious physiological differentiation and show complete host specificity. Host specificity is often closely related to pathogen virulence factors, including secreted protein effectors and secondary metabolites. Genomic sequencing can provide more information for understanding the virulence mechanisms of pathogens. However, the complete genomic sequence of S. turcica f. sp. sorghi has not yet been reported, and no comparative genomic information is available for the two formae speciales. In this study, S. turcica f. sp. zeae was predicted to have fewer secreted proteins, pathogen-host interaction (PHI) genes and carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZys) than S. turcica f. sp. sorghi. Fifteen and 20 polyketide synthase (PKS) genes were identified in S. turcica f. sp. zeae and S. turcica f. sp. sorghi, respectively, which maintained high homology. There were eight functionally annotated effector protein-encoding genes specifically in S. turcica f. sp. zeae, among which the encoding gene StCEL2 of endo-1, 4-β-D-glucanase, an important component of cellulase, was significantly up-regulated during the interaction process. Finally, gluconolactone inhibited cellulase activity and decreased infection rate and pathogenicity, which indicates that cellulase is essential for maintaining virulence. These findings demonstrate that cellulase plays an important role in the pathogenicity of S. turcica f. sp. zeae. Our results also provide a theoretical basis for future research on the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of the two formae speciales and for identifying any associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoujie Ma
- Institute of Plant Immunology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- Institute of Plant Immunology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhaoran Zhang
- Institute of Plant Immunology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- Institute of Plant Immunology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- Institute of Plant Immunology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Liu,
| | - Zenggui Gao
- Institute of Plant Immunology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Zenggui Gao,
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Identification of a novel tailor-made chitinase from white shrimp Fenneropenaeus merguiensis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 203:111747. [PMID: 33839476 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fenneropenaeus merguiensis (commonly named banana shrimp) is one of the most important farmed crustacean worldwide species for the fisheries and aquaculture industry. Besides its nutritional value, it is a good source of chitinase, an enzyme with excellent biological and catalytic properties for many industrial applications. In the present study, a putative chitinase-encoding cDNA was synthesized from mRNA from F. merguiensis hepatopancreas tissue. Subsequently, the corresponding cDNA was cloned, sequenced and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant F. merguiensis chitinase (rFmCHI) was purified by His-tag affinity chromatography. The bioinformatics analysis of aminoacid sequence of rFmCHI displayed a cannonical multidomain architecture in chitinases which belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH18 chitinase). Biochemical characterization revealed rFmCHI as a monomeric enzyme of molecular weight 52 kDa with maximum activity at 40 °C and pH 6.0 Moreover, the recombinant enzyme is also stable up to 60 °C, and in the pH range 5.0-8.0. Steady-state kinetic studies for colloidal chitin revealed KM, Vmax and kcat values of 78.18 μM, 0.07261 μM. min-1 and 43.37 s-1, respectively. Overall, our results aim to demonstrate the potential of rFmCHI as suitable catalyst for bioconversion of chitin waste.
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Butler SJ, Bülow L, Bonde J. Functionalization of Recombinant Amelogenin Nanospheres Allows Their Binding to Cellulose Materials. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:1343-1351. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Butler
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Center for Applied Life Sciences; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Leif Bülow
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Center for Applied Life Sciences; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Johan Bonde
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Center for Applied Life Sciences; Lund University; Lund Sweden
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Zhang Y, Wang L, Chen J, Wu J. Enhanced activity toward PET by site-directed mutagenesis of Thermobifida fusca cutinase–CBM fusion protein. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 97:124-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Production and characterization of a bacteriocin from ruminal bacterium Ruminococcus albus 7. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:34-41. [PMID: 22232237 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of a bacteriocin from Ruminococcus albus 7 and its potential as an antibiotic alternative were examined in this study. The addition of 3 µM 3-phenylpropanoic acid (PPA) and 0.2% Tween 80 to the culturing medium improved bacteriocin production by 2.5-fold. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the antagonistically active gel filtration fraction established that the molecular weight of the R. albus 7 bacteriocin was approximately 36 kDa. The bacteriocin was sensitive to pepsin, protease, and pancreatin, and was inactivated by heating at 65 °C for 1 h. Simulating in vitro avian digestion decreased the antagonistic activity by 74.7%, but the addition of 1% bovin serum albumin restored 13% of the lost antagonistic activity. Following ion-exchange purification, the bacteriocin had sufficient antagonistic activity against five tested pathogenic strains, but the addition of a protectant is necessary for utilization of bacteriocin of R. albus 7 as an antibiotic alternative in animal feed.
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Huang QS, Xie XL, Liang G, Gong F, Wang Y, Wei XQ, Wang Q, Ji ZL, Chen QX. The GH18 family of chitinases: Their domain architectures, functions and evolutions. Glycobiology 2011; 22:23-34. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Characterization of Thermobifida fusca cutinase-carbohydrate-binding module fusion proteins and their potential application in bioscouring. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:6870-6. [PMID: 20729325 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00896-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutinase from Thermobifida fusca is thermally stable and has potential application in the bioscouring of cotton in the textile industry. In the present study, the carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) from T. fusca cellulase Cel6A (CBM(Cel6A)) and Cellulomonas fimi cellulase CenA (CBM(CenA)) were fused, separately, to the carboxyl terminus of T. fusca cutinase. Both fusion enzymes, cutinase-CBM(Cel6A) and cutinase-CBM(CenA), were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Enzyme characterization showed that both displayed similar catalytic properties and pH stabilities in response to T. fusca cutinase. In addition, both fusion proteins displayed an activity half-life of 53 h at their optimal temperature of 50°C. Compared to T. fusca cutinase, in the absence of pectinase, the binding activity on cotton fiber was enhanced by 2% for cutinase-CBM(Cel6A) and by 28% for cutinase-CBM(CenA), whereas in the presence of pectinase, the binding activity was enhanced by 40% for the former and 45% for the latter. Notably, a dramatic increase of up to 3-fold was observed in the amount of released fatty acids from cotton fiber by both cutinase-CBM fusion proteins when acting in concert with pectinase. This is the first report of improving the scouring efficiency of cutinase by fusing it with CBM. The improvement in activity and the strong synergistic effect between the fusion proteins and pectinase suggest that they may have better applications in textile bioscouring than the native cutinase.
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Stachybotrys atra BP-A produces alkali-resistant and thermostable cellulases. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2008; 94:307-16. [PMID: 18454347 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-008-9248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A cellulose-degrading fungal strain has been isolated from a rotten rag. Morphological characterization and ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 rDNA sequencing showed that the strain is a new isolate of Stachybotrys atra. The strain secreted high cellulase activity in media supplemented with rice straw. However, cellulases were not produced in glucose-supplemented media. The crude cellulase showed the highest activity on amorphous celluloses such as carboxymethyl cellulose, while activity on crystalline celluloses such as Avicel was lower. The optimal temperature and pH for CMCase activity were 70 degrees C and pH 5 respectively, although a second peak of activity was found at pH 8. Activity was strongly inhibited by Cu(2+), Mn(2+) and Hg(2+). Analysis by SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing and zymography showed that the strain secretes a complex cellulase system comprising several enzymes. Most of these enzymes are alkali-resistant CMCases that remained stable at pH 9 and 65 degrees C for at least 1 h. Cellulose binding assays showed notable differences among the CMCases. While some CMCase bands did not bind Avicel, other bands bound to this polymer and were eluted either with NaCl or by boiling with SDS. Analysis by two-dimensional electrophoresis showed that the band eluted by SDS boiling contained at least 4 different polypeptides. The complex set of cellulases produced by the strain, and their activity and stability at alkaline pH and a high temperature indicate that both the isolated strain and the cellulases identified are good candidates for biotechnological applications involving cellulose modification.
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Qi M, O'Brien JP, Yang J. A recombinant triblock protein polymer with dispersant and binding properties for digital printing. Biopolymers 2008; 90:28-36. [PMID: 17972282 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A structured triblock protein was designed to explore the potential of engineered peptides to function as high-performance ink dispersants and binders. The protein consists of three functional elements, including a pigment binding domain, a hydrophilic linker, and a printing surface binding domain. To construct such a chimeric protein, a carbon black binding peptide, FHENWPS, and a cellulose binding peptide, THKTSTQRLLAA, were identified from phage display libraries through biopanning, based on their strong and specific binding affinities to carbon black and cellulose. They were used as carbon black and cellulose binding domains, respectively, in a recombinant triblock protein. A linker sequence, PTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTPTP, was adapted from endoglucanase A of the bacterium Cellulomonas fimi, as a small, rigid, and hydrophilic interdomain linker. When incorporated into the triblock structure between the carbon black and cellulose binding sequences, the linker sufficiently isolates these two elements and allows dual binding activity. The structured triblock protein was shown to disperse carbon black particles and attach it to paper surfaces. Thus, the utility of structured proteins having useful dispersant and binding properties for digital printing inks was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qi
- DuPont Central Research and Development, Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 19880-0402, USA
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Sonan G, Receveur-Brechot V, Duez C, Aghajari N, Czjzek M, Haser R, Gerday C. The linker region plays a key role in the adaptation to cold of the cellulase from an Antarctic bacterium. Biochem J 2008; 407:293-302. [PMID: 17635108 PMCID: PMC2049020 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The psychrophilic cellulase, Cel5G, from the Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis is composed of a catalytic module (CM) joined to a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) by an unusually long, extended and flexible linker region (LR) containing three loops closed by three disulfide bridges. To evaluate the possible role of this region in cold adaptation, the LR was sequentially shortened by protein engineering, successively deleting one and two loops of this module, whereas the last disulfide bridge was also suppressed by replacing the last two cysteine residue by two alanine residues. The kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the mutants were compared with those of the full-length enzyme, and also with those of the cold-adapted CM alone and with those of the homologous mesophilic enzyme, Cel5A, from Erwinia chrysanthemi. The thermostability of the mutated enzymes as well as their relative flexibility were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry and fluorescence quenching respectively. The topology of the structure of the shortest mutant was determined by SAXS (small-angle X-ray scattering). The data indicate that the sequential shortening of the LR induces a regular decrease of the specific activity towards macromolecular substrates, reduces the relative flexibility and concomitantly increases the thermostability of the shortened enzymes. This demonstrates that the long LR of the full-length enzyme favours the catalytic efficiency at low and moderate temperatures by rendering the structure not only less compact, but also less stable, and plays a crucial role in the adaptation to cold of this cellulolytic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume K. Sonan
- *Laboratoire de Biochimie et Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Chimie B6, Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Véronique Receveur-Brechot
- †Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098, CNRS et Universités d'Aix-Marseille I et II, 163 avenue de Luminy, F-13488 Marseille cedex, France
| | - Colette Duez
- *Laboratoire de Biochimie et Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Chimie B6, Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Nushin Aghajari
- ‡Laboratoire de Bio Cristallographie, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, CNRS et Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR 5086, IFR 128 “Biosciences Lyon-Gerland”, 7 Passage du Vercors, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07 France
| | - Mirjam Czjzek
- §Station Biologique de Roscoff, Végétaux Marins et Biomolécules, UMR 7139, Place George Teissier, BP 74, F-29682 Roscoff cedex, France
| | - Richard Haser
- ‡Laboratoire de Bio Cristallographie, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, CNRS et Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR 5086, IFR 128 “Biosciences Lyon-Gerland”, 7 Passage du Vercors, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07 France
| | - Charles Gerday
- *Laboratoire de Biochimie et Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Chimie B6, Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège Sart-Tilman, Belgium
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Matsui Y, Okada S, Uchimura T, Kondo A, Satoh E. Determination and Analysis of the Starch Binding Domain of Streptococcus bovis 148 Raw-Starch-Hydrolyzing .ALPHA.-Amylase. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2007. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.54.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Lim WJ, Hong SY, An CL, Cho KM, Choi BR, Kim YK, An JM, Kang JM, Lee SM, Cho SJ, Kim H, Yun HD. Construction of minimum size cellulase (Cel5Z) from Pectobacterium chrysanthemi PY35 by removal of the C-terminal region. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 68:46-52. [PMID: 15666145 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1880-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Revised: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pectobacterium chrysanthemi PY35 secretes the endoglucanase Cel5Z, an enzyme of the glycoside hydrolase family 5. Cel5Z is a 426 amino acid, signal peptide (SP)-containing protein composed of two domains: a large N-terminal catalytic domain (CD; 291 amino acids) and a small C-terminal cellulose binding domain (CBD; 62 amino acids). These two domains are separated by a 30 amino acid linker region (LR). A truncated cel5Z gene was constructed with the addition of a nonsense mutation that removes the C-terminal region of the protein. A truncated Cel5Z protein, consisting of 280 amino acid residues, functioned as a mature enzyme despite the absence of the SP, 11 amino acid CD, LR, and CBD region. In fact, this truncated Cel5Z protein showed an enzymatic activity 80% higher than that of full-length Cel5Z. However, cellulase activity was undetectable in mature Cel5Z proteins truncated to less than 280 amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Jin Lim
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, 660-701, Korea
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Rodríguez-Sanoja R, Ruiz B, Guyot JP, Sanchez S. Starch-binding domain affects catalysis in two Lactobacillus alpha-amylases. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:297-302. [PMID: 15640201 PMCID: PMC544272 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.1.297-302.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Accepted: 08/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new starch-binding domain (SBD) was recently described in alpha-amylases from three lactobacilli (Lactobacillus amylovorus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus manihotivorans). Usually, the SBD is formed by 100 amino acids, but the SBD sequences of the mentioned lactobacillus alpha-amylases consist of almost 500 amino acids that are organized in tandem repeats. The three lactobacillus amylase genes share more than 98% sequence identity. In spite of this identity, the SBD structures seem to be quite different. To investigate whether the observed differences in the SBDs have an effect on the hydrolytic capability of the enzymes, a kinetic study of L. amylovorus and L. plantarum amylases was developed, with both enzymes acting on several starch sources in granular and gelatinized forms. Results showed that the amylolytic capacities of these enzymes are quite different; the L. amylovorus alpha-amylase is, on average, 10 times more efficient than the L. plantarum enzyme in hydrolyzing all the tested polymeric starches, with only a minor difference in the adsorption capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rodríguez-Sanoja
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM A. P. 70228, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
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Arakane Y, Zhu Q, Matsumiya M, Muthukrishnan S, Kramer KJ. Properties of catalytic, linker and chitin-binding domains of insect chitinase. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 33:631-648. [PMID: 12770581 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(03)00049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm) chitinase is a glycoprotein that consists of an N-terminal catalytic domain, a Ser/Thr-rich linker region, and a C-terminal chitin-binding domain. To delineate the properties of these domains, we have generated truncated forms of chitinase, which were expressed in insect cells using baculovirus vectors. Three additional recombinant proteins composed of the catalytic domain fused with one or two insect or plant chitin-binding domains (CBDs) were also generated and characterized. The catalytic and chitin-binding activities are independent of each other because each activity is functional separately. When attached to the catalytic domain, the CBD enhanced activity toward the insoluble polymer but not the soluble chitin oligosaccharide primarily through an effect on the Km for the former substrate. The linker region, which connects the two domains, facilitates secretion from the cell and helps to stabilize the enzyme in the presence of gut proteolytic enzymes. The linker region is extensively modified by O-glycosylation and the catalytic domain is moderately N-glycosylated. Immunological studies indicated that the linker region, along with elements of the CBD, is a major immunogenic epitope. The results support the hypothesis that the domain structure of insect chitinase evolved for efficient degradation of the insoluble polysaccharide to soluble oligosaccharides during the molting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Arakane
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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