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Zhou D, Qiu S, Li M, Shan W, Chen Z, Wu Z, Ge S. Physiological responses and molecular mechanism of Chlorella sorokiniana to surgical mask exudates in wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132891. [PMID: 37939560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae-based bioremediation is likely to be challenged by the microplastics (MPs) in wastewater induced by the widely use of surgical masks (SMs) during COVID-19. However, such toxic impact was generally evaluated under high exposure concentrations of MPs, which was not in agreement with the actual wastewater environments. Therefore, this study investigated the microalgal cellular responses to the surgical mask exudates (SMEs) in wastewater and explored the underlying inhibitory mechanism from the molecular perspective. Specifically, 390 items/L SMEs (including 200 items/L MPs which was the actual MP level in wastewater) significantly inhibited nutrient uptake and photosynthetic activities interrupted peroxisome biogenesis and induced oxidative stress which destroyed the structure of cell membrane. Moreover, the SMEs exposure also affected carbon fixation pathways, suppressed ABC transporters while promoted oxidative phosphorylation processes for the ATP accumulation These comprehensive processes led to an 8.5% reduced microalgae growth and variations of cellular biocomponents including lipid, carbohydrate, and protein. The increased carotenoids and consumed unsaturated fatty acid were considered to alleviate the SMEs-induced stress, and the enhanced EPS secretion facilitated the homogeneous aggregation. These findings will enhance current understandings of the SMEs effects in wastewater on microalgae and further improve the practical relevance of microalgae wastewater bioremediation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuang Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengting Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenju Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhipeng Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengshuai Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shijian Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China.
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Li H, Han S, Huo Y, Ma G, Sun Z, Li H, Hou S, Han Y. Comparative metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals a coexpression network of the carotenoid metabolism pathway in the panicle of Setaria italica. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:105. [PMID: 35260077 PMCID: PMC8903627 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The grains of foxtail millet are enriched in carotenoids, which endow this plant with a yellow color and extremely high nutritional value. However, the underlying molecular regulation mechanism and gene coexpression network remain unclear. METHODS The carotenoid species and content were detected by HPLC for two foxtail millet varieties at three panicle development stages. Based on a homologous sequence BLAST analysis, these genes related to carotenoid metabolism were identified from the foxtail millet genome database. The conserved protein domains, chromosome locations, gene structures and phylogenetic trees were analyzed using bioinformatics tools. RNA-seq was performed for these samples to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). A Pearson correlation analysis was performed between the expression of genes related to carotenoid metabolism and the content of carotenoid metabolites. Furthermore, the expression levels of the key DEGs were verified by qRT-PCR. The gene coexpression network was constructed by a weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). RESULT The major carotenoid metabolites in the panicles of DHD and JG21 were lutein and β-carotene. These carotenoid metabolite contents sharply decreased during the panicle development stage. The lutein and β-carotene contents were highest at the S1 stage of DHD, with values of 11.474 μg /100 mg and 12.524 μg /100 mg, respectively. Fifty-four genes related to carotenoid metabolism were identified in the foxtail millet genome. Cis-acting element analysis showed that these gene promoters mainly contain 'plant hormone', 'drought stress resistance', 'MYB binding site', 'endosperm specific' and 'seed specific' cis-acting elements and especially the 'light-responsive' and 'ABA-responsive' elements. In the carotenoid metabolic pathways, SiHDS, SiHMGS3, SiPDS and SiNCED1 were more highly expressed in the panicle of foxtail millet. The expression of SiCMT, SiAACT3, SiPSY1, SiZEP1/2, and SiCCD8c/8d was significantly correlated with the lutein content. The expression of SiCMT, SiHDR, SiIDI2, SiAACT3, SiPSY1, and SiZEP1/2 was significantly correlated with the content of β-carotene. WGCNA showed that the coral module was highly correlated with lutein and β-carotene, and 13 structural genes from the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway were identified. Network visualization revealed 25 intramodular hub genes that putatively control carotenoid metabolism. CONCLUSION Based on the integrative analysis of the transcriptomics and carotenoid metabonomics, we found that DEGs related to carotenoid metabolism had a stronger correlation with the key carotenoid metabolite content. The correlation analysis and WGCNA identified and predicted the gene regulation network related to carotenoid metabolism. These results lay the foundation for exploring the key target genes regulating carotenoid metabolism flux in the panicle of foxtail millet. We hope that these target genes could be used to genetically modify millet to enhance the carotenoid content in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Shangling Han
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Yiqiong Huo
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Guifang Ma
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhaoxia Sun
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Minor Crop, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Hongying Li
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Minor Crop, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Siyu Hou
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Minor Crop, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.
| | - Yuanhuai Han
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Minor Crop, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.
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Ma D, Li G, Alejos-Gonzalez F, Zhu Y, Xue Z, Wang A, Zhang H, Li X, Ye H, Wang H, Liu B, Xie DY. Overexpression of a type-I isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase of Artemisia annua in the cytosol leads to high arteannuin B production and artemisinin increase. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:466-479. [PMID: 28440881 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We recently characterized a gene-terpene network that is associated with artemisinin biosynthesis in self-pollinated (SP) Artemisia annua, an effective antimalarial plant. We hypothesize that an alteration of gene expression in the network may improve the production of artemisinin and its precursors. In this study, we cloned an isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase (IPPI) cDNA, AaIPPI1, from Artemisia annua (Aa). The full-length cDNA encodes a type-I IPPI containing a plastid transit peptide (PTP) at its amino terminus. After the removal of the PTP, the recombinant truncated AaIPPI1 isomerized isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) to dimethyl allyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) and vice versa. The steady-state equilibrium ratio of IPP/DMAPP in the enzymatic reactions was approximately 1:7. The truncated AaIPPI1 was overexpressed in the cytosol of the SP A. annua variety. The leaves of transgenic plants produced approximately 4% arteannuin B (g g-1 , dry weight, dw) and 0.17-0.25% artemisinin (g g-1 , dw), the levels of which were significantly higher than those in the leaves of wild-type plants. In addition, transgenic plants showed an increase in artemisinic acid production of more than 1% (g g-1 , dw). In contrast, isoprene formation was significantly reduced in transgenic plants. These results provide evidence that overexpression of AaIPPI1 in the cytosol can lead to metabolic alterations of terpenoid biosynthesis, and show that these transgenic plants have the potential to yield high production levels of arteannuin B as a new precursor source for artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Ma
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gui Li
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Fatima Alejos-Gonzalez
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Zhen Xue
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aimin Wang
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Li
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hechun Ye
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Benye Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - De-Yu Xie
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Chaves JE, Romero PR, Kirst H, Melis A. Role of isopentenyl-diphosphate isomerase in heterologous cyanobacterial (Synechocystis) isoprene production. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 130:517-527. [PMID: 27412351 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterologous production of isoprene (C5H8) hydrocarbons in cyanobacteria, emanating from sunlight, CO2, and water, is now attracting increasing attention. The concept entails application of an isoprene synthase transgene from terrestrial plants, heterologously expressed in cyanobacteria, aiming to reprogram carbon flux in the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway toward formation and spontaneous release of this volatile chemical from the cell and liquid culture. However, flux manipulations and carbon-partitioning reactions between isoprene (the product) and native terpenoid biosynthesis for cellular needs are not yet optimized for isoprene yield. The primary reactant for isoprene biosynthesis is dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), whereas both DMAPP and its isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) isomer are needed for cellular terpenoid biosynthesis. The present work addressed the function of an isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) isomerase in cyanobacteria and its role in carbon partitioning between IPP and DMAPP, both of which serve, in variable ratios, as reactants for the synthesis of different cellular terpenoids. The work was approached upon the heterologous expression in Synechocystis of the "isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase" gene (FNI) from Streptococcus pneumoniae, using isoprene production as a "reporter process" for substrate partitioning between DMAPP and IPP. It is shown that transgenic expression of the FNI gene in Synechocystis resulted in a 250 % increase in the "reporter isoprene" rate and yield, suggesting that the FNI isomerase shifted the endogenous DMAPP-IPP steady-state pool size toward DMAPP, thereby enhancing rates and yield of isoprene production. The work provides insight into the significance and functional role of the IPP isomerase in these photosynthetic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Chaves
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3102, USA
| | - Paloma Rueda Romero
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3102, USA
| | - Henning Kirst
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3102, USA
| | - Anastasios Melis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3102, USA.
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Tong Y, Su P, Zhao Y, Zhang M, Wang X, Liu Y, Zhang X, Gao W, Huang L. Molecular Cloning and Characterization of DXS and DXR Genes in the Terpenoid Biosynthetic Pathway of Tripterygium wilfordii. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25516-35. [PMID: 26512659 PMCID: PMC4632813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) genes are the key enzyme genes of terpenoid biosynthesis but still unknown in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. Here, three full-length cDNA encoding DXS1, DXS2 and DXR were cloned from suspension cells of T. wilfordii with ORF sizes of 2154 bp (TwDXS1, GenBank accession no.KM879187), 2148 bp (TwDXS2, GenBank accession no.KM879186), 1410 bp (TwDXR, GenBank accession no.KM879185). And, the TwDXS1, TwDXS2 and TwDXR were characterized by color complementation in lycopene accumulating strains of Escherichia coli, which indicated that they encoded functional proteins and promoted lycopene pathway flux. TwDXS1 and TwDXS2 are constitutively expressed in the roots, stems and leaves and the expression level showed an order of roots > stems > leaves. After the suspension cells were induced by methyl jasmonate, the mRNA expression level of TwDXS1, TwDXS2, and TwDXR increased, and triptophenolide was rapidly accumulated to 149.52 µg·g−1, a 5.88-fold increase compared with the control. So the TwDXS1, TwDXS2, and TwDXR could be important genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Tong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Ping Su
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Yujun Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Yujia Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Xianan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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López-Emparán A, Quezada-Martinez D, Zúñiga-Bustos M, Cifuentes V, Iñiguez-Luy F, Federico ML. Functional analysis of the Brassica napus L. phytoene synthase (PSY) gene family. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114878. [PMID: 25506829 PMCID: PMC4266642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoene synthase (PSY) has been shown to catalyze the first committed and rate-limiting step of carotenogenesis in several crop species, including Brassica napus L. Due to its pivotal role, PSY has been a prime target for breeding and metabolic engineering the carotenoid content of seeds, tubers, fruits and flowers. In Arabidopsis thaliana, PSY is encoded by a single copy gene but small PSY gene families have been described in monocot and dicotyledonous species. We have recently shown that PSY genes have been retained in a triplicated state in the A- and C-Brassica genomes, with each paralogue mapping to syntenic locations in each of the three “Arabidopsis-like” subgenomes. Most importantly, we have shown that in B. napus all six members are expressed, exhibiting overlapping redundancy and signs of subfunctionalization among photosynthetic and non photosynthetic tissues. The question of whether this large PSY family actually encodes six functional enzymes remained to be answered. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to: (i) isolate, characterize and compare the complete protein coding sequences (CDS) of the six B. napus PSY genes; (ii) model their predicted tridimensional enzyme structures; (iii) test their phytoene synthase activity in a heterologous complementation system and (iv) evaluate their individual expression patterns during seed development. This study further confirmed that the six B. napus PSY genes encode proteins with high sequence identity, which have evolved under functional constraint. Structural modeling demonstrated that they share similar tridimensional protein structures with a putative PSY active site. Significantly, all six B. napus PSY enzymes were found to be functional. Taking into account the specific patterns of expression exhibited by these PSY genes during seed development and recent knowledge of PSY suborganellar localization, the selection of transgene candidates for metabolic engineering the carotenoid content of oilseeds is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada López-Emparán
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Agriaquaculture Nutritional Genomic Center, CGNA, Temuco, La Araucanía, Chile
- Instituto de Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Maule, Chile
| | - Daniela Quezada-Martinez
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Agriaquaculture Nutritional Genomic Center, CGNA, Temuco, La Araucanía, Chile
| | - Matías Zúñiga-Bustos
- Instituto de Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Maule, Chile
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Depto. Cs. Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Federico Iñiguez-Luy
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Agriaquaculture Nutritional Genomic Center, CGNA, Temuco, La Araucanía, Chile
| | - María Laura Federico
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Agriaquaculture Nutritional Genomic Center, CGNA, Temuco, La Araucanía, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Wei L, Yin L, Hu X, Xu Y, Chen F. A novel chloroplastic isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase gene from Jatropha curcas: Cloning, characterization and subcellular localization. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Berthelot K, Estevez Y, Deffieux A, Peruch F. Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase: A checkpoint to isoprenoid biosynthesis. Biochimie 2012; 94:1621-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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cDNA cloning of a novel gene codifying for the enzyme lycopene β-cyclase from Ficus carica and its expression in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:769-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3488-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Molecular cloning, expression profiling and functional analyses of a cDNA encoding isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase from Gossypium barbadense. Biosci Rep 2009; 29:111-9. [PMID: 19055484 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20070052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gossypol, a type of plant defence sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin, is synthesized from the MEP (2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate) and MVA (mevalonate) pathway in the isoprenoid biosynthetic system. The key step is the isomerization of IPP (isopentenyl diphosphate) to DMAPP (dimethylallyl diphosphate), which is catalysed by IPI (IPP isomerase; EC 5.3.3.2). A full-length cDNA encoding IPI (designated GbIPI) was cloned from Gossypium barbadense by RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends). The full-length cDNA of GbIPI was 1205 bp and contained a 906 bp ORF (open reading frame) encoding a protein of 302 amino acids, with a predicted molecular mass of 34.39 kDa and an isoelectric point of 6.07. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that the GbIPI has a high level of similarity to other IPIs. Southern-blot analysis revealed that GbIPI belongs to a small gene family. Expression analysis indicated that GbIPI expression is highest in stems, followed by leaves, and is lowest in roots, and that the expression of GbIPI could be induced by Verticillium dahliae Kleb, MeJA (methyl jasmonate) and SA (salicylic acid). The functional colour assay indicated that GbIPI could accelerate the accumulation of beta-carotene in Escherichia coli transformants. The cloning and functional analysis of GbIPI will be useful in increasing understanding of the role of IPI in isoprenoid biosynthesis at the molecular level.
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Li F, Vallabhaneni R, Wurtzel ET. PSY3, a new member of the phytoene synthase gene family conserved in the Poaceae and regulator of abiotic stress-induced root carotenogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 146:1333-45. [PMID: 18162592 PMCID: PMC2259096 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.111120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a vital role in mediating abiotic stress responses in plants. De novo ABA biosynthesis involves cleavage of carotenoid precursors by 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED), which is rate controlling in leaves and roots; however, additional bottlenecks in roots must be overcome, such as biosynthesis of upstream carotenoid precursors. Phytoene synthase (PSY) mediates the first committed step in carotenoid biosynthesis; with PSY3 described here, maize (Zea mays) and other members of the Poaceae have three paralogous genes, in contrast to only one in Arabidopsis thaliana. PSY gene duplication has led to subfunctionalization, with each paralog exhibiting differential gene expression. We showed that PSY3 encodes a functional enzyme for which maize transcript levels are regulated in response to abiotic stresses, drought, salt, and ABA. Drought-stressed roots showed elevated PSY3 transcripts and ABA, responses reversed by rehydration. By blocking root carotenoid biosynthesis with the maize y9 mutation, we demonstrated that PSY3 mRNA elevation correlates with carotenoid accumulation and that blocking carotenoid biosynthesis interferes with stress-induced ABA accumulation. In parallel, we observed elevated NCED transcripts and showed that, in contrast to dicots, root zeaxanthin epoxidase transcripts were unchanged. PSY3 was the only paralog for which transcripts were induced in roots and abiotic stress also affected leaf PSY2 transcript levels; PSY1 mRNA was not elevated in any tissues tested. Our results suggest that PSY3 expression influences root carotenogenesis and defines a potential bottleneck upstream of NCED; further examination of PSY3 in the grasses is of value for better understanding root-specific stress responses that impact plant yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faqiang Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
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Zhou X, Van Eck J, Li L. Use of the cauliflower Or gene for improving crop nutritional quality. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008; 14:171-90. [DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(08)00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Klein-Marcuschamer D, Ajikumar PK, Stephanopoulos G. Engineering microbial cell factories for biosynthesis of isoprenoid molecules: beyond lycopene. Trends Biotechnol 2007; 25:417-24. [PMID: 17681626 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The isoprenoid superfamily of compounds holds great potential for delivering commercial therapeutics, neutraceuticals and fine chemicals. As such, it has attracted widespread attention and prompted research aimed at metabolic engineering of the pathway for isoprenoid overproduction. The carotenoids in particular, because of their convenient colorimetric screening properties, have facilitated the investigation of new tools for pathway optimization. Because all isoprenoids share common metabolic precursors, genetic platforms resulting from work with carotenoids can be applied to the biosynthesis of other valuable products. In this review we summarize the many tools and methods that have been developed for isoprenoid pathway engineering, and the potential of these technologies for producing other molecules of this family, especially terpenoids.
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Cunningham FX, Gantt E. A portfolio of plasmids for identification and analysis of carotenoid pathway enzymes: Adonis aestivalis as a case study. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2007; 92:245-59. [PMID: 17634749 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-007-9210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are indispensable pigments of the photosynthetic apparatus in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria and are produced, as well, by many bacteria and fungi. Elucidation of biochemical pathways leading to the carotenoids that function in the photosynthetic membranes of land plants has been greatly aided by the use of carotenoid-accumulating strains of Escherichia coli as heterologous hosts for functional assays, in vivo, of the otherwise difficult to study membrane-associated pathway enzymes. This same experimental approach is uniquely well-suited to the discovery and characterization of yet-to-be identified enzymes that lead to carotenoids of the photosynthetic membranes in algal cells, to the multitude of carotenoids found in nongreen plant tissues, and to the myriad flavor and aroma compounds that are derived from carotenoids in plant tissues. A portfolio of plasmids suitable for the production in E. coli of a variety of carotenoids is presented herein. The use of these carotenoid-producing E. coli for the identification of cDNAs encoding enzymes of carotenoid and isoprenoid biosynthesis, for characterization of the enzymes these cDNAs encode, and for the production of specific carotenoids for use as enzyme substrates and reference standards, is described using the flowering plant Adonis aestivalis to provide examples. cDNAs encoding nine different A. aestivalis enzymes of carotenoid and isoprenoid synthesis were identified and the enzymatic activity of their products verified. Those cDNAs newly described include ones that encode phytoene synthase, beta-carotene hydroxylase, deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase, isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis X Cunningham
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Just BJ, Santos CAF, Fonseca MEN, Boiteux LS, Oloizia BB, Simon PW. Carotenoid biosynthesis structural genes in carrot (Daucus carota): isolation, sequence-characterization, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and genome mapping. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2007; 114:693-704. [PMID: 17186217 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-006-0469-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid pigments are important components of the human diet and carrots are the main dietary sources of the vitamin A precursors alpha- and beta-carotene. Carotenoids play essential biological roles in plants and the genes coding for the carotenoid pathway enzymes are evolutionarily conserved, but little information exists about these genes for carrot. In this study, we utilized published carrot sequences as well as heterologous PCR approaches with primers derived from sequence information of other plant species to isolate 24 putative genes coding for carotenoid biosynthesis enzymes in carrot. Twenty-two of these genes were placed on the carrot genetic linkage map developed from a cross between orange-rooted and white-rooted carrot. The carotenoid genes were distributed in eight of the nine linkage groups in the carrot genome recommending their use for merging maps. Two genes co-localized with a genomic region spanning one of the most significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) for carotenoid accumulation. Carotenoid biosynthesis cDNAs linked to root color mutations and to QTL for carotenoid accumulation may suggest a functional role for them as candidate genes. RACE PCR and reverse transcriptase PCR were used to amplify the full-length transcript for twenty expressed carotenoid biosynthesis genes and sequences were submitted to GenBank. The cloning and sequence information of these genes is useful for PCR-based expression studies and may point toward transgenic approaches to manipulate carotenoid content in carrot.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Just
- Plant Breeding and Plant Genetics Program, and Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Cervantes-Cervantes M, Gallagher CE, Zhu C, Wurtzel ET. Maize cDNAs expressed in endosperm encode functional farnesyl diphosphate synthase with geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 141:220-31. [PMID: 16581875 PMCID: PMC1459322 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.077008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are the most diverse and abundant group of natural products. In plants, farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) are precursors to many isoprenoids having essential functions. Terpenoids and sterols are derived from FPP, whereas gibberellins, carotenoids, casbenes, taxenes, and others originate from GGPP. The corresponding synthases (FPP synthase [FPPS] and GGPP synthase [GGPPS]) catalyze, respectively, the addition of two and three isopentenyl diphosphate molecules to dimethylallyl diphosphate. Maize (Zea mays L. cv B73) endosperm cDNAs encoding isoprenoid synthases were isolated by functional complementation of Escherichia coli cells carrying a bacterial gene cluster encoding all pathway enzymes needed for carotenoid biosynthesis, except for GGPPS. This approach indicated that the maize gene products were functional GGPPS enzymes. Yet, the predicted enzyme sequences revealed FPPS motifs and homology with FPPS enzymes. In vitro assays demonstrated that indeed these maize enzymes produced both FPP and GGPP and that the N-terminal sequence affected the ratio of FPP to GGPP. Their functionality in E. coli demonstrated that these maize enzymes can be coupled with a metabolon to provide isoprenoid substrates for pathway use, and suggests that enzyme bifunctionality can be harnessed. The maize cDNAs are encoded by a small gene family whose transcripts are prevalent in endosperm beginning mid development. These maize cDNAs will be valuable tools for assessing the critical structural properties determining prenyl transferase specificity and in metabolic engineering of isoprenoid pathways, especially in cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Cervantes-Cervantes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York 10468, USA
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Gallagher CE, Matthews PD, Li F, Wurtzel ET. Gene duplication in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway preceded evolution of the grasses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 135:1776-83. [PMID: 15247400 PMCID: PMC519089 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.039818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2004] [Revised: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 04/28/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite ongoing research on carotenoid biosynthesis in model organisms, there is a paucity of information on pathway regulation operating in the grasses (Poaceae), which include plants of world-wide agronomic importance. As a result, efforts to either breed for or metabolically engineer improvements in carotenoid content or composition in cereal crops have led to unexpected results. In comparison to maize (Zea mays), rice (Oryza sativa) accumulates no endosperm carotenoids, despite having a functional pathway in chloroplasts. To better understand why these two related grasses differ in endosperm carotenoid content, we began to characterize genes encoding phytoene synthase (PSY), since this nuclear-encoded enzyme appeared to catalyze a rate-controlling step in the plastid-localized biosynthetic pathway. The enzyme had been previously associated with the maize Y1 locus thought to be the only functional gene controlling PSY accumulation, though function of the Y1 gene product had never been demonstrated. We show that both maize and rice possess and express products from duplicate PSY genes, PSY1 (Y1) and PSY2; PSY1 transcript accumulation correlates with carotenoid-containing endosperm. Using a heterologous bacterial system, we demonstrate enzyme function of PSY1 and PSY2 that are largely conserved in sequence except for N- and C-terminal domains. By database mining and use of ortholog-specific universal PCR primers, we found that the PSY duplication is prevalent in at least eight subfamilies of the Poaceae, suggesting that this duplication event preceded evolution of the Poaceae. These findings will impact study of grass phylogeny and breeding of enhanced carotenoid content in an entire taxonomic group of plant crops critical for global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia E Gallagher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, Bronx, New York 10468, USA
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Chapter five Genomics, genetics, and biochemistry of maize carotenoid biosynthesis. SECONDARY METABOLISM IN MODEL SYSTEMS 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-9920(04)80006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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