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Ncube P, Bagheri B, Goosen WJ, Miller MA, Sampson SL. Evidence, Challenges, and Knowledge Gaps Regarding Latent Tuberculosis in Animals. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091845. [PMID: 36144447 PMCID: PMC9503773 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis and other Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) pathogens that cause domestic animal and wildlife tuberculosis have received considerably less attention than M. tuberculosis, the primary cause of human tuberculosis (TB). Human TB studies have shown that different stages of infection can exist, driven by host–pathogen interactions. This results in the emergence of heterogeneous subpopulations of mycobacteria in different phenotypic states, which range from actively replicating (AR) cells to viable but slowly or non-replicating (VBNR), viable but non-culturable (VBNC), and dormant mycobacteria. The VBNR, VBNC, and dormant subpopulations are believed to underlie latent tuberculosis (LTB) in humans; however, it is unclear if a similar phenomenon could be happening in animals. This review discusses the evidence, challenges, and knowledge gaps regarding LTB in animals, and possible host–pathogen differences in the MTBC strains M. tuberculosis and M. bovis during infection. We further consider models that might be adapted from human TB research to investigate how the different phenotypic states of bacteria could influence TB stages in animals. In addition, we explore potential host biomarkers and mycobacterial changes in the DosR regulon, transcriptional sigma factors, and resuscitation-promoting factors that may influence the development of LTB.
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Corona Ramírez A, Cailleau G, Fatton M, Dorador C, Junier P. Diversity of Lysis-Resistant Bacteria and Archaea in the Polyextreme Environment of Salar de Huasco. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:826117. [PMID: 36687602 PMCID: PMC9847572 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.826117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of specialized resting cells is a remarkable strategy developed by several organisms to survive unfavorable environmental conditions. Spores are specialized resting cells that are characterized by low to absent metabolic activity and higher resistance. Spore-like cells are known from multiple groups of bacteria, which can form spores under suboptimal growth conditions (e.g., starvation). In contrast, little is known about the production of specialized resting cells in archaea. In this study, we applied a culture-independent method that uses physical and chemical lysis, to assess the diversity of lysis-resistant bacteria and archaea and compare it to the overall prokaryotic diversity (direct DNA extraction). The diversity of lysis-resistant cells was studied in the polyextreme environment of the Salar de Huasco. The Salar de Huasco is a high-altitude athalassohaline wetland in the Chilean Altiplano. Previous studies have shown a high diversity of bacteria and archaea in the Salar de Huasco, but the diversity of lysis-resistant microorganisms has never been investigated. The underlying hypothesis was that the combination of extreme abiotic conditions might favor the production of specialized resting cells. Samples were collected from sediment cores along a saline gradient and microbial mats were collected in small surrounding ponds. A significantly different diversity and composition were found in the sediment cores or microbial mats. Furthermore, our results show a high diversity of lysis-resistant cells not only in bacteria but also in archaea. The bacterial lysis-resistant fraction was distinct in comparison to the overall community. Also, the ability to survive the lysis-resistant treatment was restricted to a few groups, including known spore-forming phyla such as Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. In contrast to bacteria, lysis resistance was widely spread in archaea, hinting at a generalized resistance to lysis, which is at least comparable to the resistance of dormant cells in bacteria. The enrichment of Natrinema and Halarchaeum in the lysis-resistant fraction could hint at the production of cyst-like cells or other resistant cells. These results can guide future studies aiming to isolate and broaden the characterization of lysis-resistant archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Corona Ramírez
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Cailleau
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Mathilda Fatton
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Dorador
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Pilar Junier
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Pilar Junier,
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Wu J, Zhu Y, You L, Dong PT, Mei J, Cheng JX. Polymer Electrochromism Driven by Metabolic Activity Facilitates Rapid and Facile Bacterial Detection and Susceptibility Evaluation. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2005192. [PMID: 33708032 PMCID: PMC7941207 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202005192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The electrochromism of a water-soluble naturally oxidized electrochromic polymer, ox-PPE, is harnessed for rapid and facile bacterial detection, discrimination, and susceptibility testing. The ox-PPE solution shows distinct colorimetric and spectroscopic changes within 30 min when mixed with live bacteria. For the underlying mechanism, it is found that ox-PPE responds to the reducing species (e.g. cysteine and glutathione) released by metabolically active bacteria. This reduction reaction is ubiquitous among various bacterial strains, with a noticeable difference that enables discrimination of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains. Combining ox-PPE with antibiotics, methicillin-susceptible and -resistant S. aureus can be differentiated within 2.5 h. Proof-of-concept demonstration of ox-PPE for antimicrobial susceptibility testing is carried out by incubating E. coli with various antibiotics. The obtained minimum inhibition concentrations are consistent with the conventional culture-based methods, but with the procedure time significantly shortened to 3 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayingzi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Liyan You
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Pu-Ting Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; Department of Physics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Uchida K, Duenas L, Gomez FA. Thread- and Capillary Tube-Based Electrodes for the Detection of Glucose and Acetylthiocholine. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E920. [PMID: 33023140 PMCID: PMC7599574 DOI: 10.3390/mi11100920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical sensor for the detection of glucose and acetylthiocholine (ATC) using thread- and capillary tube-based electrodes is described. Three nylon thread-based electrodes were fabricated by painting pieces of trifurcated nylon thread with conductive inks and threading the electrodes into capillary tubes. Two platforms, one paper-based and the other utilizing bubble wrap, were examined. For the glucose detection, a solution containing glucose oxidase (GOx), potassium ferricyanide (K3[Fe(CN)6]), and increasing concentrations of glucose (0-20 mM) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was spotted onto the two platforms. Similarly, increasing concentrations of ATC (0-9.84 mg/mL) in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (0.08 U/mL) and PBS solution were detected. Using cyclic voltammetry (CV), a scanning voltage was applied to yield a graph of voltage applied (V) vs. current output (A). For both platforms, both glucose and ATC concentrations were observed to be linearly proportional to the current output as demonstrated by the increased height of the oxidation peaks. The three-electrode system was simple to fabricate, inexpensive, and could be used for multiple readings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank A. Gomez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032-8202, USA; (K.U.); (L.D.)
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Kim HJ, Kwon C, Lee BS, Noh H. One-step sensing of foodborne pathogenic bacteria using a 3D paper-based device. Analyst 2019; 144:2248-2255. [PMID: 30775740 DOI: 10.1039/c8an02151a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Managing food contamination from bacteria has been an ongoing issue in the public health and industrial fields. Enzymatic substrates possessing optical properties, e.g. fluorescence or color manifestation, are widely exploited in pathogenic/non-pathogenic bacteria culture methods. Recently, various chromogenic substrates have been utilized in the development of point-of-care diagnostic tools. Herein, four types of chromogenic substrates were exploited to develop paper-based sensors for major foodborne pathogens. We designed a compact sized three-dimensional paper device with a simple user interface. By inserting functional layers in the middle of multilayers, pre-lysis and pH regulation steps were excluded and the analysis time was subsequently reduced, while only one sample droplet was needed for the whole analysis process. After the enzymatic reactions had proceeded, target-specific colors appeared. When it was combined with enrichment, 101 cfu mL-1 of pathogens were successfully detected in 4-8 hours, while those in milk samples were readily sensed in 12 hours. The proposed bacteria sensor exhibited great advantages of low cost, portability and simple operation, while showing a respectable limit-of-detection as low as 101 cfu mL-1 and below. Significantly, we emphasize that it takes fewer steps than existing methods and provides a reduced analysis time owing to the layer functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeok Jung Kim
- Department of Optometry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology (Seoultech), 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea.
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Ilacas GC, Basa A, Nelms KJ, Sosa JD, Liu Y, Gomez FA. Paper-based microfluidic devices for glucose assays employing a metal-organic framework (MOF). Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1055:74-80. [PMID: 30782373 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of two microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), one well-based and the other based on a lateral flow assay (LFA) configuration, to detect glucose via a colorimetric assay using the solid metal-organic framework (MOF) Zr-PCN-222(Fe), to encapsulate glucose oxidase (GOx). The well-based platform consisted of laminate sheets and multiple layers of wax-printed chromatography paper. Solutions of KI and glucose placed into the well flowed through the device and reacted with the GOx@MOF species sandwiched between the paper layers realizing a yellow-brown color. The LFA platform consisted of chromatography paper between parafilm and polyvinyl acetate (PVA) layers. GOx@MOFs spotted on the paper subjected to solutions of KI and glucose yielded a brown color. The devices were then dried, scanned, and analyzed yielding a correlation between average inverse yellow intensity and glucose concentrations. The development of these devices employing MOFs as biomimetic catalysts should further expand the applications of microfluidic technologies for sensors a variety of analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grenalynn C Ilacas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032-8202, USA
| | - Alexis Basa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032-8202, USA
| | - Katherine J Nelms
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032-8202, USA
| | - Joshua D Sosa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032-8202, USA
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032-8202, USA.
| | - Frank A Gomez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032-8202, USA.
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Ilacas G, Gomez FA. Microfluidic Paper-based Analytical Devices (μPADs): Miniaturization and Enzyme Storage Studies. ANAL SCI 2018; 35:379-384. [PMID: 30531127 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18p444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the design and development of miniaturized microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) for biological assays and enzyme storage instruments. Here, a glucose assay utilizing glucose oxidase (GOx), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and potassium iodide (KI) is used as the model system. The efficacy of the miniaturized devices is further examined by assessing the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Two types of μPADs were developed: one, "strip" chips of detection zones of area 0.5, 0.1 cm2 and, two, "grid" chips of detection zone 0.05 cm2. The devices are easily fabricated via a wax printing process whereby lines of wax are deposited onto chromatographic paper and heated to create rows of hydrophobic barriers. The "strip" chips were subjected to three different temperature environments (-20, 0, and 20°C) over 30 days and glucose assays conducted at intermittent times yielding a correlation between corrected average inverse yellow intensity, days, and glucose concentration. Calculated and experimentally derived color intensity values for 1, 4, and 9 mM glucose concentrations after a 7-day storage study showed a good correlation (0.89 - 15.76% error). Both types of μPADs are effective platforms as potential point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices and display minimal enzyme denaturation. μPADs of this size show promise as alternative devices for resource-limited regions and especially those areas where materials and instrumentation are not always available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grenalynn Ilacas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University
| | - Frank A Gomez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University
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Zhu Y, Jović M, Lesch A, Tissières Lovey L, Prudent M, Pick H, Girault HH. Immuno-affinity Amperometric Detection of Bacterial Infections. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14942-14946. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingdi Zhu
- Department of chemistry and chemical engineering; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 1951 Sion Switzerland
| | - Milica Jović
- Department of chemistry and chemical engineering; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 1951 Sion Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Department of chemistry and chemical engineering; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 1951 Sion Switzerland
| | | | - Michel Prudent
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Produits Sanguins; Transfusion Interrégionale CRS; Faculté de Biologie et de Médecine; Université de Lausanne; 1066 Epalinges (Lausanne) Switzerland
| | - Horst Pick
- Department of chemistry and chemical engineering; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 1951 Sion Switzerland
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Department of chemistry and chemical engineering; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 1951 Sion Switzerland
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Zhu Y, Jović M, Lesch A, Tissières Lovey L, Prudent M, Pick H, Girault HH. Immunaffine amperometrische Detektion bakterieller Infektionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingdi Zhu
- Department of chemistry and chemical engineering; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 1951 Sion Schweiz
| | - Milica Jović
- Department of chemistry and chemical engineering; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 1951 Sion Schweiz
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Department of chemistry and chemical engineering; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 1951 Sion Schweiz
| | | | - Michel Prudent
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Produits Sanguins; Transfusion Interrégionale CRS; Faculté de Biologie et de Médecine; Université de Lausanne; 1066 Epalinges (Lausanne) Schweiz
| | - Horst Pick
- Department of chemistry and chemical engineering; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 1951 Sion Schweiz
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Department of chemistry and chemical engineering; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 1951 Sion Schweiz
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Gaines M, Gonzalez-Guerrero MJ, Uchida K, Gomez FA. Microfluidic thread-based electrode system to detect glucose and acetylthiocholine. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:3082-3086. [PMID: 30232815 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A reusable and simple to fabricate electrochemical sensor for the detection of glucose and acetylthiocholine using thread-based electrodes and nylon thread is described. The fabrication of the device consisted of two steps. First, three nylon-based electrodes (reference, working, and counter) were painted with one layer of conductive inks (silver and carbon ink, or silver/silver chloride ink). The electrodes were taped onto parafilm, and a piece of white nylon thread was wrapped around each electrode connecting the three electrodes. For the glucose system, a PBS solution containing glucose oxidase (GOx) (10 mg/mL), and potassium ferricyanide (K3 [Fe(CN)6 ]) (10 mg/mL) as mediator, was dried onto the thread, and increasing concentrations of glucose (0-15 mM) was added to the thread and measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The current output from the glucose oxidation was proportional to the concentration of glucose. For the second system, a solution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (0.08 U/mL) in PBS was added to the nylon thread, and increasing concentrations of acetylthiocholine (ATC) (0-9.84 mg/mL) was added and measured by CV. The current output from the oxidation of thiocholine (produced by AChE reacting with ATC) was proportional to the concentrations of ATC added to the thread. From both systems, a graph of current output versus substrate concentration was produced and fitted with a linear regression line that gave R2 values of 0.985 (GOX /glucose) and 0.995 (AChE/ATC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Gaines
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Kathryn Uchida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Frank A Gomez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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