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Ma Q, Yi J, Tang Y, Geng Z, Zhang C, Sun W, Liu Z, Xiong W, Wu H, Xie X. Co-utilization of carbon sources in microorganisms for the bioproduction of chemicals. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 73:108380. [PMID: 38759845 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Carbon source is crucial for the cell growth and metabolism in microorganisms, and its utilization significantly affects the synthesis efficiency of target products in microbial cell factories. Compared with a single carbon source, co-utilizing carbon sources provide an alternative approach to optimize the utilization of different carbon sources for efficient biosynthesis of many chemicals with higher titer/yield/productivity. However, the efficiency of bioproduction is significantly limited by the sequential utilization of a preferred carbon source and secondary carbon sources, attributed to carbon catabolite repression (CCR). This review aimed to introduce the mechanisms of CCR and further focus on the summary of the strategies for co-utilization of carbon sources, including alleviation of CCR, engineering of the transport and metabolism of secondary carbon sources, compulsive co-utilization in single culture, co-utilization of carbon sources via co-culture, and evolutionary approaches. The findings of representative studies with a significant improvement in the bioproduction of chemicals via the co-utilization of carbon sources were discussed in this review. It suggested that by combining rational metabolic engineering and irrational evolutionary approaches, co-utilizing carbon sources can significantly contribute to the bioproduction of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jinhang Yi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yulin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zihao Geng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chunyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wenchao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhengkai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wenwen Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Heyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xixian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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Li M, Yang R, Guo J, Liu M, Yang J. Optimization of IspS ib stability through directed evolution to improve isoprene production. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0121823. [PMID: 37815338 PMCID: PMC10617563 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01218-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme stability is often a limiting factor in the microbial production of high-value-added chemicals and commercial enzymes. A previous study by our research group revealed that the unstable isoprene synthase from Ipomoea batatas (IspSib) critically limits isoprene production in engineered Escherichia coli. Directed evolution was, therefore, performed in the present study to improve the thermostability of IspSib. First, a tripartite protein folding system designated as lac'-IspSib-'lac, which could couple the stability of IspSib to antibiotic ampicillin resistance, was successfully constructed for the high-throughput screening of variants. Directed evolution of IspSib was then performed through two rounds of random mutation and site-saturation mutation, which produced three variants with higher stability: IspSibN397V A476V, IspSibN397V A476T, and IspSibN397V A476C. The subsequent in vitro thermostability test confirmed the increased protein stability. The melting temperatures of the screened variants IspSibN397V A476V, IspSibN397V A476T, and IspSibN397V A476C were 45.1 ± 0.9°C, 46.1 ± 0.7°C, and 47.2 ± 0.3°C, respectively, each of which was higher than the melting temperature of wild-type IspSib (41.5 ± 0.4°C). The production of isoprene at the shake-flask fermentation level was increased by 1.94-folds, to 1,335 mg/L, when using IspSibN397V A476T. These findings provide insights into the optimization of the thermostability of terpene synthases, which are key enzymes for isoprenoid production in engineered microorganisms. In addition, the present study would serve as a successful example of improving enzyme stability without requiring detailed structural information or catalytic reaction mechanisms.IMPORTANCEThe poor thermostability of IspSib critically limits isoprene production in engineered Escherichia coli. A tripartite protein folding system designated as lac'-IspSib-'lac, which could couple the stability of IspSib to antibiotic ampicillin resistance, was successfully constructed for the first time. In order to improve the enzyme stability of IspSib, the directed evolution of IspSib was performed through error-PCR, and high-throughput screening was realized using the lac'-IspSib-'lac system. Three positive variants with increased thermostability were obtained. The thermostability test and the melting temperature analysis confirmed the increased stability of the enzyme. The production of isoprene was increased by 1.94-folds, to 1,335 mg/L, using IspSibN397V A476T. The directed evolution process reported here is also applicable to other terpene synthases key to isoprenoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijie Li
- Energy-rich Compound Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Rumeng Yang
- Energy-rich Compound Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jianming Yang
- Energy-rich Compound Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Isar J, Jain D, Joshi H, Dhoot S, Rangaswamy V. MICROBIAL isoprene production: an overview. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:122. [PMID: 35637362 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03306-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Isoprene, a volatile C5 hydrocarbon, is a precursor of synthetic rubber and an important building block for a variety of natural products, solely being produced by petrochemical routes. To mitigate the ever-increasing contribution of petrochemical industry to global warming through significant carbon (CO2) evolution, bio-based process for isoprene production using microbial cell factories have been explored. Highly efficient fermentation-based processes have been studied for little over a decade now with extensive research on the rational strain development for creating robust strains for commercial isoprene production. Most of these studies involved sugars as feedstocks and using naturally occurring isoprene pathways viz., mevalonate and methyl erythritol pathway in E. coli. Recent advances, driven by efforts in reducing environmental pollution, have focused on utilization of inorganic CO2 by cyanobacteria or syngas from waste gases by acetogens for isoprene production. This review endeavors to capture the latest relevant progress made in rational strain development, metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies used, challenges in fermentation process development at lab and commercial scale production of isoprene along with a future perspective pertaining to this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Isar
- High Value Chemicals, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, 400701, India
| | - Dharmendra Jain
- High Value Chemicals, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, 400701, India
| | - Harshvardhan Joshi
- High Value Chemicals, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, 400701, India
| | - Shrikant Dhoot
- High Value Chemicals, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, 400701, India
| | - Vidhya Rangaswamy
- High Value Chemicals, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, 400701, India.
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Metabolic Engineering and Regulation of Diol Biosynthesis from Renewable Biomass in Escherichia coli. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050715. [PMID: 35625642 PMCID: PMC9138338 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As bulk chemicals, diols have wide applications in many fields, such as clothing, biofuels, food, surfactant and cosmetics. The traditional chemical synthesis of diols consumes numerous non-renewable energy resources and leads to environmental pollution. Green biosynthesis has emerged as an alternative method to produce diols. Escherichia coli as an ideal microbial factory has been engineered to biosynthesize diols from carbon sources. Here, we comprehensively summarized the biosynthetic pathways of diols from renewable biomass in E. coli and discussed the metabolic-engineering strategies that could enhance the production of diols, including the optimization of biosynthetic pathways, improvement of cofactor supplementation, and reprogramming of the metabolic network. We then investigated the dynamic regulation by multiple control modules to balance the growth and production, so as to direct carbon sources for diol production. Finally, we proposed the challenges in the diol-biosynthesis process and suggested some potential methods to improve the diol-producing ability of the host.
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Wang X, Zhang L, Chen H, Wang P, Yin Y, Jin J, Xu J, Wen J. Rational Proteomic Analysis of a New Domesticated Klebsiella pneumoniae x546 Producing 1,3-Propanediol. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:770109. [PMID: 34899654 PMCID: PMC8662357 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.770109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the capability of Klebsiella pneumoniae to produce an important chemical raw material, 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO), a new type of K. pneumoniae x546 was obtained by glycerol acclimation and subsequently was used to produce 1,3-PDO. Under the control of pH value using Na+ pH neutralizer, the 1,3-PDO yield of K. pneumoniae x546 in a 7.5-L fermenter was 69.35 g/L, which was 1.5-fold higher than the original strain (45.91 g/L). After the addition of betaine, the yield of 1,3-PDO reached up to 74.44 g/L at 24 h, which was 40% shorter than the original fermentation time of 40 h. To study the potential mechanism of the production improvement of 1,3-PDO, the Tandem Mass Tags (TMT) technology was applied to investigate the production of 1,3-PDO in K. pneumoniae. Compared with the control group, 170 up-regulated proteins and 291 down-regulated proteins were identified. Through Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis, it was found that some proteins [such as homoserine kinase (ThrB), phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase (PurT), phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase (PurC), etc.] were involved in the fermentation process, whereas some other proteins (such as ProX, ProW, ProV, etc.) played a significant role after the addition of betaine. Moreover, combined with the metabolic network of K. pneumoniae during 1,3-PDO, the proteins in the biosynthesis of 1,3-PDO [such as DhaD, DhaK, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), BudC, etc.] were analyzed. The process of 1,3-PDO production in K. pneumoniae was explained from the perspective of proteome for the first time, which provided a theoretical basis for genetic engineering modification to improve the yield of 1,3-PDO. Because of the use of Na+ pH neutralizer in the fermentation, the subsequent environmental pollution treatment cost was greatly reduced, showing high potential for industry application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin Zhang
- Dalian Petrochemical Research Institute of Sinopec, Dalian, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaqi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianping Wen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Ramamurthy PC, Singh S, Kapoor D, Parihar P, Samuel J, Prasad R, Kumar A, Singh J. Microbial biotechnological approaches: renewable bioprocessing for the future energy systems. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:55. [PMID: 33653344 PMCID: PMC7923469 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01547-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The accelerating energy demands of the increasing global population and industrialization has become a matter of great concern all over the globe. In the present scenario, the world is witnessing a considerably huge energy crisis owing to the limited availability of conventional energy resources and rapid depletion of non-renewable fossil fuels. Therefore, there is a dire need to explore the alternative renewable fuels that can fulfil the energy requirements of the growing population and overcome the intimidating environmental issues like greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, air pollution etc. The use of microorganisms such as bacteria has captured significant interest in the recent era for the conversion of the chemical energy reserved in organic compounds into electrical energy. The versatility of the microorganisms to generate renewable energy fuels from multifarious biological and biomass substrates can abate these ominous concerns to a great extent. For instance, most of the microorganisms can easily transform the carbohydrates into alcohol. Establishing the microbial fuel technology as an alternative source for the generation of renewable energy sources can be a state of art technology owing to its reliability, high efficiency, cleanliness and production of minimally toxic or inclusively non-toxic byproducts. This review paper aims to highlight the key points and techniques used for the employment of bacteria to generate, biofuels and bioenergy, and their foremost benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen C Ramamurthy
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Simranjeet Singh
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Dhriti Kapoor
- Department of Botany, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Parul Parihar
- Department of Botany, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Jastin Samuel
- Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
- Waste Valorization Research Lab, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Ram Prasad
- Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, India.
| | - Alok Kumar
- School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Box-138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
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Sun C, Dong X, Zhang R, Xie C. Effectiveness of recombinant Escherichia coli on the production of (R)-(+)-perillyl alcohol. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:3. [PMID: 33419424 PMCID: PMC7791655 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-00662-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background (R)-(+)-perillyl alcohol is a naturally oxygenated monoterpene widely used as the natural flavor additives, insecticides, jet fuels and anti-cancer therapies. It was also readily available monoterpene precursors. However, this natural product is present at low concentrations from plant sources which are not economically viable. Therefore, alternative microbial production methods are rapidly emerging as an attractive alternative to make (R)-(+)-perillyl alcohol production more sustainable and environmentally friendly. Results We engineered Escherichia coli to possess a heterologous mevalonate (MVA) pathway, including limonene synthase, P-cymene monoxygenase hydroxylase and P-cymene monoxygenase reductase for the production of (R)-(+)-perillyl alcohol. The concentration of (R)-(+)-limonene (the monoterpene precursor to (R)-(+)-perillyl alcohol) reached 45 mg/L from glucose. Enhanced (R)-(+)-perillyl alcohol production was therefore achieved. The strain produced (R)-(+)-perillyl alcohol at a titer of 87 mg/L and a yield of 1.5 mg/g glucose in a 5 L bioreactor fed batch system. Conclusions These datas highlight the efficient production of (R)-(+)-perillyl alcohol through the mevalonate pathway from glucose. This method serves as a platform for the future production of other monoterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- A State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Rd., Qingdao, 266042, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Rd., Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Xianjuan Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Rd., Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Rubing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Rd., Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Congxia Xie
- A State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Rd., Qingdao, 266042, China.
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Choi KR, Jiao S, Lee SY. Metabolic engineering strategies toward production of biofuels. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 59:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cheng L, Li F, Li S, Lin C, Fu Q, Yin H, Tian F, Qu G, Wu J, Shen Z. A novel nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide control strategy for increasing the cell density of Haemophilus parasuis. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2794. [PMID: 30816004 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Haemophilus parasuis is the causative agent of Glässer's disease and is a major source of economic losses in the swine industry each year. To enhance the production of an inactivated vaccine against H. parasuis, the availability of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) must be carefully controlled to ensure a sufficiently high cell density of H. parasuis. In the present study, the real-time viable cell density of H. parasuis was calculated based on the capacitance of the culture. By assessing the relationship between capacitance and viable cell density/NAD concentration, the NAD supply rate could be adjusted in real time to maintain the NAD concentration at a set value based on the linear relationship between capacitance and NAD consumption. The linear relationship between cell density and addition of NAD indicated that 7.138 × 109 NAD molecules were required to satisfy per cell growth. Five types of NAD supply strategy were used to maintain different NAD concentration for H. parasuis cultivation, and the results revealed that the highest viable cell density (8.57, OD600 ) and cell count (1.57 × 1010 CFU/mL) were obtained with strategy III (NAD concentration maintained at 30 mg/L), which were 1.46- and 1.45- times more, respectively, than cultures with using NAD supply strategy I (NAD concentration maintained at 10 mg/L). An extremely high cell density of H. parasuis was achieved using this NAD supply strategy, and the results demonstrated a convenient and reliable method for determining the real-time viable cell density relative to NAD concentration. Moreover, this method provides a theoretical foundation and an efficient approach for high cell density cultivation of other auxotroph bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Cheng
- Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Binzhou High Cell Density Fermentation, Shandong Lvdu Bio-science and Technology Co. Ltd., Binzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Binzhou High Cell Density Fermentation, Shandong Lvdu Bio-science and Technology Co. Ltd., Binzhou, China
| | - Shuguang Li
- Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Binzhou High Cell Density Fermentation, Shandong Lvdu Bio-science and Technology Co. Ltd., Binzhou, China
| | - Chuwen Lin
- Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China
| | - Huanhuan Yin
- Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China
| | - Fengrong Tian
- Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China
| | - Guanggang Qu
- Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wu
- Institution of Poultry, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China
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