Acute symptomatic mesenteric venous thrombosis: treatment by catheter-directed thrombolysis with transjugular intrahepatic route

Association between PAI-1 4G/5G genotype and residual thrombus in acute mesenteric venous thrombosis

OBJECTIVE

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the most important inhibitor of plasminogen activator. The functional 4G/5G polymorphism of the gene coding for PAI-1 may affect PAI-1 plasmatic activity, influencing the imbalance between coagulation and fibrinolysis cascades. In this study, we investigated the association between the PAI-1 4G/5G genotype and the development and residual thrombus of acute primary mesenteric venous thrombosis (MVT).

METHODS

The clinical data of 34 patients who underwent acute primary MVT were retrospectively reviewed. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to determine if patients had the 4G/5G polymorphism in the promoter of the PAI-1 gene. Patients were stratified according to the genotype of PAI-1.

RESULTS

11 patients (32.3%) were homozygous for the 4G genotype, 23 patients (67.6%) were non-homozygous for the 4G genotype (5G/5G). The extent of thrombosis was not correlated with the PAI-4G/5G polymorphism. After a mean follow-up of 16.6 ± 10.4 months, the 4G/4G genotype had a significantly larger thrombus burden (p < 0.05). 54% of patients in the 4G/4G genotype group had no lessening in the degree of mesenteric venous thrombosis, significantly higher than other patients (4G/5G + 5G/5G genotypes) (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The PAI-1 4G/4G predicts residual thrombus of mesenteric veins after the acute phase.

Transileocolic endovascular treatment by a hybrid approach for severe acute portal vein thrombosis with bowel necrosis: Two case reports

BACKGROUND

Acute portal vein thrombosis (PVT) with bowel necrosis is a fatal condition with a 50%-75% mortality rate. This report describes the successful endovascular treatment (EVT) of two patients with severe PVT.

CASE SUMMARY

The first patient was a 22-year-old man who presented with abdominal pain lasting 3 d. The second patient was a 48-year-old man who presented with acute abdominal pain. Following contrast-enhanced computed tomography, both patients were diagnosed with massive PVT extending to the splenic and superior mesenteric veins. Hybrid treatment (simultaneous necrotic bowel resection and EVT) was performed in a hybrid operating room (OR). EVTs, including aspiration thrombectomy, catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT), and continuous CDT, were performed via the ileocolic vein under laparotomy. The portal veins were patent 4 and 6 mo posttreatment in the 22-year-old and 48-year-old patients, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Hybrid necrotic bowel resection and transileocolic EVT performed in a hybrid OR is effective and safe.

t-PA power-pulse spray with rheolytic mechanical thrombectomy using cross-sectional image-guided portal vein access for single setting treatment of subacute superior mesenteric vein thrombosis

Background:

Isolated superior mesenteric vein (SMV) thrombosis is a rare but potentially fatal condition if untreated. Current treatments include transjugular or transhepatic approaches for rheolytic mechanical thrombectomy and subsequent infusions of thrombolytics. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) power-pulse spray can provide benefit in a single setting without thrombolytic infusions. Computed tomography (CT) guidance for portal vein access is underutilized in this setting.

Materials and Methods:

Case 1 discusses acute SMV thrombosis treated with rheolytic mechanical thrombectomy alone using ultrasound guidance for portal vein access. Case 2 discusses subacute SMV thrombosis treated with the addition of t-PA power-pulse spray to the rheolytic mechanical thrombectomy, using CT guidance for portal vein access.

Results:

With rheolytic mechanical thrombectomy alone, the patient in Case 1 had significant improvement in abdominal pain. Follow-up CT demonstrated no residual SMV thrombosis and the patient continued to do well in long-term follow-up. With the addition of t-PA power-pulse spray to rheolytic mechanical thrombectomy, the patient in Case 2 with subacute SMV thrombosis dramatically improved postprocedure with resolution of abdominal pain. Follow-up imaging demonstrated patency to the SMV and partial resolution of thrombus. The patient continued to do well at 2-year follow-up.

Conclusions:

Adding t-PA power-pulse spray to rheolytic mechanical thrombectomy can provide benefit in a single setting versus mechanical thrombectomy alone and prevent the need for subsequent infusions of thrombolytic therapy. CT guidance is a useful alternative of localization for portal vein access via the transhepatic route that is nonoperator-dependent and helpful in the case of obese patients.

Systematic Review of Thrombolysis Therapy in the Management of Non-Cirrhosis-Related Portal Vein Thrombosis

PURPOSE

To review available evidence to assess the efficacy and safety of thrombolysis therapy for non-cirrhosis-related portal vein thrombosis (PVT) that has not improved with anti-coagulation.

METHODS

A literature search of databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, PUBMED, Cochrane and World Wide Web identified studies after 2000 utilizing portal vein thrombolysis in non-cirrhotic patients, with a minimum of 5 patients. Nine studies met criteria with 134 patients. The primary outcome evaluated was radiological re-canalization of the portal vein and symptomatic improvement post treatment. Secondary data points obtained included morbidity, mortality, thrombolysis approach and technique.

RESULTS

The re-canalization rate following thrombolysis was 84% (0.67-1.02 CI 95%) and the symptomatic improvement rate 86% (0.70-1.01 CI 95%). The major complication rate was 7% (0.01-0.14 CI 95%) and the overall complication rate 25% (0.08-0.41 CI 95%). The direct and systemic thrombolysis approach showed no significant re-canalization rates with an odds ratio of 0.78 (0.24-2.55 CI 95%, P = 0.68). Thrombectomy in conjunction with thrombolysis demonstrated no improved patency or symptom relief with an odds ratio of 1 (0.17-6.03 CI 95%, P = 1.00).

CONCLUSION

Thrombolysis is an effective and safe therapy for portal vein thrombosis in non-cirrhotic patients where systemic anti-coagulation has failed. The heterogenicity of study thrombolysis protocols limits the evaluation of secondary outcomes, and future data should be standardized to determine the role of the thrombolysis access route and thrombectomy.

Early transcatheter thrombectomy and thrombolytic therapy in acute non-cirrhotic and non-malignant mesenteric vein thrombosis: Case report of two cases and literature review

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Non-cirrhotic non malignant acute mescenteric thrombosis could lead to massive bowel ischaemia and is challenging to manage.

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Conventional PV or SMV exploration is associated with significant blood lost, physiological disturbances and may need repeated procedures.

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Catheter directed thrombolysis and thrombectomy provide minimal invasive option to restore patency of PV or SMV.

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Literature review found high success rate and favourable outcome.

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Catheter directed therapy should be the first line therapy.

Aim

To present two cases of acute non-cirrhotic and non-malignant mesenteric vein thrombosis (MVT) treated with early transcatheter thrombectomy and thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and to review the literature on transcatheter thrombectomy and thrombolytic therapy of such condition.

Methods

Two cases of acute MVT treated with transhepatic transcatheter thrombectomy and thrombolysis in addition to systemic anticoagulation upon diagnosis are presented. In addition, a Pubmed literature search was undertaken using keywords acute mesenteric vein thrombosis, thrombolysis and thrombectomy. The inclusion criteria were studies examining the impacts of transcatheter thrombolysis and thrombectomy in the management of acute MVT.

Results

Early transcatheter thrombectomy and thrombolysis achieves technical success in both patients and result in nearly complete recanalization of the venous system, with no recurrent thrombosis to date in follow up. Both patients do not require extensive bowel resection despite extensive thrombus on presentation. However, both patients develop intra-abdominal bleeding requiring blood transfusion and embolization of the transcatheter tract.

Conclusion

Catheter-directed first approach provides a minimal invasive approach for management of non-malignant and non-cirrhotic acute mesenteric thrombosis. It offers the benefits of rapid venous recanalization and avoid massing bowel resection despite extensive thrombosis. Subsequent progression into chronic MVT was also reduced. However, the procedure could lead to bleeding from puncture site and hence embolization of the catheter tract is advised during catheter removal.

A prospective, multicentre study in acute non-cirrhotic, non-malignant portal vein thrombosis: comparison of medical and interventional treatment

BACKGROUND

To evaluate medical versus interventional treatment (transjugular thrombus fragmentation, local thrombolysis with or without stent implantation) in patients with acute non-cirrhotic, non-malignant portal vein thrombosis (PVT).

METHODS

This prospective, observational study enrolled 65 patients with acute (<28 days since begin of symptoms, no cavernoma) PVT in nine centres. Thirty patients received medical treatment and 35 patients received interventional treatment. PVT was graded into grade 1: short thrombosis and incomplete occlusion of the vessel lumen and grade 2: extended thrombosis or complete occlusion. Treatment response was classified as partial or complete, if thrombosis was reduced by one grade or to <25% of the vessel diameter respectively.

RESULTS

Partial and complete response rates were 7% and 30% in the medical compared to 17% and 54% (P < 0.001) in the interventional treatment group. In the multivariate analysis, interventional treatment showed a strong positive (OR 4.32, P < 0.016) and a myeloproliferative aetiology a negative (OR 0.09, P = 0.006) prediction of complete response. Complications were rare in the medical group and consisted of septicaemia and upper gastrointestinal bleeding of unknown origin in one patient each. Interventional treatment was accompanied by mild and self-limiting bleeding complications in nine patients, moderate intra-abdominal bleeding requiring transfusions (2 units) in one patient and peritoneal bleeding requiring surgical rescue in one patient. Four patients in each group developed intestinal gangrene requiring surgery. One patient died 52 days after unsuccessful interventional treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared to medical treatment alone, interventional treatment doubled response rates at the cost of increased bleeding complications.

Case series: Portomesenteric venous thrombosis complicating laparoscopic bariatric procedures

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Portomesenteric vein thrombosis is a rare but potentially fatal complication of bariatric surgery.

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Portomesenteric venous thrombosis complicated 3 of 1030 cases (0.29%).

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Management is primarily with anticoagulants, but surgery is required if the patient shows signs of sepsis.

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A high index of suspicion, early diagnosis and subsequent adequate management is required.

Introduction

Portomesenteric vein thrombosis is a rare but documented complication of laparoscopic surgery. This rare complication is currently being encountered more frequently with the increase in the rates of laparoscopic bariatric surgery procedures being performed worldwide.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed on all bariatric procedures performed in our center between July 2012 & December 2017 to identify cases complicated by portomesenteric venous thrombosis. The cases were compared in terms of operative details, patient presentation, diagnosis, patient risk factors for developing thrombosis, demographics and thrombophilia analysis & subsequent treatment and prognosis.

Results

A total of 1030 bariatric procedures were performed between July 2012 & December 2017. Portomesenteric venous thrombosis complicated 3 of these cases (0.29%). Two of these cases had underwent a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy while the third had underwent a gastric band removal and a conversion to a single anastomosis gastric bypass. Amongst these patients, 2 were female while 1 was male with an average BMI 38.9 kg/m². Only one of these patients was a smoker while none of them tested positive for thrombophilias. The diagnosis of portomesenteric venous thrombosis was confirmed with a contrast CT of the abdomen as all patients were re-admitted between 4–20 days post operatively after being discharged on postoperative day 2. All three cases were managed with systemic anticoagulants and none underwent invasive procedures or were re-explored surgically. All were subsequently discharged in good condition.

Conclusion

Portomesenteric venous thrombosis is an uncommon yet potentially fatal complication of bariatric surgery. A high index of suspicion, early diagnosis and subsequent adequate management is required. Based on this case series and the potential risk of portomesenteric venous thrombosis, we altered our clinical practice to include a 1 week course of low molecular weight heparin to be administered to all patients after discharge.

Diagnosis, Development, and Treatment of Portal Vein Thrombosis in Patients With and Without Cirrhosis

Portal vein thrombosis unrelated to solid malignancy is common in patients with cirrhosis, but less frequently observed in patients without cirrhosis. Prompt diagnosis and management of acute symptomatic portal vein thrombosis are essential. Failure to detect and treat thromboses can result in mesenteric ischemia, chronic cavernous transformation, and complications of portal hypertension. In patients with cirrhosis, development of portal vein thrombosis is often insidious and remains undetected until its incidental detection. Management of portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis is more controversial. However, there are data to support treatment of specific patients with anticoagulation agents. We review the common and distinct features of portal vein thromboses in patients without liver tumors, with and without cirrhosis.

Agitation thrombolysis combined with catheter-directed thrombolysis for the treatment of non-cirrhotic acute portal vein thrombosis

AIM

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of agitation thrombolysis (AT) combined with catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) for the treatment of non-cirrhotic acute portal vein thrombosis (PVT).

METHODS

Nine patients with non-cirrhotic acute PVT who underwent AT combined with CDT were analyzed retrospectively. Portography was carried out via the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic (commonly known as TIP) or percutaneous transhepatic (commonly known as PT) route, followed by AT combined with CDT. Complications of the procedure, and the changes in clinical symptoms, hemodynamics of the portal vein and liver function were recorded. Follow-up was scheduled at 1, 3 and 6 mo after treatment, and every 6 mo thereafter, or when the patients developed clinical symptoms related to PVT. Color Doppler ultrasound and contrast-enhanced computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging were performed during the follow-up period to determine the condition of the portal vein.

RESULTS

AT combined with CDT was successfully performed. The portal vein was reached via the TIP route in 6 patients, and via the PT route in 3 patients. All clinical symptoms were relieved or disappeared, with the exception of 1 patient who died of intestinal necrosis 9 d after treatment. Significant differences in the changes in portal vein hemodynamics were observed, including the maximum lumen occupancy of PVT, portal vein pressure and flow velocity between pre- and post-treatment (P < 0.05). During the follow-up period, recurrence was observed in 1 patient at 19 mo after the procedure, and the portal vein was patent in the remaining patients.

CONCLUSION

AT combined with CDT is a safe and effective method for the treatment of non-cirrhotic acute PVT.

Treatment of acute portomesenteric venous thrombosis with thrombectomy through a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: a single-center experience

Background Acute portomesenteric venous thrombosis (PMVT) is a potentially life-threatening condition and urgent treatment is required. Purpose To retrospectively evaluate the efficacy and safety of treating acute PMVT by the creation of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) followed by thrombectomy. Material and Methods Six patients (all men, age range = 39-51 years) presenting with acute PMVT were treated with transjugular thrombectomy (TT) through a TIPS created in the same session. The intervention included iterated venography through the TIPS one to three times within the first week after diagnosis and repeated thrombectomy if needed (n = 5). Results Recanalization was successful with persistent blood flow through the main superior mesenteric vein, portal vein, and TIPS in all six patients. Five patients were treated primarily with thrombectomy through a TIPS with clinical improvement. The final patient was initially treated with surgical thrombectomy and bowel resection. TIPS and TT was performed two days after surgery due to re-thrombosis but the patient deteriorated and died of multi-organ failure. Procedure-related complications were transient hematuria (n = 3) and transient encephalopathy (n = 2). In-hospital time was <14 days in four of the five patients with primary TIPS and TT. No sign of re-thrombosis was noted during follow-up (mean = 18 months, range = 8-28 months). Conclusion Thrombectomy through a TIPS is feasible and can be effective in recanalization and symptom-relief in acute PMVT.

Successful recanalization of acute extensive portal vein thrombosis by aspiration thrombectomy and thrombolysis via an operatively placed mesenteric catheter: a case report

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) after hepatobiliary surgery is rare but can cause lethal and severe complications. If early diagnosis and recanalization can be achieved, the PVT is expected to be eliminated. A 70-year-old male was diagnosed as having hepatocellular carcinoma occupying the right lobe of the liver. As oligometastatic lung tumors were simultaneously detected on contrast-enhanced CT (CECT), hepatectomy was not indicated. However, the primary tumor was very large, and as large tumor size can be associated with an unfavorable prognosis, and owing to the strong desire of the patient, he underwent right lobe hepatectomy. Jaundice appeared on post-operative Day (POD) 2 and CECT displayed slight intraheptatic bile duct dilation. However, a PVT did not exist at this time. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage was performed and Doppler echo displayed intrahepatic and extrahepatic PVT on post-operative Day 5. Emergent thrombectomy was performed using a Vasplyser Plus^TM thrombus aspiration catheter (Johnson & Johnson K.K. Medical Company, Tokyo, Japan) via the ileocolic vein under laparotomy. The mesenteric catheter was placed at the distal point of the residual PVT. Thrombolysis and anticoagulant therapy were performed using heparin and urokinase. In the CECT performed 16 days after the additional operation, the PVT had disappeared and the portal vein was completely recanalized. The mesenteric catheter was removed on the same day and oral anticoagulant therapy was continued. At the time of writing, 14 months have passed with no recurrence of PVT. Early diagnosis of PVT enables treatment with emergent thrombectomy, thrombolysis, and anticoagulant therapy. These treatments result in the improvement of portal vein flow and the complete disappearance of PVT.

Clinical outcomes of transcatheter selective superior mesenteric artery urokinase infusion therapy vs transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with cirrhosis and acute portal vein thrombosis

AIM

To compare the outcomes of transcatheter superior mesenteric artery (SMA) urokinase infusion and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) for acute portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in cirrhosis.

METHODS

From January 2013 to December 2014, patients with liver cirrhosis and acute symptomatic PVT who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to either an SMA group or a TIPS group. The two groups accepted transcatheter selective SMA urokinase infusion therapy and TIPS, respectively. The total follow-up time was 24 mo. The primary outcome measure was the change in portal vein patency status which was evaluated by angio-computed tomography or Doppler ultrasound. Secondary outcomes were rebleeding and hepatic encephalopathy.

RESULTS

A total of 40 patients were enrolled, with 20 assigned to the SMA group and 20 to the TIPS group. The symptoms of all patients in the two groups improved within 48 h. PVT was improved in 17 (85%) patients in the SMA group and 14 (70%) patients in the TIPS group. The main portal vein (MPV) thrombosis was significantly reduced in both groups (P < 0.001), and there was no significant difference between them (P = 0.304). In the SMA group, superior mesenteric vein (SMV) thrombosis and splenic vein (SV) thrombosis were significantly reduced (P = 0.048 and P = 0.02), which did not occur in the TIPS group. At 6-, 12-, and 24-mo follow-up, in the SMA group and the TIPS group, the cumulative rates free of the first episode of rebleeding were 80%, 65%, and 45% vs 90%, 80%, and 60%, respectively (P = 0.320); the cumulative rates free of the first episode of hepatic encephalopathy were 85%, 80%, and 65% vs 50%, 40%, and 35%, respectively (P = 0.022).

CONCLUSION

Transcatheter selective SMA urokinase infusion and TIPS are safe and effective for acute symptomatic PVT in cirrhosis.

Treatment outcomes and risk factors for bowel infarction in patients with acute superior mesenteric venous thrombosis

OBJECTIVE

The prognosis of acute superior mesenteric venous thrombosis (SMVT) remains obscure. We aimed to investigate the treatment outcomes and possible risk factors for bowel infarction in these patients.

METHODS

We retrospectively included 66 patients with acute SMVT between January 2002 and June 2016. Each patient underwent contrast-enhanced computed tomography as part of the initial diagnosis. The standard protocol for management included a nonsurgical approach with early anticoagulation and selective exploration. For the analysis of the risk factors for bowel infarction, patients were divided into bowel resection (BR) and non-BR groups. Outcomes of interest were causes of SMVT, percentage of BR after nonsurgical treatment, and risk factors for BR.

RESULTS

Of 66 patients, 15 (23%) underwent BR; of these, 9 underwent urgent BR because of peritoneal signs and definite findings of bowel infarction on computed tomography scan, 4 underwent BR after failed anticoagulation, and 2 underwent BR because of delayed stricture. Clinically, vomiting (P = .003), abdominal distention (P = .003), rebound tenderness (P = .005), and leukocytosis (P = .001) were associated with BR. On radiologic examination, bowel wall thickening (P < .001), enhancement defects of the bowel wall (P < .001), and ascites (P = .007) were associated with BR. Twenty-seven (41%) patients presented with isolated SMVT, and the remaining patients demonstrated a coexisting portal vein (PV) thrombosis in addition to SMVT. All 15 BRs occurred in patients with combined PV thrombosis and SMVT (P < .001). Complete thrombosis of the superior mesenteric vein and PV was also associated with BR (P = .028 for superior mesenteric vein; P = .025 for PV). BR was performed in 1 (4%) of 24 patients with transient risk factors compared with 14 (33%) of 42 patients without transient risk factors (P = .006). Three patients (4.5%) died in the hospital.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with acute SMVT, the extent of thrombus and etiology were associated with the severity of acute SMVT. Patients with transient risk factors and isolated SMVT tended to have a benign disease course. With early anticoagulation, acute SMVT does not seem to have the grave prognosis that is associated with arterial thrombosis.

The role of endovascular therapy in acute mesenteric ischemia

Background

Endovascular therapy, including aspiration thrombectomy and local thrombolytic therapy, often associated with angioplasty and stent placement, has been described in the literature. The purpose of this study was to review case series of patients with acute mesenteric ischemia treated with endovascular therapy and evaluate their outcomes.

Methods

An online review using PubMed was carried out to identify all English articles about this topic in the time interval from 2005 to 2016.

The following variables were extracted

number of patients, cause of occlusion, symptoms, arteries involved, number of sessions of treatment, technical success, clinical success, recurrence rate, complications, mortality rate, number of patients who underwent diagnostic laparoscopy or surgical resection of ischemic bowel.

Results

Eighteen papers met the inclusion criteria and were included. Among the patients with arterial mesenteric ischemia treated with endovascular approach, the technical success rate was high (up to 100%) and data regarding clinical success are encouraging, even though they are few and heterogeneous. Technical success rate and clinical success of patients with acute venous mesenteric ischemia approached with endovascular treatment was 74-100% and 87.5-100% respectively.

Conclusions

Current advances in endovascular therapies have made these treatments feasible for mesenteric ischemia.

Portal Vein Thrombosis: Recent Advance

Portal vein thrombosis is a life-threatening vascular disorder of the liver. In this chapter, I will review the recent advance regarding the epidemiology, etiology, management, and prognosis of portal vein thrombosis.

[Recent thrombosis of splanchnic veins : Two case reports of catheter-assisted local thrombolysis and thrombus aspiration]

Recent non-cirrhotic and non-malignant splanchnic vein thrombosis is now defined as extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis with or without involvement of the mesenteric vein according to the Baveno VI consensus from 2015. An early diagnosis is often challenging due to unspecific symptoms with abdominal pain or diarrhea but extremely important because of the potential acute and chronic complications, such as mesenteric ischemia and portal hypertension; therefore, rapid treatment is crucial. We present two cases of severe splanchnic vein thrombosis, which were treated with catheter-directed local thrombolysis and thrombus aspiration. These minimally invasive catheter-directed techniques have recently been successfully used in selected patients. A review of the literature is provided in this article. In summary, the management of splanchnic vein thrombosis must be individually planned for each patient and should be performed at experienced centers, which can provide all therapeutic options. In selected cases with the correct indications transjugular transhepatic catheter-directed local thrombolysis is a safe option with a good outcome.

Postoperative Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis Versus Systemic Anticoagulation for Acute Superior Mesenteric Venous Thrombosis

BACKGROUND

Little data evaluate catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) therapy as a sequential treatment of emergent surgery for patients with acute superior mesenteric venous thrombosis (ASMVT). We compared the outcomes of ASMVT patients receiving CDT via superior mesenteric artery (SMA) with those who had systemic anticoagulation after emergent laparotomy.

METHODS

A single-center retrospective study of ASMVT patients receiving emergent laparotomy from May 2012 to April 2014 was performed. Patients in group I had postoperative systemic anticoagulation and patients in group II underwent postoperative CDT. The demography, etiology, imaging features, clinical outcomes, and complications were compared. Moreover, univariate analysis was performed to identify confounding variables of 30-day mortality.

RESULTS

Thirty-two patients (20 males, mean age of 44.9 ± 10.6 years) were included, 17 in group I and 15 in group II. No significant differences of demographic data, etiology, baseline value, and perioperative comorbidity were found. The rate of complete thrombus removal was significantly higher in group II than group I (29.4% vs. 80.0%, P = 0.001). The second-look laparotomy and repeat bowel resection (58.8% vs. 13.3%, P = 0.002) were required in fewer patients in group II (20.0% vs. 70.6%, P = 0.001). The incidence of short-bowel syndrome (SBS; 41.2% vs. 6.7%, P = 0.001) and 30-day mortality (41.2% vs. 6.7%, P = 0.001) were lower in group II. The 1-year survival was also better in group II (52.9% vs. 93.3%, P = 0.014). The incidence of massive abdominal hemorrhage requiring blood transfusion and surgical intervention was 11.8% in group I and 20.0% in group II (P = 0.645). The age, serum D-dimer level, SBS, and postoperative CDT were significant risk factors of 30-day mortality in this study.

CONCLUSIONS

For ASMVT patients receiving emergent surgery and intraoperative thrombectomy, the algorithm with postoperative CDT via SMA is associated with more favorable clinical outcome compared with systemic anticoagulation.

Mesenteric ischemia: Pathogenesis and challenging diagnostic and therapeutic modalities

Mesenteric ischemia (MI) is an uncommon medical condition with high mortality rates. ΜΙ includes inadequate blood supply, inflammatory injury and eventually necrosis of the bowel wall. The disease can be divided into acute and chronic MI (CMI), with the first being subdivided into four categories. Therefore, acute MI (AMI) can occur as a result of arterial embolism, arterial thrombosis, mesenteric venous thrombosis and non-occlusive causes. Bowel damage is in proportion to the mesenteric blood flow decrease and may vary from minimum lesions, due to reversible ischemia, to transmural injury, with subsequent necrosis and perforation. CMI is associated to diffuse atherosclerotic disease in more than 95% of cases, with all major mesenteric arteries presenting stenosis or occlusion. Because of a lack of specific signs or due to its sometime quiet presentation, this condition is frequently diagnosed only at an advanced stage. Computed tomography (CT) imaging and CT angiography contribute to differential diagnosis and management of AMI. Angiography is also the criterion standard for CMI, with mesenteric duplex ultrasonography and magnetic resonance angiography also being of great importance. Therapeutic approach of MI includes both medical and surgical treatment. Surgical procedures include restoration of the blood flow with arteriotomy, endarterectomy or anterograde bypass, while resection of necrotic bowel is always implemented. The aim of this review was to evaluate the results of surgical treatment for MI and to present the recent literature in order to provide an update on the current concepts of surgical management of the disease. Mesh words selected include MI, diagnostic approach and therapeutic management.

Thrombolysis and Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Creation for Acute and Subacute Portal Vein Thrombosis

Catheter-based interventional therapy offers a safe and effective option for treatment of symptomatic portomesenteric venous thrombosis refractory to medical therapy. Various techniques and approaches have been described for thrombolysis and thrombectomy and re-establishing the portal venous flow for select populations. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment based on clinical presentation, imaging, and underlying anatomy are necessary to prevent long-term complications. This article describes various catheter-based approaches for treatment of acute and subacute portal vein thrombosis.

Protective effect of melatonin-supported adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells against small bowel ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat

We tested the hypothesis that combined melatonin and autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSC) was superior to either alone against small bowel ischemia-reperfusion (SBIR) injury induced by superior mesenteric artery clamping for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 72 hr. Male adult Sprague Dawley rats (n = 50) were equally categorized into sham-operated controls SC, SBIR, SBIR-ADMSC (1.0 × 10(6) intravenous and 1.0 × 10(6) intrajejunal injection), SBIR-melatonin (intraperitoneal 20 mg/kg at 30 min after SI ischemia and 50 mg/kg at 6 and 18 hr after SI reperfusion), and SBIR-ADMSC-melatonin groups. The results demonstrated that the circulating levels of TNF-α, MPO, LyG6+ cells, CD68+ cells, WBC count, and gut permeability were highest in SBIR and lowest in SC, significantly higher in SBIR-ADMSC group and further increased in SBIR-melatonin group than in the combined therapy group (all P < 0.001). The ischemic mucosal damage score, the protein expressions of inflammation (TNF-α, NF-κB, MMP-9, MPO, and iNOS), oxidative stress (NOX-1, NOX-2, and oxidized protein), apoptosis (APAF-1, mitochondrial Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and PARP), mitochondrial damage (cytosolic cytochrome C) and DNA damage (γ-H2AX) markers, as well as cellular expressions of proliferation (PCNA), apoptosis (caspase-3, TUNEL assay), and DNA damage (γ-H2AX) showed an identical pattern, whereas mitochondrial cytochrome C exhibited an opposite pattern compared to that of inflammation among all groups (all P < 0.001). Besides, antioxidant expressions at protein (NQO-1, GR, and GPx) and cellular (HO-1) levels progressively increased from SC to the combined treatment group (all P < 0.001). In conclusion, combined melatonin-ADMSC treatment offered additive beneficial effect against SBIR injury.

Portal vein thrombosis

Portal vein thrombosis is an important cause of portal hypertension. PVT occurs in association with cirrhosis or as a result of malignant invasion by hepatocellular carcinoma or even in the absence of associated liver disease. With the current research into its genesis, majority now have an underlying prothrombotic state detectable. Endothelial activation and stagnant portal blood flow also contribute to formation of the thrombus. Acute non-cirrhotic PVT, chronic PVT (EHPVO), and portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis are the three main variants of portal vein thrombosis with varying etiological factors and variability in presentation and management. Procoagulant state should be actively investigated. Anticoagulation is the mainstay of therapy for acute non-cirrhotic PVT, with supporting evidence for its use in cirrhotic population as well. Chronic PVT (EHPVO) on the other hand requires the management of portal hypertension as such and with role for anticoagulation in the setting of underlying prothrombotic state, however data is awaited in those with no underlying prothrombotic states. TIPS and liver transplant may be feasible even in the setting of PVT however proper selection of candidates and type of surgery is warranted. Thrombolysis and thrombectomy have some role. TARE is a new modality for management of HCC with portal vein invasion.

Multidisciplinary stepwise management strategy for acute superior mesenteric venous thrombosis: an intestinal stroke center experience

BACKGROUD

Acute superior mesenteric venous thrombosis (ASMVT) is an uncommon but catastrophic abdominal vascular emergency with high rate of intestinal failure and mortality. The retrospective pilot study was performed to assess the effect of a multidisciplinary stepwise management strategy on survival and mesenteric recanalization in an integrated intestinal stroke center (ISC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A modern management strategy performed by multidisciplinary specialists in ISC was evaluated among 43 ASMVT patients that were classified into central vs peripheral type, operative vs nonoperative, early vs late treated group from March 2009 to April 2013. Patients received specific medical therapy, endovascular treatment, damage-control surgery, selective second-look laparotomy, critical care management, and clinical nutrition support in a stepwise way. The demographics, etiology, imaging characteristics, treatment procedures, complications, clinical outcome, and 1-year follow-up data were analyzed and compared. Confounding factors of mortality were identified by univariate and ROC-curve analysis. A single-center experience of over 5years for this modern strategy was also reported.

RESULTS

The protocol of multidisciplinary stepwise management strategy was followed in all ASMVT patients successfully. The 30-day mortality and recanalization rate were 11.63% and 90.70%. Initial damage-control surgery was carried out in 46.51% patients, with selective second-look laparotomy in 23.26% patients. Endovascular thrombolysis was performed in 83.72% patients initially or postoperatively. Bowel resection was necessary in 18 patients with the length of 100.00 (47.50, 222.50) cm. The incidence of short-bowel syndrome was 13.95%. The rate and length of bowel resection, short-bowel syndrome rate were significantly lower in nonoperative and early-treated groups (P<0.05). During the follow-up survey, 1-year survival was 83.72%, with no additional death or re-thrombosis.

CONCLUSION

A multidisciplinary stepwise management strategy involving modern surgical and endovascular treatments that focus on early mesenteric recanalization and bowel viability salvage in a specialized ISC could significantly improve the clinical outcome of ASMVT patients.

Superior mesenteric vein thrombosis as an early presentation of myelodysplastic syndrome: a case report

Mesenteric venous thrombosis (MVT) is a serious condition due to its potential association with mesenteric ischemia and infarction of the small bowel. Symptoms of MVT are often vague, making accurate diagnosis and sufficient treatment difficult. However, increased awareness and new imaging modalities for this condition have improved outcomes for patients with MVT. Treatment includes anticoagulation, transcatheter therapy, and surgery. In the present report, we describe the case study of a 62-year-old woman with a presenting diagnosis of superior MVT, who was finally diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome. The superior MVT spontaneously dissolved after the patient underwent 6 months of systemic anticoagulation therapy. Invasive surgery or bowel resection was not required.

Endovascular Treatment of Acute Portal Vein Thrombosis Using Ultrasound-Accelerated Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis

We report a case of extensive acute portal vein thrombosis (PVT) presenting with severe diffuse abdominal pain and impending small bowel infarction. The patient was successfully treated with ultrasound-accelerated catheter-directed thrombolysis (EKOS endowave system; Covidien, Mansfield, Massachusetts), which resulted in prompt recanalization of his portal vein (PV) and its tributaries. The patient eventually had ischemic stricture that necessitated bowel resection. However, we believe that our technique was successful in rapidly restoring the patency of the PV and its tributaries, and therefore, avoiding a life-threatening complication of more extensive bowel infarction. To our knowledge, the use of ultrasound-accelerated thrombolysis in treatment of PVT has not been previously described in the literature.

Mesenteric venous thrombosis

Mesenteric vein thrombosis is increasingly recognized as a cause of mesenteric ischemia. Acute thrombosis commonly presents with abdominal pain and chronic type with features of portal hypertension. Contrast enhanced CT scan of abdomen is quite accurate for diagnosing and differentiating two types of mesenteric venous thrombosis. Prothrombotic state, hematological malignancy, and local abdominal inflammatory conditions are common predisposing conditions. Over the last decade, JAK-2 (janus kinase 2) mutation has emerged as an accurate biomarker for diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasm, an important cause for mesenteric venous thrombosis. Anticoagulation is the treatment of choice for acute mesenteric venous thrombosis. Thrombolysis using systemic or transcatheter route is another option. Patients with peritoneal signs or refractory to initial measures require surgical exploration. Increasing recognition of mesenteric venous thrombosis and use of anticoagulation for treatment has resulted in reduction in the need for surgery with improvement in survival.

Nephrotic syndrome complicated with portal, splenic, and superior mesenteric vein thrombosis

Thromboembolism is a major complication of nephrotic syndrome. Renal vein thrombosis and deep vein thrombosis are relatively common, especially in membranous nephropathy. However, the incidence of portal vein and superior mesenteric vein (SMV) thrombosis in patients with nephrotic syndrome is very rare. To date, several cases of portal vein thrombosis treated by anticoagulation therapy, not by thrombolytic therapy, have been reported as a complication of nephrotic syndrome. Here, we report a case of portal, splenic, and SMV thrombosis in a patient with a relapsed steroid dependent minimal change disease who was treated successfully with anticoagulation and thrombolytic therapy using urokinase. Radiologic findings and his clinical conditions gradually improved. Six months later, a complete remission of the nephrotic syndrome was observed and the follow-up computed tomography scan showed the disappearance of all portal vein, splenic vein, and SMV thrombi.

Acute superior mesenteric venous thrombosis: transcatheter thrombolysis and aspiration thrombectomy therapy by combined route of superior mesenteric vein and artery in eight patients

PURPOSE

To assess the feasibility, effectiveness, and safety of catheter-directed thrombolysis and aspiration thrombectomy therapy by combined route of superior mesenteric vein and artery (SMV+SMA) for acute superior mesenteric venous thrombosis (ASMVT).

METHODS

This retrospective study reviewed eight ASMVT patients with transcatheter direct thrombolysis and aspiration thrombectomy therapy via SMV and indirect thrombolysis via SMA during a period of 14 months. The demographics, etiology, risk factors, therapeutic effect, complications, mortality, and follow-up of the study population were assessed. Anatomic and imaging classification of location and extent of thrombus at diagnosis and degree of thrombus lysis were described.

RESULTS

Technical success was achieved with substantial improvement in symptoms and thrombus resolution after thrombolytic therapy in all patients. The local urokinase infusion by SMA and SMV was performed for 5-7 (6.13 ± 0.83) and 7-15 (12 ± 2.51) days. Anticoagulation was performed catheter-directed and then orally throughout hospitalization and after discharge. Four patients required delayed localized bowel resection after thrombolytic therapy with no death. Thrombolytic therapy was not interrupted despite minor bleeding at the puncture site in two patients and sepsis in another two postoperatively. Nearly complete removal of thrombus was demonstrated by contrast-enhanced CT scan and portography before discharge. Patients were discharged in 10-27 (19.25 ± 4.89) days after admission. No recurrence developed during the follow-up of 10-13 (12.13 ± 0.99) months.

CONCLUSIONS

Catheter-directed thrombolytic and aspiration therapy via SMV+SMA is beneficial for ASMVT in avoiding patient death, efficient resolving thrombus, rapid improving symptoms, reversing extensive intestinal ischemia, averting bowel resection, or localizing infarcted bowel segment and preventing short bowel syndrome.

Initial transcatheter thrombolysis for acute superior mesenteric venous thrombosis

AIM: To determine the optimal initial treatment modality for acute superior mesenteric vein thrombosis (ASMVT) in patients with circumscribed peritonitis.

METHODS: A retrospective review was made of the Vascular Surgery Department’s medical records to identify adult patients (≥ 18 years old) presenting with circumscribed peritonitis and diagnosed with ASMVT by imaging or endoscopic examination. Patients were selected from the time period between October 2009 and October 2012 to assess the overall performance of a new first-line treatment policy implemented in May 2011 for patients with circumscribed peritonitis, which recommends transcatheter thrombolysis with local anticoagulation and endovascular mechanical thrombectomy. Of the 25 patients selected for study inclusion, 12 had undergone emergency surgical exploration (group 1) and 13 had undergone the initial catheter-directed thrombolysis (group 2). Data extracted from each patient’s records for statistical analyses included method of diagnosis, symptoms, etiology and risk factors, thrombus location, initial management, morbidity, mortality, duration and total cost of hospitalization (in Renminbi, RMB), secondary operation, total length of bowel resection, duration of and findings in follow-up, and death/survival.

RESULTS: The two treatment groups showed similar rates of morbidity, 30-d mortality, and 1-year survival, as well as similar demographic characteristics, etiology or risk factors, computed tomography characteristics, symptoms, findings of blood testing at admission, complications, secondary operations, and follow-up outcomes. In contrast, the patients who received the initial non-operative treatment of transcatheter thrombolysis had significantly shorter durations of admission to symptom elimination (group 1: 18.25 ± 7.69 d vs group 2: 7.23 ± 2.42 d) and hospital stay (43.00 ± 13.77 d vs 20.46 ± 6.59 d), and early enteral or oral nutrition restoration (20.50 ± 5.13 d vs 8.92 ± 1.89 d), as well as significantly less total length of bowel resection (170.83 ± 61.27 cm vs 29.23 ± 50.24 cm) and lower total cost (200020.4 ± 91505.62 RMB vs 72785.6 ± 21828.16 RMB) (P < 0.05 for all). Statistical analyses suggested that initial transcatheter thrombolysis is correlated with quicker resolution of the thrombus, earlier improvement of symptoms, stimulation of collateral vessel development, reversal of intestinal ischemia, receipt of localizing bowel resection to prevent short bowel syndrome, shorter hospitalization, and lower overall cost of treatment.

CONCLUSION: For ASMVT patients with circumscribed peritonitis, early diagnosis is key to survival, and non-operative transcatheter thrombolysis is feasible and effective as an initial treatment.