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Wang W, Liu D, Yao J, Yuan Z, Yan L, Cao B. ANXA5: A Key Regulator of Immune Cell Infiltration in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e943523. [PMID: 38824386 PMCID: PMC11155417 DOI: 10.12659/msm.943523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a significant threat to human life and is the most prevalent form of liver cancer. The intricate interplay between apoptosis, a common form of programmed cell death, and its role in immune regulation stands as a crucial mechanism influencing tumor metastasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Utilizing HCC samples from the TCGA database and 61 anoikis-related genes (ARGs) sourced from GeneCards, we analyzed the relationship between ARGs and immune cell infiltration in HCC. Subsequently, we identified long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) associated with ARGs, using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis to construct a robust prognostic model. The predictive capabilities of the model were then validated through examination in a single-cell dataset. RESULTS Our constructed prognostic model, derived from lncRNAs linked to ARGs, comprised 11 significant lncRNAs: NRAV, MCM3AP-AS1, OTUD6B-AS1, AC026356.1, AC009133.1, DDX11-AS1, AC108463.2, MIR4435-2HG, WARS2-AS1, LINC01094, and HCG18. The risk score assigned to HCC samples demonstrated associations with immune indicators and the infiltration of immune cells. Further, we identified Annexin A5 (ANXA5) as the pivotal gene among ARGs, with it exerting a prominent role in regulating the lncRNA gene signature. Our validation in a single-cell database elucidated the involvement of ANXA5 in immune cell infiltration, specifically in the regulation of mononuclear cells. CONCLUSIONS This study delves into the intricate correlation between ARGs and immune cell infiltration in HCC, culminating in the development of a novel prognostic model reliant on 11 ARGs-associated lncRNAs. Furthermore, our findings highlight ANXA5 as a promising target for immune regulation in HCC, offering new perspectives for immune therapy in the context of HCC.
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Hou K, Xu X, Ge X, Jiang J, Ouyang F. Blockade of PD-1 and CTLA-4: A potent immunotherapeutic approach for hepatocellular carcinoma. Biofactors 2024; 50:250-265. [PMID: 37921427 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoints (ICPs) can promote tumor growth and prevent immunity-induced cancer cell apoptosis. Fortunately, targeting ICPs, such as programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) or cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), has achieved great success in the past few years and has gradually become an effective treatment for cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, many patients do not respond to ICP therapy due to acquired resistance and recurrence. Therefore, clarifying the specific mechanisms of ICP in the development of HCC is very important for enhancing the efficacy of anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapy. In particular, antigen presentation and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) signaling were reported to be involved in the development of resistance. In this review, we have explained the role and regulatory mechanisms of ICP therapy in HCC pathology. Moreover, we have also elaborated on combinations of ICP inhibitors and other treatments to enhance the antitumor effect. Collectively, recent advances in the pharmacological targeting of ICPs provide insights for the development of a novel alternative treatment for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hou
- Clinical Research Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xin Ge
- Clinical Research Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Jiacen Jiang
- Department of Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Fan Ouyang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhuzhou Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Zhuzhou, Hunan, PR China
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Milardi G, Lleo A. Tumor-Infiltrating B Lymphocytes: Promising Immunotherapeutic Targets for Primary Liver Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072182. [PMID: 37046842 PMCID: PMC10093314 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma are the fourth most lethal primary cancers worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need for therapeutic strategies, including immune cell targeting therapies. The heterogeneity of liver cancer is partially explained by the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME), where adaptive and innate immune system cells are the main components. Pioneering studies of primary liver cancers revealed that tumor-infiltrating immune cells and their dynamic interaction with cancer cells significantly impacted carcinogenesis, playing an important role in cancer immune evasion and responses to immunotherapy treatment. In particular, B cells may play a prominent role and have a controversial function in the TME. In this work, we highlight the effect of B lymphocytes as tumor infiltrates in relation to primary liver cancers and their potential prognostic value. We also present the key pathways underlying B-cell interactions within the TME, as well as the way that a comprehensive characterization of B-cell biology can be exploited to develop novel immune-based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Milardi
- Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Labaratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Ana Lleo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Milan, Italy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Division of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
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Chen L, Yu X, Lv C, Dai Y, Wang T, Zheng S, Qin Y, Zhou X, Wang Y, Pei H, Fang H, Huang B. Increase in Serum Soluble Tim-3 Level Is Related to the Progression of Diseases After Hepatitis Virus Infection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:880909. [PMID: 35646962 PMCID: PMC9133670 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.880909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundViral hepatitis is a widespread and serious infectious disease, and most patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are prone to viral infections. T cell immunoglobulin-and mucin-domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) is an immune checkpoint molecule that negatively regulates T cell responses, playing an extremely important role in controlling infectious diseases. However, reports about the role of serum soluble Tim-3 (sTim-3) in hepatitis virus infection are limited. Therefore, this study explored changes in sTim-3 levels in patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV).MethodsThis study applied high-sensitivity time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay for the detection of sTim-3 levels. A total of 205 cases of viral hepatitis infection (68 cases of HBV infection, 60 cases of HCV infection, and 77 cases of HEV virus infection) and 88 healthy controls were quantitatively determined. The changes in serum sTim-3 level and its clinical value in hepatitis virus infection were analyzed.ResultsPatients with HBV infection (14.00, 10.78–20.45 ng/mL), HCV infection (15.99, 11.83–27.00 ng/mL), or HEV infection (19.09, 10.85–33.93 ng/mL) had significantly higher sTim-3 levels than that in the healthy control group (7.69, 6.14–10.22 ng/mL, P < 0.0001). Patients with hepatitis and fibrosis infected with HBV (22.76, 12.82–37.53 ng/mL), HCV (33.06, 16.36–39.30 ng/mL), and HEV (28.90, 17.95–35.94 ng/mL) had significantly higher sTim-3 levels than patients with hepatitis without fibrosis (13.29, 7.75–17.28; 13.86, 11.48–18.64; 14.77, 9.79–29.79 ng/mL; P < 0.05).ConclusionsTim-3 level was elevated in patients infected with HBV, HCV, or HEV and gradually increased in patients with either hepatitis or hepatitis with hepatic fibrosis. It has a certain role in the evaluation of the course of a disease after hepatitis virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Yu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Lv
- Wuxi No.5 People’s Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Yaping Dai
- Wuxi No.5 People’s Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Wuxi No.5 People’s Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Shaoxiong Zheng
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiumei Zhou
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yigang Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Pei
- Wuxi No.5 People’s Hospital, Wuxi, China
- Hao Pei,
| | - Hongming Fang
- Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Hongming Fang,
| | - Biao Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Biao Huang,
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Cao W, Chen Y, Han W, Yuan J, Xie W, Liu K, Qiu Y, Wang X, Li X. Potentiality of α-fetoprotein (AFP) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) in prognosis prediction and immunotherapy response for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Bioengineered 2021; 12:9435-9451. [PMID: 34696675 PMCID: PMC8809995 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1990195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-fetoprotein (AFP) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) have certain diagnostic value, but their potential value in prognosis prediction, especially immunotherapy response prediction, remains unclear in liver cancer. Through the tumor-free survival (TFS) and overall survival (OS) rates analyses of serum AFP and sICAM-1 levels in 87 patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the patients whose AFP and sICAM-1 levels were normal (AFP < 20 μg/L or sICAM-1 < 1000 μg/L) before surgery or recovered to normal after surgery exhibited a lower tumor recurrence rate and better OS than patients with elevated serum levels of the two markers. Combined analysis showed that patients with synchronously elevated levels of AFP and sICAM-1 showed the lowest TFS and OS. In addition, the RNA-seq data and clinical information of The Cancer Genome Atlas Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma were collected to analyze the predictive values of AFP and ICAM-1 in the diagnosis, prognosis and immunotherapy of HCC. The results indicated that the combined application of the two indicators had higher accuracy in both the diagnosis and prognostic prediction of HCC by receiver operating characteristic curves. AFP and ICAM-1 were significantly correlated with multiple immune cells in HCC samples but not in normal samples. The patients with low expression of the two indicators were most likely to benefit from the immune checkpoint blockade therapy. In conclusion, AFP and ICAM-1 play vital roles in the diagnosis, prognostic prediction, and immunotherapy of HCC, suggesting that they are considered as prognostic predictors in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery,Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, People's Republic of China.,Medical school of Ankang Vocational and Technical College, Ankang, Shaanxi, 725000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Air Force 986th Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Juzheng Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery,Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shenmu Hospital, Shenmu, Shaanxi, 719300, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery,Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Qiu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery,Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudan Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery,Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery,Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, People's Republic of China
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Ramadan HK, Meghezel EZM, Abdel-Malek MO, Askar AA, Hetta HF, Mahmoud AA, Abdel-Aal AM. Correlation Between Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Long-Term Occurrence of HCV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Treatment with Direct-Acting Antivirals. Cancer Invest 2021; 39:653-660. [PMID: 34224250 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2021.1951751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the correlation between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and long-term occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after HCV treatment with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and the HCC stage. Two groups with HCV-related liver cirrhosis and HCC were included: group 1, HCC following DAAs; group 2, HCC did not receive DAAs. The serum level of VEGF and HCC staging was evaluated. The duration between DAAs and HCC was 21.81 ± 11.66 months. Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) was observed more in group 1 (31%). VEGF was relatively elevated in group 1 compared to group 2. HCC patients after DAAs, showed elevated VEGF with frequent PVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidi K Ramadan
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - El-Zahraa M Meghezel
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mohammed O Abdel-Malek
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ashraf A Askar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Amal A Mahmoud
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Amal M Abdel-Aal
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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7
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Zhao L, Cheng S, Fan L, Zhang B, Xu S. TIM-3: An update on immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:107933. [PMID: 34224993 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) was originally found to be expressed on the surface of Th1 cells, acting as a negative regulator and binding to the ligand galectin-9 to mediate Th1 cell the apoptosis. Recent studies have shown that TIM-3 is also expressed on other immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and monocytes. In addition, TIM-3 ligands also include Psdter, High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) and Carcinoembryonic antigen associated cell adhesion molecules (Ceacam-1), which have different effects upon biding to different ligands on immune cells. Studies have shown that TIM-3 plays an important role in autoimmune diseases, chronic viral infections and tumors. A large amount of experimental data supports TIM-3 as an immune checkpoint, and targeting TIM-3 is a promising treatment method in current immunotherapy, especially the new combination of other immune checkpoint blockers. In this review, we summarize the role of TIM-3 in different diseases and its possible signaling pathway mechanisms, providing new insights for better breakthrough immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Shaoyun Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Lin Fan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China.
| | - Shengwei Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China.
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Immunmodulatory Treatment Strategies of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: From Checkpoint Inhibitors Now to an Integrated Approach in the Future. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071558. [PMID: 33805268 PMCID: PMC8036419 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most common cancer diseases worldwide and has only limited treatment options at advanced disease stages. Activation of the immune system with checkpoint inhibitors has revolutionized cancer medicine and has become important also for HCC treatment. Here, we summarize the current status of immunotherapy options for HCC and highlight how combination with locoregional therapies could improve the outcome of patients. Novel pathways and targets for immunologic drug development are briefly discussed that could help to increase the response rate of these approaches in HCC. Abstract Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still represents a human tumor entity with very limited therapeutic options, especially for advanced stages. Here, immune checkpoint modulating drugs alone or in combination with local ablative techniques could open a new and attractive therapeutic “door” to improve outcome and response rate for patients with HCC. Methods: Published data on HCC experimental to pre-(clinical) treatment strategies from standard of care to novel immunomodulatory concepts were summarized and discussed in detail. Results: Overall, our knowledge of the role of immune checkpoints in HCC is dramatically increased in the last years. Experimental and pre-clinical findings could be translated to phase 1 and 2 clinical trials and became standard of care. Local ablative techniques of HCC could improve the effectivity of immune checkpoint inhibitors in situ. Conclusions: This review demonstrates the importance of immunomodulatory treatment strategies of HCC, whereby the “best treatment code” of immune checkpoint drugs, combination with ablative techniques and of timing must be evaluated in coming clinical trials.
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Abouelezz K, Khanapara D, Batiha GES, Ahmed EA, Hetta HF. Cytotoxic Chemotherapy as an Alternative for Systemic Treatment of Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Developing Countries. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:12239-12248. [PMID: 33273860 PMCID: PMC7707432 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s280631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic therapy options nowadays for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are either immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors or targeted therapy. As the incidence of liver cancer is much higher in developing countries, these new medications are not readily accessible for most of the patients. Cytotoxic chemotherapy agents are more available and affordable in developing countries. We are trying to explore the effectiveness of the newer cytotoxic agents in the systematic treatment for advanced HCC. This is a systematic review of all randomized controlled trials since 1997 that utilized systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy agents in the systemic treatment for advanced HCC using Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane library up to February 2020. Six randomized trials were found. Different drugs and dosages were used, so it was statistically inappropriate to conduct a meta-analysis. No Phase III trial showed statistically significant overall survival (OS) benefit for cytotoxic chemotherapy, except subgroup analysis of Chinese patients in one study who had leucovorin, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) regimen. There was no significant progression-free survival (PFS) or response rate in the Phase II trials. There are not enough data to infer the actual benefits of systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy in advanced HCC. However, oxaliplatin-based regimens may give feasible results. Health systems with limited access to targeted therapy and immunotherapy agents may use oxaliplatin-based regimens in clinical trials for advanced HCC. These results should be confirmed in multiple future randomized clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abouelezz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Dipen Khanapara
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicines, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Esraa A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt.,Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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Niu ZS, Wang WH, Dong XN, Tian LML. Role of long noncoding RNA-mediated competing endogenous RNA regulatory network in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:4240-4260. [PMID: 32848331 PMCID: PMC7422540 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i29.4240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that occupy over 90% of the human genome, and their main function is to directly or indirectly regulate messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and participate in the tumorigenesis and progression of malignances. In particular, some lncRNAs can interact with miRNAs as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) to modulate mRNA expression. Accordingly, these RNA molecules are interrelated and coordinate to form a dynamic lncRNA-mediated ceRNA regulatory network. Mounting evidence has revealed that lncRNAs that act as ceRNAs are closely related to tumorigenesis. To date, numerous studies have established many different regulatory networks in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and perturbations in these ceRNA interactions may result in the initiation and progression of HCC. Herein, we emphasize recent advances concerning the biological function of lncRNAs as ceRNAs in HCC, with the aim of elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying these HCC-related RNA molecules and providing novel insights into the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Shan Niu
- Laboratory of Micromorphology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical Department of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wen-Hong Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical Department of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xian-Ning Dong
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li-Mei-Li Tian
- BGI Gene Innovation Class, School of Basic Medicine, Medical Department of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
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11
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Regulatory B Cells and Their Cytokine Profile in HCV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Association with Regulatory T Cells and Disease Progression. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030380. [PMID: 32664587 PMCID: PMC7565874 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although regulatory B cells (Bregs) have been proven to play a suppressive role in autoimmune diseases, infections and different tumors, little is known regarding hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially in hepatitis C-related settings. Herein, we analyzed the frequency of circulating Bregs, serum levels of IL-10, IL-35 and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and investigated their association with regulatory T cells (Tregs) and disease progression in HCV-related HCC. For comparative purposes, four groups were enrolled; chronic HCV (CHC group, n = 35), HCV-related liver cirrhosis (HCV-LC group, n = 35), HCV-related HCC (HCV-HCC group, n = 60) and an apparently healthy control (Control-group, n = 20). HCC diagnosis and staging were in concordance with the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system. Analysis of the percentage of Breg cells and peripheral lymphocyte subsets (Treg) was performed by flow cytometry. Serum cytokine levels of IL-10, IL-35 and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) were measured by ELISA. The frequency of Bregs was significantly higher in the HCV-HCC group compared to the other groups and controls. A significant increase was noted in late-HCC versus those in the early stages. The frequency of Bregs was positively correlated with Tregs, serum IL-10, IL-35 and BAFF. In conclusion, Peripheral Bregs were positively correlated with the frequency of Tregs, IL-10, IL-35 and BAFF, and may be associated with HCV-related HCC progression.
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12
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Ellwanger JH, Kulmann-Leal B, Kaminski VDL, Rodrigues AG, Bragatte MADS, Chies JAB. Beyond HIV infection: Neglected and varied impacts of CCR5 and CCR5Δ32 on viral diseases. Virus Res 2020; 286:198040. [PMID: 32479976 PMCID: PMC7260533 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CCR5 regulates multiple cell types (e.g., T regulatory and Natural Killer cells) and immune responses. The effects of CCR5, CCR5Δ32 (variant associated with reduced CCR5 expression) and CCR5 antagonists vary between infections. CCR5 affects the pathogenesis of flaviviruses, especially in the brain. The genetic variant CCR5Δ32 increases the risk of symptomatic West Nile virus infection. The triad “CCR5, extracellular vesicles and infections” is an emerging topic.
The interactions between chemokine receptors and their ligands may affect susceptibility to infectious diseases as well as their clinical manifestations. These interactions mediate both the traffic of inflammatory cells and virus-associated immune responses. In the context of viral infections, the human C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) receives great attention from the scientific community due to its role as an HIV-1 co-receptor. The genetic variant CCR5Δ32 (32 base-pair deletion in CCR5 gene) impairs CCR5 expression on the cell surface and is associated with protection against HIV infection in homozygous individuals. Also, the genetic variant CCR5Δ32 modifies the CCR5-mediated inflammatory responses in various conditions, such as inflammatory and infectious diseases. CCR5 antagonists mimic, at least in part, the natural effects of the CCR5Δ32 in humans, which explains the growing interest in the potential benefits of using CCR5 modulators for the treatment of different diseases. Nevertheless, beyond HIV infection, understanding the effects of the CCR5Δ32 variant in multiple viral infections is essential to shed light on the potential effects of the CCR5 modulators from a broader perspective. In this context, this review discusses the involvement of CCR5 and the effects of the CCR5Δ32 in human infections caused by the following pathogens: West Nile virus, Influenza virus, Human papillomavirus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Poliovirus, Dengue virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Enterovirus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Hantavirus. Subsequently, this review addresses the impacts of CCR5 gene editing and CCR5 modulation on health and viral diseases. Also, this article connects recent findings regarding extracellular vesicles (e.g., exosomes), viruses, and CCR5. Neglected and emerging topics in “CCR5 research” are briefly described, with focus on Rocio virus, Zika virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Rhinovirus. Finally, the potential influence of CCR5 on the immune responses to coronaviruses is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Kulmann-Leal
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia - ICT, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa Gonçalves Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves de Souza Bragatte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Núcleo de Bioinformática do Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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