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Zeil J. Views from 'crabworld': the spatial distribution of light in a tropical mudflat. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2023; 209:859-876. [PMID: 37460846 PMCID: PMC10643439 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural scene analysis has been extensively used to understand how the invariant structure of the visual environment may have shaped biological image processing strategies. This paper deals with four crucial, but hitherto largely neglected aspects of natural scenes: (1) the viewpoint of specific animals; (2) the fact that image statistics are not independent of the position within the visual field; (3) the influence of the direction of illumination on luminance, spectral and polarization contrast in a scene; and (4) the biologically relevant information content of natural scenes. To address these issues, I recorded the spatial distribution of light in a tropical mudflat with a spectrographic imager equipped with a polarizing filter in an attempt to describe quantitatively the visual environment of fiddler crabs. The environment viewed by the crabs has a distinct structure. Depending on the position of the sun, the luminance, the spectral composition, and the polarization characteristics of horizontal light distribution are not uniform. This is true for both skylight and for reflections from the mudflat surface. The high-contrast feature of the line of horizon dominates the vertical distribution of light and is a discontinuity in terms of luminance, spectral distribution and of image statistics. On a clear day, skylight intensity increases towards the horizon due to multiple scattering, and its spectral composition increasingly resembles that of sunlight. Sky-substratum contrast is highest at short wavelengths. I discuss the consequences of this extreme example of the topography of vision for extracting biologically relevant information from natural scenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Zeil
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, P.O. Box 475, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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2
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Tina FW, Muramatsu D. Males signal their breeding burrow characteristics to females in the fiddler crab Austruca perplexa. BEHAVIOUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Females often choose mates based on their courtship signals. Males may signal their heritable genetic quality, defended resources, or parental care efforts; however, the reasons why females choose males based on their signals are often not clear. Here, we show that, in the fiddler crab Austruca perplexa, male signals (major-claw waving rates) were correlated with important characteristics of their defended resources (width and depth of breeding burrows). By using the male signals, females may be able to roughly predict the burrow quality and decide whether to enter and check the burrow characteristics. The signals are predicted to be honest because the female’s final decision is based on burrow quality. Since females can reject males if their burrow quality is insufficient for breeding, the courtship efforts of deceptive males will be dismissed. The honesty of the signals is beneficial for both sexes and thus easily evolved in their signalling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmida Wazed Tina
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University, Tha Ngio, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80280, Thailand
| | - Daisuke Muramatsu
- , Nara University of Education, Takabatake-cho, Nara, 630-8528, Japan
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, 2-24 Sekiden, Tanaka, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan
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3
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Perez DM, Klunk CL, Araujo SBL. Imperfect synchrony in animal displays: why does it occur and what is the true role of leadership? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200339. [PMID: 34420387 PMCID: PMC8384059 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synchrony can be defined as the precise coordination between independent individuals, and this behaviour is more enigmatic when it is imperfect. The traditional theoretical explanation for imperfect synchronous courtship is that it arises as a by-product of the competition between males to broadcast leading signals to attract female attention. This competition is considered an evolutionary stable strategy maintained through sexual selection. However, previous studies have revealed that leading signals are not honest indicators of male quality. We studied imperfect courtship synchrony in fiddler crabs to mainly test whether (i) signal leadership and rate are defined by male quality and (ii) signal leadership generates synchrony. Fiddler crab males wave their enlarged claws during courtship, and females prefer leading males-displaying ahead of their neighbour(s). We filmed groups of waving males in the field to detect how often individuals were leaders and if they engaged in synchrony. Overall, we found that courtship effort is not directly related to male size, a general proxy for quality. Contrary to the long-standing assumption, we also revealed that leadership is not directly related to group synchrony, but faster wave rate correlates with both leadership and synchrony. This article is part of the theme issue 'Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M. Perez
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Conservation, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Parana 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Cristian L. Klunk
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Conservation, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Parana 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Sabrina B. L. Araujo
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Biological Interactions, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Parana 81531-990, Brazil
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4
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Hui TY, Williams GA. Behavioural plasticity in the monsoonal tropics: implications for thermoregulatory traits in sandy shore crabs. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-03026-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Small males of the fiddler crab Austruca perplexa court more in the off-peak breeding period when large males court less. J ETHOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-021-00703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M. Perez
- Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
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7
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Abstract
Abstract
The aggregation of courting males is widespread among animal taxa, yet we do not understand why males congregate and therefore intensify local competition for female attention. The most commonly invoked theoretical explanation is that females preferentially approach clustered males due to the many benefits they would gain, and clustered males would therefore have higher mating success. However, although theoretical explanations of aggregation formation are well advanced, empirical studies are scarce, especially in invertebrates. In fact, there is little evidence that females do prefer to approach clustered displayers over spaced displayers. Here we address this question by using robotic crabs to test female preferences in fiddler crabs (a visually displaying species) and show that females do not preferentially approach clustered males. We suggest that if this pattern is more widespread, the most commonly invoked explanation of courting aggregations is of limited use. We offer explanations for the strong clustering behavior we observe in this species and discuss the implications of this finding for the theoretical underpinnings of this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M Perez
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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8
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Miles MC, Fuxjager MJ. Social context modulates how the winner effect restructures territorial behaviour in free-living woodpeckers. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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9
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Bywater CL, Wilson RS, Monro K, White CR. Legs of male fiddler crabs evolved to compensate for claw exaggeration and enhance claw functionality during waving displays. Evolution 2018; 72:2491-2502. [PMID: 30284733 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many exaggerated morphological traits evolve under sexual selection. However, the optimal level of exaggeration is dictated by a trade-off between natural and sexual selection, representing a balance between its benefits and associated costs. Male fiddler crabs wave an enlarged major claw during behavioural displays that eliminates the need for direct combat, and determines courtship outcomes. The outcomes of these displays often depend on claw size, exposing males to selection for larger claws to improve mating and combat success. Applying phylogenetic comparative methods to 27 fiddler crab species, we examined the evolution of major claw morphologies, leg morphologies, and waving displays to determine whether these traits coevolved to optimise functioning of the exaggerated claw, or to mitigate potential metabolic or locomotor costs. We found legs to be sexually dimorphic, with males having longer legs than females. Legs were also longer in species that waved laterally rather than vertically, in species with larger major claws, and in species whose major claws were relatively elongate. These results suggest that leg morphology has coevolved with claw enlargement to enhance functionality of the major claw during waving displays, in addition to compensating for any negative effects of claw size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice L Bywater
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Robbie S Wilson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Keyne Monro
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.,Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Craig R White
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.,Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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10
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Muramatsu D. Sand ornaments used to attract females are avoided by rival males in the fiddler crab Uca lactea. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2016.1243156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Muramatsu
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, 2-24 Sekiden, Tanaka, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan
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11
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Rorato AC, Araujo SB, Perez DM, Pie MR. Social cues affect synchronization of male waving displays in a fiddler crab (Crustacea: Ocypodidae). Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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13
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Izumi D, Kawano Y, Henmi Y. Experiments with claw models explain the function of the waving display of Ilyoplax pusilla (Brachyura: Dotillidae). J ETHOL 2016; 34:9-14. [PMID: 27829697 PMCID: PMC5080308 DOI: 10.1007/s10164-015-0438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Males of the dotillid crab, Ilyoplax pusilla, perform waving displays during the reproductive season. Unlike many fiddler crabs (genus Uca), however, the function of the waving display is unclear for this species. Experiments using waving and static claw models over short (10 cm) and long (25 cm) distances were conducted to investigate responses by wandering females to artificial waving signals. In long-distance choice experiments, presuming undirected waving to unseen females as broadcast waving, females were equally likely to approach the waving and static claw sections during the non-reproductive season, but significantly more females (65 %) chose the waving claw section during the reproductive season. In short-distance choice experiments, presuming directed courtship waving toward a particular female, there was no significant difference between the waving and static claw models during the non-reproductive season, but significantly more females (88 %) chose the waving claw during the reproductive season. These results suggest that one function of the waving display of I. pusilla is mate attraction and that waving from a short distance is more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Izumi
- grid.274841.c0000000106606749Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Yoko Kawano
- grid.274841.c0000000106606749Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Henmi
- grid.274841.c0000000106606749Aitsu Marine Station, Center for Marine Environment Studies, Kumamoto University, Matsushima, Kami-Amakusa, Kumamoto 861-6102 Japan
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14
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Ryan LA, Hart NS, Collin SP, Hemmi JM. Visual resolution and contrast sensitivity in two benthic sharks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:3971-3980. [PMID: 27802139 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.132100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sharks have long been described as having 'poor' vision. They are cone monochromats and anatomical estimates suggest they have low spatial resolution. However, there are no direct behavioural measurements of spatial resolution or contrast sensitivity. This study estimates contrast sensitivity and spatial resolution of two species of benthic sharks, the Port Jackson shark, Heterodontus portusjacksoni, and the brown-banded bamboo shark, Chiloscyllium punctatum, by recording eye movements in response to optokinetic stimuli. Both species tracked moving low spatial frequency gratings with weak but consistent eye movements. Eye movements ceased at 0.38 cycles per degree, even for high contrasts, suggesting low spatial resolution. However, at lower spatial frequencies, eye movements were elicited by low contrast gratings, 1.3% and 2.9% contrast in H portusjacksoni and C. punctatum, respectively. Contrast sensitivity was higher than in other vertebrates with a similar spatial resolving power, which may reflect an adaptation to the relatively low contrast encountered in aquatic environments. Optokinetic gain was consistently low and neither species stabilised the gratings on their retina. To check whether restraining the animals affected their optokinetic responses, we also analysed eye movements in free-swimming C. punctatum We found no eye movements that could compensate for body rotations, suggesting that vision may pass through phases of stabilisation and blur during swimming. As C. punctatum is a sedentary benthic species, gaze stabilisation during swimming may not be essential. Our results suggest that vision in sharks is not 'poor' as previously suggested, but optimised for contrast detection rather than spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Ryan
- School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia .,The UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Nathan S Hart
- School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.,The UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Shaun P Collin
- School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.,The UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jan M Hemmi
- School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.,The UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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15
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Nobbs M, Blamires SJ. Spatiotemporal distribution and abundance of mangrove ecosystem engineers: burrowing crabs around canopy gaps. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00498.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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16
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White TE, Zeil J, Kemp DJ. Signal design and courtship presentation coincide for highly biased delivery of an iridescent butterfly mating signal. Evolution 2015; 69:14-25. [PMID: 25328995 PMCID: PMC4312914 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sensory drive theory contends that signaling systems should evolve to optimize transmission between senders and intended receivers, while minimizing visibility to eavesdroppers where possible. In visual communication systems, the high directionality afforded by iridescent coloration presents underappreciated avenues for mediating this trade-off. This hypothesis predicts functional links between signal design and presentation such that visual conspicuousness is maximized only under ecologically relevant settings and/or to select audiences. We addressed this prediction using Hypolimnas bolina, a butterfly in which males possess ultraviolet markings on their dorsal wing surfaces with a narrow angular reflectance function. Males bearing brighter dorsal markings are increasingly attractive to females, but also likely more conspicuous to predators. Our data indicate that, during courtship (and given the ritualized wingbeat dynamics at these times), males position themselves relative to females in such a way as to simultaneously maximize three components of known or putative signal conspicuousness: brightness, area, and iridescent flash. This suggests that male signal design and display have coevolved for the delivery of an optimally conspicuous signal to courted females. More broadly, these findings imply a potential signaling role for iridescence itself, and pose a novel example for how signal design may coevolve with the behavioral context of display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E White
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2113, Australia.
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17
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Muramatsu D. The Function of the Four Types of Waving Display in Uca lactea: Effects of Audience, Sand Structure, and Body Size. Ethology 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2011.01884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Akre KL, Ryan MJ. Proximity-dependent Response to Variably Complex Mating Signals in Túngara Frogs (Physalaemus pustulosus
). Ethology 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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For whom the male waves: four types of claw-waving display and their audiences in the fiddler crab, Uca lactea. J ETHOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-010-0216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Kim TW, Kim TK, Choe JC. Compensation for homing errors by using courtship structures as visual landmarks. Behav Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arq067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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21
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Abstract
SUMMARY
Given the great range of visual systems, tasks and habitats, there is surprisingly little experimental evidence of how visual limitations affect behavioural strategies under natural conditions. Analysing this relationship will require an experimental system that allows for the synchronous measurement of visual cues and visually guided behaviour. The first step in quantifying visual cues from an animal's perspective is to understand the filter properties of its visual system. We examined the first stage of visual processing – sampling by the ommatidial array – in the compound eye of the fiddler crab Uca vomeris. Using an in vivopseudopupil method we determined sizes and viewing directions of ommatidia and created a complete eye map of optical and sampling resolution across the visual field. Our results reveal five distinct eye regions (ventral, dorsal,frontal, lateral and medial) which exhibit clear differences in the organisation of the local sampling array, in particular with respect to the balance of resolution and contrast sensitivity. We argue that, under global eye space constraints, these regional optimisations reflect the information content and behavioural relevance of the corresponding parts of the visual field. In demonstrating the tight link between visual sampling, visual cues and behavioural strategies, our analysis highlights how the study of natural behaviour and natural stimuli is essential to our understanding and interpretation of the evolution and ecology of animal behaviour and the design of sensory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Smolka
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Vision Science, Centre for Visual Sciences,Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jan M. Hemmi
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Vision Science, Centre for Visual Sciences,Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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22
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Yamada A, Furukawa F, Wada K. Geographical variations in waving display and barricade‐building behaviour, and genetic population structure in the intertidal brachyuran crabIlyoplax pusilla(de Haan, 1835). J NAT HIST 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00222930802478677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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How MJ, Zeil J, Hemmi JM. Variability of a dynamic visual signal: the fiddler crab claw-waving display. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2008; 195:55-67. [PMID: 19002693 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-008-0382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fiddler crabs use elaborate, species-specific claw-waving displays to communicate with rivals and mates. However, detailed comparative studies of fiddler crab signal structure and structural variations are lacking. This paper provides an analysis of the claw-waving displays of seven Australian species of fiddler crab, Uca mjoebergi, U. perplexa, U. polita, U. seismella, U. signata, U. elegans and U. vomeris. We used digital video to record and analyse the fine-scale spatiotemporal properties of these movement-based visual signals. We found that the structure and timing of the displays is species-specific, exhibiting inter-specific differences that follow phylogenetic relationships. The displays showed intra-specific variation according to individual identity, geographic location and fine-scale behavioural context. The observed differences and variations are discussed in the light of the evolutionary forces that may shape their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J How
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Vision Science and Centre for Visual Sciences, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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24
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How MJ, Hemmi JM. Courtship herding in the fiddler crab Uca elegans. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2008; 194:1053-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-008-0376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Ohata M, Wada K. Are females of Ilyoplax pusilla (Brachyura: Dotillidae) attracted to groups having more waving males? J ETHOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-008-0110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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How MJ, Hemmi JM, Zeil J, Peters R. Claw waving display changes with receiver distance in fiddler crabs, Uca perplexa. Anim Behav 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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