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Sprout Regeneration of Shrub Willows after Cutting. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121684. [PMID: 33271821 PMCID: PMC7761489 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Shrub willow (Salix L. spp.) is a promising bioenergy resource crop due to its high growth rates and superb regenerative ability. Sprouting capacity is influenced by many factors, such as parent tree species and size, which are important limiting factors for stump survival or sprout growth. In this study, we aimed to quantify the survival and regeneration performance of sprouts (including sprout height, sprout diameter, sprout number, leaf morphological traits, leaf chlorophyll content, and ground part dry biomass) from the stumps of two Salix species from three diameter classes (10–15, 16–19, and 20–30 mm). An attempt was made to explore why the stump size affects the regeneration of willows by analyzing the carbon and nitrogen proportion of stumps. Stump survival did not differ between the two Salix species. However, the sprout regeneration of S. triandra was much better than that of S. suchowensis. An increase in stump diameter caused increases in the number of sprouts produced per stump, the mean height and basal diameter of sprouts per stump, the leaf chlorophyll content, and the biomass of sprouts per stump. By contrast, stump diameter did not significantly affect stump survival. The results indicate that the larger stumps store more carbon and nitrogen than small-sized stumps, which may be one of the reasons why the larger willow stumps have a stronger resprouting ability. This study provides essential information regarding the sprout regeneration of short-rotation coppice willow plantations after harvest.
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Bioengineering Techniques Adopted for Controlling Riverbanks’ Superficial Erosion of the Simplício Hydroelectric Power Plant, Brazil. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12197886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Controlling and preventing soil erosion on slope surfaces is a pressing concern worldwide, and at the same time, there is a growing need to incorporate sustainability into our engineering works. This study evaluates the efficiency of bioengineering techniques in the development of vegetation in soil slopes located near a hydroelectric power plant in Brazil. For this purpose, twelve different bioengineering techniques were evaluated, in isolation and in combination, in the slopes (10 m high) of two experimental units (approximately 70 m long each) located next to the Paraíba do Sul riverbanks, in Brazil. High-resolution images of the slopes’ frontal view were taken in 15-day interval visits in all units for the first 90 days after implantation, followed by monthly visits up to 27 months after the works were finished. The images were treated and analyzed in a computer algorithm that, based on three-color bands (red–green–blue scale), helps to assess the temporal evolution of the vegetative cover index for each technique adopted. The results showed that most of the solutions showed a deficiency in vegetation establishment and were sensitive to climatological conditions, which induced changes in the vegetation phytosanitary aspects. Techniques which provided a satisfactory vegetative cover index throughout the investigated period are pointed out.
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Fire Severity Drives the Natural Regeneration of Cytisus scoparius L. (Link) and Salix atrocinerea Brot. Communities and the Germinative Behaviour of These Species. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Research Highlights: Data indicated that fire severity modulates natural regeneration of Cytisus scoparius and Salix atrocinerea communities and drives much stronger effects on the germination of the dominant species. Background and Objectives: Previous studies demonstrated that fire severity induces different behaviours in plant species. Mother plant age is an important feature that must also be considered in plans of forest restoration. The objectives were to determine, in field studies, the effect of fire severity on the natural regeneration of C. scoparius and S. atrocinerea communities, to know the role of mother plant age on the germination of seeds of C. scoparius and S. atrocinerea, and to quantify their germination response at different levels of fire severity, in laboratory settings. Material and Methods: We have analysed the role of fire severity on the natural regeneration of C. scoparius and S. atrocinerea communities considering cover and height. Forty 30 × 30 m plots were randomly located in C. scoparius and S. atrocinerea communities. Fire severity on the germination of dominant species was tested through different levels of smoke, charcoal, ash, and heat. Results: High severity reduced the vertical cover and growth in height of the two communities and favoured the increase of cover of woody species in the C. scoparius community and herbaceous species in the S. atrocinerea community. Mother plant age determined germination percentages of C. scoparius seeds. Germination of C. scoparius was increased by moderate heat, and heat and smoke; and fire severity greatly reduced germination of S. atrocinerea. Conclusions: The regeneration responses after fire were largely controlled by interactions between the fire severity and the individual species regeneration strategies. For restoration purposes, C. scoparius seeds should be treated with 80 °C and smoke for 10 min, in order to increase germination; however, Salix seeds should be used without treatment and immediately after dispersion.
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Rey F, Bifulco C, Bischetti GB, Bourrier F, De Cesare G, Florineth F, Graf F, Marden M, Mickovski SB, Phillips C, Peklo K, Poesen J, Polster D, Preti F, Rauch HP, Raymond P, Sangalli P, Tardio G, Stokes A. Soil and water bioengineering: Practice and research needs for reconciling natural hazard control and ecological restoration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:1210-1218. [PMID: 30340266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil and water bioengineering is a technology that encourages scientists and practitioners to combine their knowledge and skills in the management of ecosystems with a common goal to maximize benefits to both man and the natural environment. It involves techniques that use plants as living building materials, for: (i) natural hazard control (e.g., soil erosion, torrential floods and landslides) and (ii) ecological restoration or nature-based re-introduction of species on degraded lands, river embankments, and disturbed environments. For a bioengineering project to be successful, engineers are required to highlight all the potential benefits and ecosystem services by documenting the technical, ecological, economic and social values. The novel approaches used by bioengineers raise questions for researchers and necessitate innovation from practitioners to design bioengineering concepts and techniques. Our objective in this paper, therefore, is to highlight the practice and research needs in soil and water bioengineering for reconciling natural hazard control and ecological restoration. Firstly, we review the definition and development of bioengineering technology, while stressing issues concerning the design, implementation, and monitoring of bioengineering actions. Secondly, we highlight the need to reconcile natural hazard control and ecological restoration by posing novel practice and research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rey
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Irstea, UR LESSEM, 2 rue de la Papeterie, BP 76, 38402 Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France.
| | - C Bifulco
- Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Centro de Ecologia Aplicada Prof. Baeta Neves, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - G B Bischetti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - F Bourrier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Irstea, UR LESSEM, 2 rue de la Papeterie, BP 76, 38402 Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France.
| | - G De Cesare
- Laboratory of Hydraulic Constructions LCH, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, Station 18, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - F Florineth
- Institute of Soil Bioengineering and Landscape Construction, Department of Civil Engineering and Natural Hazards, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - F Graf
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, CH-7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland.
| | - M Marden
- Landcare Research, PO Box 445, Gisborne 4040, New Zealand.
| | - S B Mickovski
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, 70 Cowcaddens Rd, Glasgow G4 0BA, Scotland, UK.
| | - C Phillips
- Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand.
| | - K Peklo
- I.C.E. Klaus PEKLO, Soil and Fluvial Bioengineering Consultancy SARL, Lasmarios, 82160, Parisot, France
| | - J Poesen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - D Polster
- Polster Environmental Services, 6015 Mary Street, Duncan, BC V9L 2G5, Canada.
| | - F Preti
- University Firenze - GESAAF, Engineering for Agro-Forestry and Biosystems Division, WaVe Research Unit, via san Bonaventura 13, 50145 Firenze, Italy.
| | - H P Rauch
- Institute of Soil Bioengineering and Landscape Construction, Department of Civil Engineering and Natural Hazards, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - P Raymond
- Terra Erosion Control Ltd., 308 Hart Street, Nelson, British Columbia V1L5N5, Canada.
| | - P Sangalli
- Sangalli Coronel y AsociadosSL, Bioingeniería y Paisaje Montesol, 24-20016 San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - G Tardio
- Technical University of Madrid, Avenida Niceto Alcalá Zamora 6 4D, Getafe, Madrid 28905, Spain
| | - A Stokes
- INRA, AMAP, CNRS, IRD, University Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France.
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