Emborrhoid: a new concept for the treatment of hemorrhoids with arterial embolization: the first 14 cases

Embolization of Rectal Arteries for Treating Hemorrhoidal Disease Using a Combination of Microspheres and Microcoils: A Pilot Study

PURPOSE

To investigate the feasibility and initial results of superior (SRA) and middle (MRA) rectal artery embolization for patients with symptomatic hemorrhoidal disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Prospective, single-center cohort that included ten consecutive patients (Goligher classification was II in 70% and III in 30%.) who underwent SRA and MRA embolization using a combination of microspheres and metallic coils, who completed a follow-up period of 12 months. Technical success was defined as embolization of SRA and MRA whenever MRA dominance was observed. Clinical success was defined as an improvement of the hemorrhoid severity score (HSS) and quality of life (QoL) scores without recurrence, with the need for additional treatment. Procedure-related adverse events (AEs) were recorded and defined according to CIRSE classification as minor or major complications.

RESULTS

Technical success was achieved in all patients. SRA was embolized in 100% of patients and MRA in 80%. The improvement in HSS and QoL scores was 88% and 88% (p < 0.05), respectively, without clinical recurrence in the 12-month follow-up. One patient had a major complication (level D), a rectal ischemia and perforation of the rectosigmoid leading to perforative acute abdomen with sepsis that required surgical treatment (Hartmann's procedure).

CONCLUSION

Embolization of both SRA-MRA using a combination of microspheres and metallic coils was feasible and significantly improved HSS and QoL scores. One major complication was observed and therefore it is essential to further investigate the safety boundaries of this technique.

Superselective superior rectal artery embolization in the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease

Hemorrhoids are a prevalent and benign anal disorder for which minimally invasive treatments are increasingly preferred. The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence clinical guideline (2010) recommends hemorrhoidal artery ligation as a treatment option for hemorrhoidal disease. Superior rectal artery embolization (SRAE) leverages this principle by using digital subtraction angiography to precisely identify and superselectively embolize the arteries supplying the hemorrhoidal region. This procedure has demonstrated favorable clinical outcomes. SRAE is minimally invasive, painless, preserves the anal sphincter and normal anal anatomy, and offers a quick recovery, establishing it as an effective minimally invasive surgical option. As a result, this technique has gained increasing clinical recognition and adoption. This article examines the efficacy and safety of superselective SRAE for hemorrhoidal disease.

Rectal Artery Embolization for the Treatment of Hemorrhoidal Disease

The term "hemorrhoid" is commonly invoked to characterize the pathologic process of symptomatic hemorrhoidal disease instead of the normal anatomic structure. While often treated with conservative measures, rectal artery embolization offers a minimally invasive alternative for patients with persistent or severe symptoms. This technique involves blocking the blood supply to the hemorrhoids using embolic agents, reducing blood flow, and alleviating symptoms. This review explores the clinical evaluation, techniques, and outcomes associated with rectal artery embolization for the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease. A discussion of the pathophysiology of hemorrhoids, the anatomy of rectal arteries, and the embolization procedure is provided in detail. Additionally, the safety and efficacy of the technique, including potential complications and outcomes, are reviewed.

Hemorrhoidal disease: what role can rectal artery embolization play?

INTRODUCTION

Hemorrhoidal artery embolization, also known as Emborrhoid, has emerged in recent years as a minimally invasive treatment option for patients with recurrent and unresponsive to medical therapies hemorrhoidal bleeding symptoms. We present here an overview of the profile of rectal artery embolization based on the most relevant and recent literature.

METHODS

A comprehensive review of literature on Hemorrhoidal artery embolization, was conducted on PubMed-Medline. The most relevant literature was summarized narratively.

RESULTS

Current literature confirms the feasibility, efficacy and safety of rectal artery embolization for bleeding hemorrhoids. To date, the results of nearly 250 patients who have undergone hemorrhoid embolization have been published in several studies. All these authors have reported high immediate technical success, with also high clinical success, ranging from 63% to 94%, without major complications. Because of its beneficial safety profile, rectal artery embolization represents an attractive option for selected patients. In case of recurrence of bleeding it is possible to consider repeating the embolization procedure. Treatment failure may be due to the presence of anatomical variants such as dominant middle rectal arteries, which can be investigated and treated in the second session if necessary.

CONCLUSION

Rectal artery embolization represents a valuable addition to the therapeutic armamentarium of bleeding hemorrhoidal disease, if patients are selected appropriately.

Does hemorrhoidal artery embolization really benefit patients with hemorrhoids?

This letter offers commentary on an article published in a recent issue of the World Journal of Gastroenterology. Hemorrhoidal artery embolization is a promising approach to severe hemorrhoidal bleeding treatment, but inappropriate patient selection and the use of different embolization procedures may affect the clinical efficacy and cause serious complications. In this article, the most appropriate candidate patients, embolization materials, embolization methods, and clinical evaluation methods are discussed to improve the safety and effectiveness of the procedure.

Angiographic description of the superior rectal artery and its anatomical variations in patients undergoing embolization of the superior rectal arteries in hemorrhoidal disease treatment

BACKGROUND

Angiography of the superior rectal artery showed that its branches were divided into four main branches (two left and two right) in 46.8%; the second most frequent variation was one right and two left branches in 26.6%, followed by two branches to the right and one to the left in 20%; the most uncommon variations were one to the right and one to the left without further subdivision in 6.6%.

BACKGROUND

◼ The superior rectal artery, when it reaches the rectum, divides into two or more branches.

BACKGROUND

◼ Four patterns were observed in the angiographic anatomy of the superior rectal artery.

BACKGROUND

◼ Understanding the angiographic anatomy of the superior rectal artery is important to achieve optimal embolization results.

OBJECTIVE

To describe angiographic findings of the superior rectal artery, its branches, and anatomical variations in the hemorrhoidal plexus in patients undergoing rectal artery embolization for hemorrhoidal disease treatment.

METHODS

Angiographic findings of 15 patients were obtained from a single-center, prospective clinical study that compared superior rectal artery embolization with the Ferguson technique for hemorrhoidal disease between July 2018 and March 2020.

RESULTS

Angiography of the superior rectal artery showed that in seven patients (46.8%), its branches were divided into four main branches (two left and two right), while in four patients (26.6%), the branches divided into one right and two left branches. The most uncommon variation observed in three cases (20%) was the branches divided into two branches to the right and one to the left; no further subdivision into the main branches was observed in one case (6.6%).

CONCLUSION

Four patterns were observed in the angiographic anatomy of the superior rectal arteries. Knowledge of the angiographic anatomy of this region and its variations is essential to improve the effectiveness of superior rectal artery embolization.

REGISTRY OF CLINICAL TRIALS

NCT03402282.

Imaging for Hemorrhoidal Disease: Navigating Rectal Artery Embolization from Planning to Follow-up

Hemorrhoid disease is very common, affecting greater than one-third of adults. Conservative management and several office-based procedures are useful in the treatment of internal hemorrhoids. Patients with refractory hemorrhoid disease have traditionally been treated with surgical hemorrhoidectomy. Rectal artery embolization has emerged as an alternative to surgical hemorrhoidectomy and has been shown to be safe and effective in case series and clinical trials completed over the past decade. Embolization has significantly less postprocedure pain when compared with surgical hemorrhoidectomy with similar outcomes. Pre- and postprocedure imaging are not routinely performed. Intraprocedural imaging consists of selective catheterization of the superior rectal arteries from the inferior mesenteric artery, and the middle rectal arteries from the internal iliac artery. The inferior rectal artery is seldom embolized due to the supply of the levator ani muscle and skin. To date, intermediate and large particles and fibered and nonfibered coils have been used successfully.

Transanal eco-Doppler evaluation after hemorrhoidal artery embolization

BACKGROUND

Hemorrhoidal artery embolization (Emborrhoid) is a novel method for the treatment of severe hemorrhoidal bleeding. Despite having a technical success rate of 93%-100%, the clinical success ranges between 63% and 94%, with a rebleeding rate of 13.6%.

AIM

To evaluate the effectiveness of this procedure in reducing hemorrhoidal flow and hemorrhoidal bleeding.

METHODS

This prospective observational pilot study was conducted at Division of General Surgery 1 and Tertiary Referral Pelvic Floor Center, Treviso Regional Hospital, Italy. In a 2 months period (February-March 2022), consecutive patients with hemorrhoidal bleeding scores (HBSs) ≥ 4, Goligher scores of II or III, failure of non-operative management, and a candidate for Emborrhoid were included. Endoanal ultrasound with eco-Doppler was performed preoperatively and 1 month after the procedure. The primary endpoint was to quantify the changes in arterial hemorrhoidal flow after treatment. The secondary endpoint was to evaluate the correlation between the flow changes and the HBS.

RESULTS

Eleven patients underwent Emborrhoid. The overall pretreatment mean systolic peak (MSP) was 14.66 cm/s. The highest MSP values were found in the anterior left lateral (17.82 cm/s at 1 o'clock and 15.88 cm/s at 3 o'clock) and in the posterior right lateral (14.62 cm/s at 7 o'clock and 16.71 cm/s at 9 o'clock) quadrants of the anal canal. After treatment, the overall MSP values were significantly reduced (P = 0.008) although the correlation between MSP and HBS changes was weak (P = 0.570). A statistical difference was found between distal embolization compared with proximal embolization (P = 0.047). However, the coil landing zone was not related to symptoms improvement (P = 1.000). A significant difference in MSP changes was also reported between patients with type 1 and type 2 superior rectal artery (SRA) anatomy (P = 0.040). No relationship between hemorrhoidal grades (P = 1.000), SRA anatomy (P = 1.000) and treatment outcomes was found.

CONCLUSION

The preliminary findings of this pilot study confirm that Emborrhoid was effective in reducing the arterial hemorrhoidal flow in hemorrhoidal disease. However, the correlation between the post-operative MSP and HBS changes was weak. Hemorrhoidal grade, SRA anatomy and type of embolization were not related to treatment outcomes.

Outcomes of Hemorrhoidal Artery Embolization from a Multidisciplinary Outpatient Interventional Center

PURPOSE

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of outpatient transarterial embolization for symptomatic refractory internal hemorrhoids.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Retrospective analysis of 134 patients who underwent hemorrhoidal artery embolization (HAE) for symptomatic internal hemorrhoids between August 2021 and June 2022 (76 men and 58 women) was performed. The mean age was 54.9 years, with a mean Goligher hemorrhoid grade (HG) of 2.1. Branches of the superior rectal artery (SRA) or middle rectal artery supplying the corpus cavernosum recti were embolized with both spherical particles and microcoils. Standard-of-care evaluations were performed at baseline and the 1 month follow-up, which included hemorrhoid-related pain (HRP) (0-10), hemorrhoid symptoms score (HSS) (5-20), quality of life (QoL) (0-4), French bleeding score (FBS) (0-9), and HG (0-4). Clinical success was defined as improvement of symptoms without additional treatment.

RESULTS

Embolization of at least 1 hemorrhoidal artery was achieved in 133 (99%) of the 134 patients. The mean number of SRA branches embolized per patient was 2.9 ± 1.0. Clinical success was seen in 93% (124 of 134) of patients at the 1-month follow-up, with 10 patients requiring repeat embolization. There were significant improvements in all mean outcomes at 1 month: HSS (11-7.8; P < .01), HRP (4.1-1.3; P < .01), QoL (2.2-0.8; P < .01), FBS (4.4-2.2; P < .01), and HG (2.3-1.2; P < .05). There were no severe adverse events.

CONCLUSIONS

HAE is a safe and effective outpatient treatment for refractory symptomatic internal hemorrhoids in the short term.

Embolization of the Superior Rectal Arteries versus Closed Hemorrhoidectomy (Ferguson Technique) in the Treatment of Hemorrhoidal Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial

PURPOSE

To compare short-term and medium-term results of superior rectal artery embolization versus surgical hemorrhoidectomy in the treatment of patients with hemorrhoidal disease.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This study was a prospective randomized clinical trial following 33 patients with symptomatic hemorrhoidal disease Grades 2 and 3 who were randomly assigned to 2 different groups: the superior rectal artery embolization group (n = 15) and Ferguson closed hemorrhoidectomy surgical group (n = 14). Four patients were excluded from the analysis. Pain using the visual analog scale and the use of analgesics were evaluated 3 times daily during the first 7 days of the postoperative period. Recurrent symptoms and satisfaction with treatment were also evaluated in the subsequent first, third, sixth, and twelfth months.

RESULTS

The mean pain during the first bowel movement after the procedure was 6.08 ± 4.41 in the surgery group and 0 in the embolization group (P = .001). The mean use of pain medication was higher in the surgery group (28.92 doses ± 15.78 vs 2.4 doses ± 5.21; P < .001). In the embolization group, the most prevalent preprocedural symptom was bleeding in 14 patients, with complete improvement in 12 (83.3%) patients. Mucus, skin tag, and pruritus were symptoms that showed little improvement in both groups. The frequency of symptoms (bleeding, pain, prolapse, and pruritus) was similar between the groups at 12 months (P = .691). No severe adverse events were observed in both groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite no difference in outcomes, embolization of the superior rectal arteries for the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease showed pain levels lower than those observed after surgical treatment.

The Emborrhoid Technique for Treatment of Bleeding Hemorrhoids in Patients with High Surgical Risk

The Emborrhoid is an innovative non-surgical technique for the treatment of severe hemorrhoidal bleeding. Patient selection and the impact on quality of life have not been fully investigated. This prospective observational study aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes after Emborrhoid in patients with high surgical risk. All patients with high surgical risk and anemia due to hemorrhoids were enrolled. Clinical data and previous blood transfusions were collected. The Hemorrhoidal Disease Symptom Score and Short Health Scala were completed before the procedure and during the follow-up visits at 1, 6 and 12 months. Transfusions and serum hemoglobin level variations were registered. Perioperative complications and the recurrence of bleeding were assessed. Trans-radial/femoral embolization of superior rectal artery, and/or middle rectal artery was performed with Interlock and Detachable Embolization Coils. From September 2020 to February 2022, 21 patients underwent a superselective embolization of all branches of the superior rectal artery. The transradial approach was most frequently performed compared to transfemoral access. After the procedure, no signs of ischemia were identified; three minor complications were observed. The mean follow-up was 18.5 ± 6.0 months. At the last follow-up, the mean increase of hemoglobin for patients was 1.2 ± 1.6 g/dL. Three patients needed transfusions during follow-up for recurrent hemorrhoidal bleeding. The Hemorrhoidal Disease Symptom Score and Short Health Scala decreased from 11.1 ± 4.2 to 4.7 ± 4.6 (p < 0.0001) and from 18.8 ± 4.8 to 10.2 ± 4.9 (p < 0.0001), respectively. Patients who had given up on their daily activities due to anemia have returned to their previous lifestyle. Emborrhoid seems to be a safe and effective option for the treatment of bleeding hemorrhoids in frail patients. The low complication rate and the significant reduction of post-defecation bleeding episodes are related to the improvement of the hemorrhoidal symptoms and patients’ quality of life.

Recurrent bleeding after rubber band ligation diagnosed as mild hemophilia B: a case report and literature review

Background

Hemophilia is a recessive hemorrhagic disease relevant to X chromosome. In mild hemophilia cases, spontaneous bleeding is rare and the blood clotting function is normal, but severe bleeding may occur after trauma or surgery. Therefore, missed diagnosis of hemophilia before operation may contribute to bleeding after hemorrhoid operation.

Case presentation

A 21-year-old male was hospitalized in the anorectal department because of repeated bleeding after hemorrhoid surgery. Despite several suture hemostasis procedures, the patient still suffered from recurrent bleeding. He had no family history of hemophilia or bleeding tendency, and had not been diagnosed with hemophilia before this admission. The diagnosis of mild hemophilia B was made after further examination of coagulation indexes. By using frozen plasma and coagulation factor complex to supplement coagulation factors, the patient’s bleeding was stopped and he was discharged after 23 days in hospital. During the follow-up, lower-than-normal coagulation factors were still found in him, but no bleeding occurred again.

Conclusions

The undiagnosed patient with mild hemophilia B has an increased risk of bleeding after hemorrhoid surgery because of the consumption of coagulation factors. This case report aims to address the importance of hemophilia screening before operation and reduce the risk of postoperative bleeding. For patients with recurrent bleeding after hemorrhoid surgery, hemophilia should be further excluded. Wound bleeding may recur in hemophilia patients after suture hemostasis. Therefore, prompt supplementation of coagulation factors is needed to help stop bleeding once the diagnosis of hemophilia is made.

Evaluation of Multiple Embolic Agents for Embolization of the Superior Rectal Artery in an Animal Model

OBJECTIVE

To prospectively compare the safety of transcatheter embolization of superior rectal arteries in healthy pigs with multiple agents such as coils, spheres and liquids.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Nine adult domestic pigs (three males, mean weight: 60 kg [50-70]) were randomly assigned to the embolization group: copolymer of ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH)-Onyx® (group 1, n = 3), microspheres 500 µ (group 2, n = 3), 2-mm micro-coils (group 3, n = 3). After a selective angiogram has been acquired, the embolic agent was infused at the distal part of rectal arteries. An angio-CT was performed before and after each embolization. After one week, angiography was repeated prior to euthanasia. At necropsy, the anorectal juncture was removed for histopathologic examination.

RESULTS

At necropsy, 100% of animals embolized with Onyx developed a significant necrosis zone of the distal part of the rectum. Histological examination revealed a mural infarction. For the micro-coil and microsphere groups, gross examination of the intestines did not reveal any evidence of ischaemia. The coils were found in the distal arterial vasculature of the meso-rectum, allowing a downstream revascularization by collaterals. The microspheres and onyx in the rectal wall, more distally.

CONCLUSION

Microspheres appear to induce fewer histologic complications than the liquid embolic agent and provide a more distal occlusion than micro-coils. These results suggest that, for superior rectal artery embolization, a super-selective embolization using spheres in human clinical conditions should be more effective and as safe as coil embolization. EVOH might be an unsafe embolization agent for haemorrhoids.

Comparison of different embolic particles for superior rectal arterial embolization of chronic hemorrhoidal bleeding: gelfoam versus microparticle

BACKGROUND

Whether different embolic particles with comparable diameter lead to similar beneficial effects in endovascular embolization of hemorrhoidal disease remains to be established. We sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of different types of agents for superior rectal arterial embolization (SRAE) in patients with bleeding hemorrhoids.

METHODS

Patients with recurrent episodes of internal hemorrhoidal bleeding and chronic anemia treated by SRAE in three tertiary hospitals between March 2017 and June 2020 were retrospectively evaluated. The patients were divided into two study groups based on the embolic materials: embolization with coils (2-3 mm) + gelfoam particles at 350-560 μm (Group A, n = 23), embolization with coils (2-3 mm) + microparticles at 300-500 μm (Group B, n = 18). The technical success, preliminary clinical efficacy (percentage of patients without hematochezia), postoperative complications and short-term follow-up outcomes were analysed.

RESULTS

A total of 41 patients (27 males) with symptomatic hemorrhoids were included in the study, mean age was 47 ± 12 years (range 25-72). 39% (16) patients with grade II hemorrhoids while 61% (25) patients with grade III. The technical success rate of the embolization procedure was 100%, and the preliminary clinical efficacy (87.0% vs 88.9%) showed no significant difference between the 2 groups (p = 0.098). No patients reported post-procedural and short-term serious complications, such as infection, intestinal ischemia or massive hemorrhage during the follow-up period (range 6-15 months).

CONCLUSIONS

Both gelfoam particles and microparticles with comparable diameter in the endovascular treatment of hemorrhoidal bleeding demonstrated similarly good short-term efficacy and safety profile.

Embolization of Hemorrhoidal Arteries: A Novel Endovascular Therapy Option for the Treatment of Hemorrhoidal Disease

BACKGROUND

 Hemorrhoids are a widespread disease. Treatment options range from dietary measures to open surgery. A novel treatment approach is the embolization of the hemorrhoidal arteries.

METHOD

 A review was performed based on a selective literature search in PubMed representing the current state of research. The keywords "hemorrhoid" and "embolization" and "emborrhoid" were used. In addition, technical details of the hemorrhoidal embolization procedure are explained.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

 Embolization of hemorrhoidal arteries is a safe treatment, which allows efficient symptom control even in patients with contraindications for open surgery.

KEY POINTS

  · Embolization of hemorrhoidal arteries is a new approach to the treatment of hemorrhoids.. · Embolization of hemorrhoidal arteries is feasible in patients with contraindications for open surgery such as hypercoaguable states and contraindications for general anesthesia.. · The endovascular approach causes no rectal and anal trauma and associated complications can be avoided.. · The treatment of bleeding hemorrhoids seems to be particularly effective.. · No ischemic complications have been reported so far when coils as well as particles were used..

CITATION FORMAT

· Feyen L, Freyhardt P, Schott P et al. Hämorrhoidenembolisation: Eine neue minimalinvasive endovaskuläre Therapieoption bei Hämorrhoidalleiden. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2021; DOI: 10.1055/a-1662-5487.

Annoyed with Haemorrhoids? Risks of the Emborrhoid Technique

Haemorrhoids, a common ailment afflicting mostly Western patients, can produce bothersome symptoms, in particular pain, pruritus, and bleeding. There is a wide choice of surgical treatment options available for haemorrhoids in patients that cannot be treated with medical therapy, such as those that are prolapsed. Many patients refuse surgery due to the fear of potential complications; to overcome this obstacle, novel alternative techniques have been developed in recent years that are focussed on ligation or occlusion of haemorrhoidal arterial blood flow. We describe a patient who developed recto-sigmoidal ischaemia after embolization of the haemorrhoidal arteries, known as the "emborrhoid" technique, with persistence of rectal bleeding and progressive rectal stenosis.

Anorectal emergencies: WSES-AAST guidelines

Anorectal emergencies comprise a wide variety of diseases that share common symptoms, i.e., anorectal pain or bleeding and might require immediate management. While most of the underlying conditions do not need inpatient management, some of them could be life-threatening and need prompt recognition and treatment. It is well known that an incorrect diagnosis is frequent for anorectal diseases and that a delayed diagnosis is related to an impaired outcome. This paper aims to improve the knowledge and the awareness on this specific topic and to provide a useful tool for every physician dealing with anorectal emergencies.The present guidelines have been developed according to the GRADE methodology. To create these guidelines, a panel of experts was designed and charged by the boards of the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) and American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) to perform a systematic review of the available literature and to provide evidence-based statements with immediate practical application. All the statements were presented and discussed during the WSES-AAST-WJES Consensus Conference on Anorectal Emergencies, and for each statement, a consensus among the WSES-AAST panel of experts was reached. We structured our work into seven main topics to cover the entire management of patients with anorectal emergencies and to provide an up-to-date, easy-to-use tool that can help physicians and surgeons during the decision-making process.

Evolution of Surgical Management of Hemorrhoidal Disease: An Historical Overview

Hemorrhoidal disease (HD) is the symptomatic enlargement and/or distal displacement of the normal hemorrhoidal cushions and is one of the most frequent diseases in colorectal surgery. Several surgical or office-based therapies are currently available, with the aim of being a more tailored approach. This article aimed to elucidate the historical evolution of surgical therapy for HD from ancient times, highlighting the crucial steps, controversies, and pioneers in the field. In contrast with the previous literature on the topic that is often updated to the 1990s, with the introduction of stapled hemorrhoidopexy and transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization, this article describes all new surgical and office-based treatments introduced in the first 20 years of the 2000s.

Hemorrhoid embolization: A review of current evidences

Hemorrhoids are local vascular structure dilations in the lower rectum, associated with morbidity and reduced quality of life. Endovascular coil or particle embolization of the superior rectal arteries, known as Emborrhoid technique, is a minimally invasive, image-guided therapy that targets the hemorrhoidal plexus and reduces hemorrhage. The purpose of this review was to analyze the results of published studies to determine the efficacy, clinical outcomes, and morbidities associated with the endovascular occlusion of hemorrhoidal arteries for the treatment of internal hemorrhoids. Current evidences suggest that hemorrhoids treated by Emborrhoid technique using microcoils, embolic particles or a combination is safe with no reported serious complications. Hemorrhoid embolization can preserve the anal tone without direct anorectal trauma and maintain the hemorrhoidal tissue in place requiring minimal local wound care on an outpatient basis. However, due to the paucity of high-quality trials, further research is warranted to evaluate its long-term outcomes, compare its efficacy with other treatment modalities, and fully assess its role in the treatment of hemorrhoid.

Hemorrhoids Embolization: State of the Art and Future Directions

Hemorrhoidal disease is a frustrating problem that has a relevant impact on patients’ psychological, social, and physical well-being. Recently, endovascular embolization of hemorrhoids has emerged as a promising mini-invasive solution with respect to surgical treatment. The purpose of this article is to review the indications, technical aspects, clinical outcomes, and future prospective of endovascular embolization of symptomatic hemorrhoid patients.

Superior Rectal Artery Embolization for Symptomatic Grades 2 and 3 Hemorrhoidal Disease: 6-Month Follow-up among 43 Patients

PURPOSE

To assess the technical and clinical success rates of superior rectal artery embolization in the treatment of symptomatic Grades 2 and 3 hemorrhoidal disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Since March 2019, 43 patients (24 men and 19 women; mean age, 52 years [18-77 years]) with symptomatic hemorrhoidal disease have been treated and completed the 6-month follow-up with anamnestic questionnaire and disease scores, including French bleeding, Goligher prolapse, visual analog scale for pain, and quality of life. Clinical success was assessed at 7 days, 1 month, and 6 months of follow-up by updating the clinical scores. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0.

RESULTS

In all, 25 patients had Grade 2 prolapse and 18 patients had Grade 3 prolapse, with 96% and 77%, respectively, having bleeding as a symptom. All patients were discharged within 24 hours. The reduction in the French bleeding score (global and single entity) in Grade 3 prolapse was statistically significant (P = .001). Improvement in the quality of life was significant in both groups (P < .05). No serious complications were registered.

CONCLUSIONS

Hemorrhoidal embolization was a safe and effective technique in the treatment of symptomatic hemorrhoidal disease with minimal hospitalization, pain, and disruption of daily activities. It can be offered to patients unwilling to undergo a surgical procedure but can also be indicated in the emergency setting for patients on anticoagulant therapy or those unfit for surgery.

Outpatient Transradial Emborrhoid Technique: A Pilot Study

PURPOSE

To determine whether outpatient transradial emborrhoid technique can be performed safely and effectively in the treatment of symptomatic hemorrhoids.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The transradial emborrhoid technique was used to treat 12 patients with symptomatic hemorrhoids in an outpatient setting during a 4-month period. After percutaneous catheterization of the left radial artery, a 5-Fr sheath was introduced to catheterize the inferior mesenteric artery and a microcatheter was advanced into the branches of the superior rectal artery for embolization with 0.018-inch detachable coils (Interlock and IDC-interlocking detachable coils). After embolization, the sheath was withdrawn and puncture site hemostasis was achieved using a wrist band. All patients were evaluated 6 h after the procedure to determine whether they meet the discharge criteria and were discharged the following day. The results of the emborrhoid treatment were assessed at the 4-week follow-up.

RESULTS

The emborrhoid technique was successful in all patients. There was no major complication associated with the procedure. All patients met the discharge criteria 6 h after the procedure. Reduction of local edema and of hemorrhoidal congestion was observed in all patients. At the follow-up visit, the mean Rorvik score (HDSS + SHS-HD) decreased from 31.50 (7.50) to 13.11 (8.33) (p < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

Transradial rectal artery embolization is a safe and effective treatment option for patients with chronic symptoms of hemorrhoid disease.

Catheter-Directed Hemorrhoidal Dearterialization Technique for the Management of Hemorrhoids: A Meta-Analysis of the Clinical Evidence

PURPOSE

To assess the efficacy and safety of a catheter-directed hemorrhoidal dearterialization technique for the management of hemorrhoidal bleeding.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A systematic review and meta-analysis of pubmed, cochrane, and scopus databases was conducted according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Clinical studies reporting on catheter-directed hemorrhoidal dearterialization for rectal bleeding were analyzed.

RESULTS

Fourteen studies (n = 362) were identified. The mean maximum follow-up duration was 12.1 months (SD, 7.31; range, 1-28; median, 12), and the mean length of hospital stay was 1.5 days (SD, 1.1; range, 0-2.5). The mean technical success was 97.8% (SD, 3.5), and the mean clinical success was 78.9% (SD, 10.5). A statistically significant reduction in the french bleeding score before and after embolization was noted (P = .004). In subgroup analysis, when the coils-only group was compared with the coils and particles group, the average rebleeding rate was 21.5% (n = 111; SD, 18.2; range, 0%-44%) versus 10.05% (N = 108; SD, 4.8; range, 5%-15.7%), respectively (P < .0001). No bowel ischemia/necrosis or anorectal complications were reported.

CONCLUSIONS

The current preliminary clinical evidence suggests that catheter-directed hemorrhoidal dearterialization is an effective and safe procedure for the treatment of hemorrhoidal bleeding. The standardization of the technique and the generation of higher level evidence will be required to compare this minimally invasive procedure with more invasive surgical options for patients with grades I-III hemorrhoids and chronic bleeding.

Superior Rectal Artery Embolization with Tris-Acryl Gelatin Microspheres: A Randomized Comparison of Particle Size

PURPOSE

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of superior rectal artery embolization (SRAE) with different-sized tris-acryl gelatin microspheres in symptomatic hemorrhoidal disease (HD).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty-two patients (male, 30; female, 12; median age, 45 years) with symptomatic HD (2 grade I, 8 grade II, 17 grade III, and 15 grade IV) were divided into 3 experimental arms (500-700 μm, 700-900 μm, and 900-1,200 μm groups; each had 14 patients) in a prospective randomized style to perform SRAE. Follow-up was performed by rectoscopy, clinical examination, and questionnaires. The primary outcome measure was the clinical success rate at 12 months. Secondary outcome measures were technical success rate, recurrence rate, procedure-related mortality, procedure-related complications, and any outcome changes between particle sizes.

RESULTS

No procedure-related deaths or major morbidities were observed. There was a 54% minor complication rate (n = 23/42) in the treated zone: 45% sustained small superficial ulcerations (n = 19/42), 7% small rectosigmoid junction ulcerations (n = 3/42), and 2% small fibrotic scar tissue (n = 1/42). The clinical success rate was 93%. Of the groups, the best French bleeding score decrease was obtained in the 900-1,200 μm group. There were improvements in the quality of life score and visual analogue scale score after the SRAE procedure, although not in the Goligher score. No recurrent disease was observed.

CONCLUSIONS

SRAE with tris-acryl gelatin microspheres for symptomatic HD is a safe and efficient treatment, with results favoring the use of larger microspheres.

Superior Rectal Artery Embolisation for Haemorrhoids: What Do We Know So Far?

Haemorrhoids are abnormally enlarged anal cushions within the lower rectum. They are common, and have potential to significantly impact patients' quality of life. Superior rectal artery embolisation is a technique which has been discussed in the literature as far back as 40 years ago. More recently, there has been interest in the role of embolisation in the treatment for haemorrhoids, as an alternative to established minimally invasive and conventional surgical techniques. In this review, we discuss the current literature on the topic, with particular focus on technique, clinical outcomes and complications. Emerging procedural and technical considerations are discussed, with further review of the role of coil vs. particle embolisation.

Belgian consensus guideline on the management of hemorrhoidal disease

Introduction

Hemorrhoidal disease is a common problem that arises when hemorrhoidal structures become engorged and/or prolapse through the anal canal. Both conservative and invasive treatment options are diverse and guidance to their implementation is lacking.

Methods

A Delphi consensus process was used to review current literature and draft relevant statements. These were reconciliated until sufficient agreement was reached. The grade of evidence was determined. These guidelines were based on the published literature up to June 2020.

Results

Hemorrhoids are normal structures within the anorectal region. When they become engorged or slide down the anal canal, symptoms can arise. Every treatment for symptomatic hemorrhoids should be tailored to patient profile and expectations. For low-grade hemorrhoids, conservative treatment should consist of fiber supplements and can include a short course of venotropics. Instrumental treatment can be added case by case : infrared coagulation or rubber band ligation when prolapse is more prominent. For prolapsing hemorrhoids, surgery can be indicated for refractory cases. Conventional hemorrhoidectomy is the most efficacious intervention for all grades of hemorrhoids and is the only choice for non-reducible prolapsing hemorrhoids.

Conclusions

The current guidelines for the management of hemorrhoidal disease include recommendations for the clinical evaluation of hemorrhoidal disorders, and their conservative, instrumental and surgical management.

Superior rectal artery embolization for bleeding internal hemorrhoids

BACKGROUND

The aim of the present study was to evaluate clinical efficacy and safety of superselective embolization of the superior rectal artery (SRA) for the treatment of internal hemorrhoidal bleeding.

METHODS

Patients with stage II and stage III internal hemorrhoids, treated by interventional embolization of the SRA in our department between January 2017 and June 2019 were retrospectively evaluated. All patients suffering from disabling chronic hematochezia and some with relative contraindications for operation (n = 17) or rejection of conventional hemorrhoidectomy (n = 15). Superselective SRA branch embolization was performed using gelatin sponge particles (350-560 μm) and metallic coils (2-3 mm). This treatment process was planned by a multidisciplinary team consisting of proctologist, gastroenterologist and radiologist. The surgical efficacy, postoperative complications and follow-up outcomes were observed.

RESULTS

There were 32 patients (18 males, mean age 52 ± 12 years, range: 22-78 years), 12 (37%) with stage II hemorrhoids and 20 (63%) with stage III hemorrhoids. Embolization was successful in all patients, and bleeding symptoms resolved in 27 (84.4%) patients. The remaining 5 (15.6%) patients underwent either stapled hemorrhoidopexy (n = 4) or sclerotherapy (n = 1). Some patients experienced different degrees of pain (n = 4;12.5%), low fever (n = 11;34.4%), and tenesmus (n = 17;53.1%), which all spontaneously regressed without further treatment. All patients were followed up for at least 1 year. There were no serious complications, such as infection, intestinal ischemia or massive hemorrhage. Four patients (14.8%) had rebleeding during the first months of follow-up. All patients with re-bleeding were successfully treated with internal iliac arteriography and branch embolization and did not experience further bleeds after a minimum follow up 3 months follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

The short-term efficacy of superselective SRA embolization for grade II-III internal hemorrhoids is good, and this method is safe and feasible.

Mid-Term Results of Superior Rectal Artery and Coils for Hemorrhoidal Embolization with Particles Bleeding

OBJECTIVES

To compare safety and clinical outcomes of embolization of the superior rectal arteries in patients with hemorrhoidal bleeding using particles and coils versus coils only.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed data for patients undergoing embolization for chronic hemorrhoidal bleeding from January 2014 to April 2017. Embolization was performed with coils alone or with particles and coils. Clinical scores (Paris bleeding severity score, Goligher classification and quality of life score) were obtained, and embolization was performed with microparticles (300-500 μm) followed by fibered pushable coils. Clinical success was defined as an improvement of > 2 points in the Paris bleeding severity score, without complications. Outcomes were compared between the two groups in a matched-pairs analysis (1:1 scenario), with patients embolized with particles and coils as the study group and patients embolized with coils alone as the control.

RESULTS

We treated 45 consecutive patients. After matched-pairs analysis, the final study population was 38 patients (19 study group and 19 controls). Clinical success did not differ significantly between the two populations: 63% for control group and 68% for the study group (p = 0.790). The median change in clinical score was - 3 [- 6; - 1] for the control group and - 3 [- 4; - 1] for the study group (p = 0.187). Grade 1 complications were reported in 15% of patients, with no major complications.

CONCLUSIONS

Embolization was feasible, with a technical success of 100% and no major complications. Clinical success was obtained in 66% in patients with no difference when using combined embolization with particles and coils versus coils only.

Rectal Venous Malformation Treated by Superior Rectal Artery Embolization

A 25-year-old female was referred to the Interventional Radiology Department for investigation and treatment of a rectal venous malformation (RVM) causing large recurrent episodes of rectal bleeding and chronic anaemia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a large venous malformation affecting the rectum, lower pelvis and left thigh. After three failed attempts at injection foam sclerotherapy using fluoroscopic colonoscopy, a multidisciplinary team proposed an embolization procedure of the arterial inflow to the venous malformation. Following discussion with the patient, embolization of the superior rectal arteries was undertaken with immediate on-table fluoroscopic improvement in the RVM. Post-treatment, a significant reduction in bleeding, was reported by day 10 with subsequent return to activities of daily living and full employment. Follow-up MRI at 1 year demonstrated significant reduction in bowel-wall thickening.

Embolization of the Superior Rectal Arteries for Hemorrhoidal Disease: Prospective Results in 25 Patients

PURPOSE

To evaluate efficacy and safety of superior rectal artery embolization of hemorrhoidal disease as a first-line invasive treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This prospective study was conducted between 2014 and 2015 on 25 consecutive patients (16 men and 9 women with a mean age of 53 y [range, 30-76 y]) with grade II-III hemorrhoids refractory to medical treatment. A transfemoral superselective superior rectal artery branch embolization was performed using 2- and 3-mm diameter microcoils. Over the following 12 months, clinical outcomes were evaluated using the French bleeding score, Goligher prolapse score, visual analog scale (VAS) score for pain, quality-of-life score. The primary endpoint was relief of symptoms by 12 months based on a 2-point minimum improvement on VAS score and bleeding score.

RESULTS

At 12 months after embolization, clinical success was obtained in 18 patients (72%), 8 of whom had 2 embolizations. VAS score decreased from 4.6 to 2.3 (P < .01), and bleeding score decreased from 5.5 to 2.3 (P < .01). Quality-of-life and prolapse scores also showed improvement (P < .05), and no patients experienced any early or late complications. Complete clinical failure was observed in 7 patients. After coil embolization, the collateral supply to the hemorrhoidal cushions was significantly related to any recurrence (P = .001).

CONCLUSIONS

Hemorrhoidal artery coil embolization was found to be a safe and effective treatment for grade II-III hemorrhoids.

Embolization of the superior rectal arteries for chronic bleeding due to haemorrhoidal disease

AIM

The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of the emborrhoid technique (embolization of the superior haemorrhoidal arteries) in patients ineligible for surgery.

METHODS

Between January 2014 and April 2015, 30 consecutive patients (average age 58 years) suffering from disabling chronic bleeding due to haemorrhoidal disease and with a contraindication for surgery (n = 23) or with a failure of instrumental or surgical treatment (n = 7) underwent embolization. All cases were discussed at multidisciplinary meetings including a proctology specialist or a surgeon and an interventional radiologist. We performed super selective micro coil embolization (pushable 2-3 mm fibre coils) of the distal branches of the superior rectal arteries with a microcatheter, via a right femoral approach, under local anaesthesia. We assessed clinical outcome by evaluating bleeding and specific clinical scores relating to bleeding and changes in quality of life.

RESULTS

Immediate technical success, with no complication, was achieved in 93% of cases. A mean of 3.1 arteries per patient was embolized, with a mean of 7.6 coils per patient. Median follow-up was 5 months. Clinical score improvement was observed in 72%, in 17 patients after a single embolization session, and in four additional patients after a second embolization session. No improvement in bleeding was observed in eight patients (28%).

CONCLUSION

Distal coil embolization of the superior rectal arteries for disabling chronic bleeding due to haemorrhoidal disease is safe and effective in patients untreatable by surgery.

Safety and efficacy of superior rectal artery embolization with particles and metallic coils for the treatment of hemorrhoids (Emborrhoid technique)

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the short-term outcomes after percutaneous embolization of the superior rectal artery (SRA) with metallic coils and particles for the management of hemorrhoids.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty patients (15 men, 25 women) with a mean age of 35±5 years (SD) (range: 25-65 years) were prospectively enrolled. All patients had symptomatic hemorrhoids. The distribution of internal hemorrhoids was as follows: grade I (n=6, 16%); grade II (n=28, 69%) and grade III (n=6; 15%). All patients had percutaneous embolization of the SRA with metallic coils and synthetic polyvinyl alcohol particles. Follow-up evaluation included clinical examination, rectoscopy, histopathological analysis of rectal mucosa, duplex Doppler blood flow quantification, electromyography, sphincterometry of the anal sphincter and analysis of patient satisfaction.

RESULTS

No immediate complications were observed and no patients had anal pain syndrome after embolization. Hemorrhoids showed a 43% size reduction after embolization (P<0.05). Taking into account the symptom resolutions such as irritation, discomfort, bloody discharge and pain, satisfaction was observed in 5/6 (83%) patients with grade III hemorrhoids and 32/34 patients (94%) with grades I-II hemorrhoids. One month after embolization, anal sphincter contractility normalized and no changes in anal electromyography were observed. Blood flow in the hemorrhoidal plexus dropped from 109±1.2ml/min/100g (SD) before treatment to 60.2±4.4ml/min/100g (SD) (P<0.05) the day after embolization and remained unchanged one month after embolization.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrates that embolization of SRA with particle and coils does not lead to ischemia in patients with symptomatic hemorrhoids. Short-term results with regard to symptom management for hemorrhoidal disease are very encouraging and should stimulate further prospective and multicenter studies.

Aluminum potassium sulfate and tannic acid sclerotherapy for Goligher Grades II and III hemorrhoids: Results from a multicenter study

AIM: To show that aluminum potassium sulfate and tannic acid (ALTA) sclerotherapy has a high success rate for Grade II and III hemorrhoids.

METHODS: This study was based on the clinical data of 604 patients with hemorrhoids who underwent ALTA sclerotherapy between January 2009 and February 2015. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of this treatment for Grades II and III hemorrhoids. Preoperative and postoperative symptoms, complications and success rate were all assessed retrospectively. Follow-up consisted of a simple questionnaire, physical examination and an anoscopy. Patients were followed-up at one day, one week, two weeks, one month, one year, two years, three years, four years and five years after the ALTA sclerotherapy.

RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-nine patients were diagnosed with Grade II hemorrhoids and 435 patients were diagnosed with Grade III hemorrhoids. The one year, three year and five year cumulative success rates of ALTA sclerotherapy for Grades II and III hemorrhoids were 95.9% and 93.1%; 89.3% and 83.7%; and 89.3% and 78.2%, respectively. No significant differences were observed in the cumulative success rates after ALTA sclerotherapy between Grades II and III hemorrhoids (P = 0.09). There were forty-seven post-operative complications (low grade fever; anal pain; urinary retention; rectal ulcer; and others). No serious or life-threatening complications occurred and all cases improved through conservative treatment. At univariate analysis there were no predictive factors of failure.

CONCLUSION: ALTA sclerotherapy has had a high success rate for Grade II and III hemorrhoids during five years of post-operative treatment. However, additional studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of this ALTA sclerotherapy in the management of hemorrhoidal disease.