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Nikolaou A, Hogea C, Samyshkin Y, Maiese EM, Sansbury L, Oguz M, Cid-Ruzafa J, Kapoor R, Wang F. An Epidemiology Model for Estimating the Numbers of US Patients With Multiple Myeloma by Line of Therapy and Treatment Exposure. Value Health 2022; 25:1977-1985. [PMID: 35963840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Estimates on the distribution of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) by line of therapy (LOT) are scarce and get outdated quickly as new treatments become available. The objective of this study was to estimate the number of patients with MM by LOT and the number of patients who have received at least 4 previous LOTs including proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, and anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). METHODS A compartmental model was developed to calculate the number of patients by LOT. Two pathways were considered based on stem cell transplant eligibility, and at each pathway, treatments were stratified in 2 types: anti-CD38 mAbs or other. The model population was stratified into 4 subgroups based on age and cytogenetic risk. Model inputs were informed from real-world evidence. RESULTS The model estimated that, in 2020, 126 869 patients were living with MM in the United States. Of these, 105 701 received treatment in any LOT, with 56 959, 27 252, 11 258, and 5217 in lines 1 to 4, respectively, and 5015 in line 5 or beyond. The model estimated that 3497 patients received at least 4 previous LOTs including proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, and anti-CD38 mAbs. The model overall prevalence predictions aligned well with publicly available estimates. CONCLUSIONS This study proposes a novel framework to estimate MM prevalence. It can assist clinicians to understand future trends in MM epidemiology, healthcare systems to plan for future resource use allocation, and payers to quantify the budget impact of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cosmina Hogea
- Value Evidence and Outcomes, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA, USA
| | - Yevgeniy Samyshkin
- Value Evidence and Outcomes, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, Middlesex, England, UK
| | - Eric M Maiese
- Value Evidence and Outcomes, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leah Sansbury
- Value Evidence and Outcomes, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Mustafa Oguz
- Real-World Evidence, Evidera, London, England, UK
| | | | - Ritika Kapoor
- Modelling and Simulation, Evidera, London, England, UK
| | - Feng Wang
- Value Evidence and Outcomes, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA, USA
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2
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Ng YY, Du Z, Zhang X, Chng WJ, Wang S. CXCR4 and anti-BCMA CAR co-modified natural killer cells suppress multiple myeloma progression in a xenograft mouse model. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:475-83. [PMID: 34471234 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The highly restricted expression of B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) on plasma cells makes it an ideal target for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) immune cell therapy against multiple myeloma (MM), a bone marrow cancer. To improve the infiltration of ex vivo expanded human natural killer (NK) cells into the bone marrow, we electroporated these cells with mRNA encoding the chemokine receptor CXCR4. The CXCR4-modified NK cells displayed increased in vitro migration toward the bone marrow niche-expressing chemokine CXCL12/SDF-1α and augmented infiltration into the bone marrow compartments in mice. We further modified the CXCR4-NK cells by electroporation of mRNA encoding a CAR targeting BCMA. After the intravenous injection of the double-modified NK cells into a xenograft mouse model of MM, we observed significantly reduced tumor burden in the femur region of the living mice and the extended survival of the tumor-bearing mice. Collectively, this study provides the experimental evidence that the co-expression of CXCR4 and anti-BCMA CAR on NK cells is a possible effective way to control MM progression.
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Li Y, Zhang L, Xu T, Zhao X, Jiang X, Xiao F, Sun H, Wang L. Aberrant ENPP2 expression promotes tumor progression in multiple myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma 2021; 63:963-974. [PMID: 34847837 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2021.2010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2) has been recently linked to tumor development. However, its role in modulating multiple myeloma (MM) disease progression remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that CD138+ cells isolated from MM patients presented with higher expression of ENPP2 compared with CD138- cells. Treatment of MM cells with IL-6 resulted in ENPP2 upregulation. ENPP2 overexpression promoted proliferation, inhibited apoptosis, increased lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) generation, and upregulated osteoclastogenesis mediator expression in MM cells. In contrast, ENPP2 inhibition induced apoptosis, suppressed proliferation and survival, decreased LPA generation and downregulated osteoclastogenesis mediator expression. In an MM xenograft mouse model, ENPP2 knockdown significantly reduced MM tumor burden by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Furthermore, ENPP2 knockdown decreased the levels of LPA, osteoclastogenesis mediators in sera of mice with MM. Our findings revealed the tumor-promoting role of ENPP2 in MM, thus providing new molecular evidence for targeting the ENPP2-LPA axis in MM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis and Regenerative Medicine, the Affiliate Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P. R. China.,Department of Neuroimmune and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis and Regenerative Medicine, the Affiliate Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Tianxin Xu
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis and Regenerative Medicine, the Affiliate Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Xiaona Jiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis and Regenerative Medicine, the Affiliate Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Fengjun Xiao
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Huiyan Sun
- Central Laboratory, Hebei Yanda Medical Research Institute, Sanhe, P. R. China
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis and Regenerative Medicine, the Affiliate Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P. R. China.,Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China
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4
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Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Gavriatopoulou M, Terpos E, Dimopoulos MA. Real-World Treatment of Patients With Relapsed/Refractory Myeloma. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 2021; 21:379-385. [PMID: 33714682 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The continuous advances in the treatment landscape of multiple myeloma has led to the approval of several novel agents and their combinations that significantly improved patient outcomes. Despite their undoubtful effectiveness in the context of clinical trials, their impact on real-world (RW) clinical practice remains debatable. RW data on the role of novel agents and their combinations among patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma have confirmed the efficacy of proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, and monoclonal antibodies. However, the magnitude of the benefit and the safety profile may differ among RW studies and between RW and pivotal clinical trials. Several variables may pertain to these observations and include patient selection, ethnicity, age, comorbidities, disease stage at diagnosis and at relapse, number of prior lines of therapy, disease subtype, presence of renal impairment, extramedullary disease, and cytogenetic abnormalities. All these contribute to a varying degree of disease and patient heterogeneity among the studies that may result in a differential treatment effect. The expertise of each medical center and the treatment setting in terms of availability and drug access are particularly important as well. Interestingly, RW observations may serve as proof of concept for designing novel clinical trials, as is the case with retreatment studies. In conclusion, clinical trial and RW data are complementary, and they should be considered to improve both clinical trial design and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Ntanasis-Stathopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Gavriatopoulou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Meletios A Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents and monoclonal antibodies have dramatically changed the natural history of multiple myeloma (MM). However, most patients eventually suffer a relapse and succumb to the disease. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineered T cells targeting B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), CD138, CS1 glycoprotein antigen (SLAMF7) and light chains are in active development for therapy of refractory /relapsed (RR) MM. CD19- targeted CAR T cells in conjunction with autologous stem cell transplantation also showed activity in RRMM. Dual- target CAR T cells are in clinical trials for RRMM. This review summarized the recent updates of ongoing CAR T clinical trials for multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quande Lin
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
| | - Juanjuan Zhao
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
| | - Yongping Song
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
| | - Delong Liu
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
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Petrakis I, Kontogiorgis C, Nena E, Athanasakis K, Gougoula V, Kotsianidis I, Constantinidis TC. Unraveling innovation potential in the real-world setting: eighteen novel agents with twenty-six approved European indications, in the management of leukemias, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma. Expert Rev Hematol 2019; 12:1063-1075. [DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2019.1668763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Petrakis
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Christos Kontogiorgis
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Evangelia Nena
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Kostas Athanasakis
- Department of Health Economics, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Gougoula
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kotsianidis
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Theodoros C. Constantinidis
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Liu XP, Yin XH, Meng XY, Yan XH, Wang F, He L. Development and Validation of a 9-Gene Prognostic Signature in Patients With Multiple Myeloma. Front Oncol 2019; 8:615. [PMID: 30671382 PMCID: PMC6331463 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is one of the most common types of hematological malignance, and the prognosis of MM patients remains poor. Objective: To identify and validate a genetic prognostic signature in patients with MM. Methods: Co-expression network was constructed to identify hub genes related with International Staging System (ISS) stage of MM. Functional analysis of hub genes was conducted. Univariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was conducted to identify genes correlated with the overall survival (OS) of MM patients. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalized Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to minimize overfitting and construct a prognostic signature. The prognostic value of the signature was validated in the test set and an independent validation cohort. Results: A total of 758 hub genes correlated with ISS stage of MM patients were identified, and these hub genes were mainly enriched in several GO terms and KEGG pathways involved in cell proliferation and immune response. Nine hub genes (HLA-DPB1, TOP2A, FABP5, CYP1B1, IGHM, FANCI, LYZ, HMGN5, and BEND6) with non-zero coefficients in the LASSO Cox regression model were used to build a 9-gene prognostic signature. Relapsed MM and ISS stage III MM was associated with high risk score calculated based on the signature. Patients in the 9-gene signature low risk group was significantly associated with better clinical outcome than those in the 9-gene signature high risk group in the training set, test, and validation set. Conclusions: We developed a 9-gene prognostic signature that might be an independent prognostic factor in patients with MM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xin-Hui Yan
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li He
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Leleu X, Martin TG, Einsele H, Lyons RM, Durie BG, Iskander KS, Ailawadhi S. Role of Proteasome Inhibitors in Relapsed and/or Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Clinical Lymphoma Myeloma and Leukemia 2019; 19:9-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Ailawadhi S, Bhatia K, Aulakh S, Meghji Z, Chanan-Khan A. Equal Treatment and Outcomes for Everyone with Multiple Myeloma: Are We There Yet? Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2017; 12:309-16. [PMID: 28626849 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-017-0393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma treatment has changed tremendously over recent years leading to overall improvement in patient outcomes. With therapeutic advancements, patient care has become increasingly complex and variability is seen in healthcare delivery as well as outcomes when various patient subgroups are analyzed based on sociodemographic factors. It is imperative to understand this variability so that while overall the outcomes get better, specific focus is placed on subgroups that may remain disadvantaged and may not be able to fully access the advancements in therapeutics. Research in multiple myeloma has specifically looked at several such patient subgroups based on socioeconomic status, age, race/ethnicity, insurance carrier, and geographic location that may affect healthcare utilization and patient outcomes. Exploring and understanding these would certainly help address disparities and lead to further equity in healthcare access and, hopefully, patient outcomes.
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10
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Abstract
The incidence of malignant melanoma, the most aggressive skin cancer, is increasing constantly. Despite new targeted therapies, the prognosis for patients with metastatic disease remains poor. Thus, there is a need for new combinational treatments, and antineoplastic agents potentially valuable in this approach are inhibitors of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). In this work, we analyze the cytotoxicity mechanisms of proteasome inhibitors (MG-132, epoxomicin, and lactacystin) in a specific form of melanoma which does not synthesize melanin-the amelanotic melanoma (Ab cells). We found that the most cytotoxic of the compounds tested was epoxomicin. Caspase-9 activation as well as cytochrome C and AIF release from mitochondria indicated that exposure to epoxomicin induced the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Epoxomicin treatment also resulted in accumulation of Bcl-2 family members-proapoptotic Noxa and antiapoptotic Mcl-1, which were postulated as the targets for bortezomib in melanoma. Inhibition of caspases by BAF revealed that cell death was partially caspase-independent. We observed no cell cycle arrest preceding the apoptosis of Ab cells, even though cdk inhibitors p21Cip1/Waf1 and p27Kip1 were up-regulated. The cell cycle was blocked only after inactivation of caspases by the pan-caspase inhibitor BAF. In summary, this is the first study exploring molecular mechanisms of cell death induced by epoxomicin in melanoma. We found that Ab cells died on the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis and also partially by the caspase-independent way of death. Apoptosis induction was fast and efficient and was not preceded by cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Henryk Spodnik
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sławomir Wójcik
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Janusz Moryś
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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11
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Chen KH, Wada M, Pinz KG, Liu H, Shuai X, Chen X, Yan LE, Petrov JC, Salman H, Senzel L, Leung ELH, Jiang X, Ma Y. A compound chimeric antigen receptor strategy for targeting multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2017; 32:402-412. [PMID: 28951562 PMCID: PMC5808076 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Current clinical outcomes using chimeric-antigen receptors (CARs) against multiple myeloma show promise in the eradication of bulk disease. However, these anti-BCMA (CD269) CARs observe relapse as a common phenomenon after treatment due to the reemergence of either antigen-positive or -negative cells. Hence, the development of improvements in CAR design to target antigen loss and increase effector cell persistency represents a critical need. Here, we report on the anti-tumor activity of a CAR T-cell possessing two complete and independent CAR receptors against the multiple myeloma antigens BCMA and CS1. We determined that the resulting compound CAR (cCAR) T-cell possesses consistent, potent and directed cytotoxicity against each target antigen population. Using multiple mouse models of myeloma and mixed cell populations, we are further able to show superior in vivo survival by directed cytotoxicity against multiple populations compared to a single-expressing CAR T-cell. These findings indicate that compound targeting of BCMA and CS1 on myeloma cells can potentially be an effective strategy for augmenting the response against myeloma bulk disease and for initiation of broader coverage CAR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Chen
- iCell Gene Therapeutics LLC, Research & Development Division, Long Island High Technology Incubator, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - M Wada
- iCell Gene Therapeutics LLC, Research & Development Division, Long Island High Technology Incubator, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - K G Pinz
- iCell Gene Therapeutics LLC, Research & Development Division, Long Island High Technology Incubator, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - H Liu
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - X Shuai
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, Sichuan, China
| | - X Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, China
| | - L E Yan
- iCell Gene Therapeutics LLC, Research & Development Division, Long Island High Technology Incubator, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - J C Petrov
- iCell Gene Therapeutics LLC, Research & Development Division, Long Island High Technology Incubator, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - H Salman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - L Senzel
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - E L H Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, China
| | - X Jiang
- iCell Gene Therapeutics LLC, Research & Development Division, Long Island High Technology Incubator, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Y Ma
- iCell Gene Therapeutics LLC, Research & Development Division, Long Island High Technology Incubator, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, China
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12
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Zheng Z, Liu T, Zheng J, Hu J. Clarifying the molecular mechanism associated with carfilzomib resistance in human multiple myeloma using microarray gene expression profile and genetic interaction network. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:1327-1334. [PMID: 28280367 PMCID: PMC5338971 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s130742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carfilzomib is a Food and Drug Administration-approved selective proteasome inhibitor for patients with multiple myeloma (MM). However, recent studies indicate that MM cells still develop resistance to carfilzomib, and the molecular mechanisms associated with carfilzomib resistance have not been studied in detail. In this study, to better understand its potential resistant effect and its underlying mechanisms in MM, microarray gene expression profile associated with carfilzomib-resistant KMS-11 and its parental cell line was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database. Raw fluorescent signals were normalized and differently expressed genes were identified using Significance Analysis of Microarrays method. Genetic interaction network was expanded using String, a biomolecular interaction network JAVA platform. Meanwhile, molecular function, biological process and signaling pathway enrichment analysis were performed based on Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Totally, 27 upregulated and 36 downregulated genes were identified and a genetic interaction network associated with the resistant effect was expanded basing on String, which consisted of 100 nodes and 249 edges. In addition, signaling pathway enrichment analysis indicated that cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, autophagy, ErbB signaling pathway, microRNAs in cancer and fatty acid metabolism pathways were aberrant in carfilzomib-resistant KMS-11 cells. Thus, in this study, we demonstrated that carfilzomib potentially conferred drug resistance to KMS-11 cells by cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, autophagy, ErbB signaling pathway, microRNAs in cancer and fatty acid metabolism pathways, which may provide some potential molecular therapeutic targets for drug combination therapy against carfilzomib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingbo Liu
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianda Hu
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
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