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Zhao X, Meng T, Jin S, Ren K, Cai Z, Cai B, Li S. The Salinity Survival Strategy of Chenopodium quinoa: Investigating Microbial Community Shifts and Nitrogen Cycling in Saline Soils. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2829. [PMID: 38137973 PMCID: PMC10745458 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinoa is extensively cultivated for its nutritional value, and its exceptional capacity to endure elevated salt levels presents a promising resolution to the agricultural quandaries posed by salinity stress. However, limited research has been dedicated to elucidating the correlation between alterations in the salinity soil microbial community and nitrogen transformations. To scrutinize the underlying mechanisms behind quinoa's salt tolerance, we assessed the changes in microbial community structure and the abundance of nitrogen transformation genes across three distinct salinity thresholds (1 g·kg-1, 3 g·kg-1, and 6 g·kg-1) at two distinct time points (35 and 70 days). The results showed the positive effect of quinoa on the soil microbial community structure, including changes in key populations and its regulatory role in soil nitrogen cycling under salt stress. Choroflexi, Acidobacteriota, and Myxococcota were inhibited by increased salinity, while the relative abundance of Bacteroidota increased. Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria showed relatively stable abundances across time and salinity levels. Quinoa possesses the ability to synthesize or modify the composition of keystone species or promote the establishment of highly complex microbial networks (modularity index > 0.4) to cope with fluctuations in external salt stress environments. Furthermore, quinoa exhibited nitrogen (N) cycling by downregulating denitrification genes (nirS, nosZ), upregulating nitrification genes (Archaeal amoA (AOA), Bacterial amoA (AOB)), and stabilizing nitrogen fixation genes (nifH) to absorb nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-_N). This study paves the way for future research on regulating quinoa, promoting soil microbial communities, and nitrogen transformation in saline environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuli Zhao
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, No. 8 Focheng West Road, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Tianzhu Meng
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, No. 8 Focheng West Road, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Shenghan Jin
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, No. 8 Focheng West Road, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Kaixing Ren
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, No. 8 Focheng West Road, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Zhe Cai
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, No. 8 Focheng West Road, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Bo Cai
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, No. 8 Focheng West Road, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Saibao Li
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, No. 8 Xueyuan Road, Linzhi 860000, China
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Vullo AI, Vullo DL, Basack SB. Assessment of intensive periurban agriculture soil quality applying biomarkers in earthworms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118535. [PMID: 37399620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Periurban agriculture in Argentina is carried out by farmers without adequate control. The indiscriminate agrochemical application for productivity improvement negatively impacts the environment. The objective of this work was to test the quality of periurban agricultural soils by performing bioassays with Eisenia andrei as an indicator. Soils belonging to two orchards with intensive production (S: strawberry/broccoli crop plot and G: tomato/pepper crop greenhouse - Moreno District, Buenos Aires, Argentina) were sampled during 2015 and 2016. As subcellular biomarkers, cholinesterases (ChE), carboxylesterases (CaE), and glutathione-S-transferases (GST) activities were analysed in E. andrei (7-day exposure). While no effect on ChE activities was observed, CaE activities were significantly reduced 18% (S-2016 soil). GST activities were increased 35% and 30% by S-2016 and G-2016, respectively. CaE decrease together with GST increase could be indicative of a negative disturbance. Concerning whole organism biomarkers, reproduction (56-day exposure), avoidance (3-day exposure), and feeding activity (bait-lamina test, 3-day exposure) were analysed. A reduced cocoons' viability (50%), hatchability (55%), accompanied by a low number of juveniles (50%) were observed in all cases. Additionally, the earthworms exhibited significant avoidance responses to S-2015, S-2016 and G-2016 whereas G-2015 soil induced migration. No significant effect on the feeding activity was registered in any case. Most of the E. andrei biomarkers tested could constitute an early warning of harmful effects produced by polluted periurban soils, even if the agrochemical treatment applied remains unknown. The results reveal the need to develop an action plan to avoid further deterioration of the productive soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Vullo
- Área Química, Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional General Sarmiento, J.M. Gutiérrez 1150, 1613, Los Polvorines, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Diana L Vullo
- Área Química, Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional General Sarmiento, J.M. Gutiérrez 1150, 1613, Los Polvorines, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Godoy Cruz, 2290, C1425FQB, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Silvana B Basack
- Área Química, Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional General Sarmiento, J.M. Gutiérrez 1150, 1613, Los Polvorines, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Estrada R, Cosme R, Porras T, Reynoso A, Calderon C, Arbizu CI, Arone GJ. Changes in Bulk and Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Diversity Communities of Native Quinoa Due to the Monocropping in the Peruvian Central Andes. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1926. [PMID: 37630486 PMCID: PMC10458079 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a highly nutritious crop that is resistant to adverse conditions. Due to the considerable increase in its commercial production in Andean soils, the plant is suffering the negative effects of monocropping, which reduces its yield. We used for the first time a high-throughput Illumina MiSeq sequencing approach to explore the composition, diversity, and functions of fungal and bacterial communities of the bulk and rhizosphere in soils of native C. quinoa affected by monocropping in the central Andes of Peru. The results showed that the bacterial and fungal community structure among the treatments was significantly changed by the monocropping and the types of soil (rhizosphere and bulk). Also, in soils subjected to monocropping, there was an increase in Actinobacteria and a decrease in Proteobacteria, and the reduction in the presence of Ascomycota and the increase in Basidiomycota. By alpha-diversity indices, lower values of bacteria and fungi were observed in the monoculture option compared to the soil not affected by monocropping, and sometimes significant differences were found between both. We detected differentially abundant phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria with growth-stimulating effects on plants. Also, we denoted a decrease in the abundance of the functional predictions in bacteria in the monocropped soils. This research will serve as a starting point to explore the importance and effects of microorganisms in degraded soils and their impact on the growth and quality of quinoa crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Estrada
- Dirección de Desarrollo Tecnológico Agrario, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Av. La Molina 1981, Lima 15024, Peru; (R.E.); (T.P.); (A.R.)
| | - Roberto Cosme
- Dirección de Desarrollo Tecnológico Agrario, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Av. La Molina 1981, Lima 15024, Peru; (R.E.); (T.P.); (A.R.)
| | - Tatiana Porras
- Dirección de Desarrollo Tecnológico Agrario, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Av. La Molina 1981, Lima 15024, Peru; (R.E.); (T.P.); (A.R.)
| | - Auristela Reynoso
- Dirección de Desarrollo Tecnológico Agrario, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Av. La Molina 1981, Lima 15024, Peru; (R.E.); (T.P.); (A.R.)
| | - Constatino Calderon
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional Agraria la Molina (UNALM), Av. La Molina s/n, Lima 15024, Peru
| | - Carlos I. Arbizu
- Dirección de Desarrollo Tecnológico Agrario, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Av. La Molina 1981, Lima 15024, Peru; (R.E.); (T.P.); (A.R.)
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM), Cl. Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru
| | - Gregorio J. Arone
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Barranca (UNAB), Av. Toribio Luzuriaga 376, Lima 15169, Peru;
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Vignale FA, Bernal Rey D, Pardo AM, Almasqué FJ, Ibarra JG, Fernández Do Porto D, Turjanski AG, López NI, Helman RJM, Raiger Iustman LJ. Spatial and Seasonal Variations in the Bacterial Community of an Anthropogenic Impacted Urban Stream. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 85:862-874. [PMID: 35701635 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02055-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Environmental changes and human activities can alter the structure and diversity of aquatic microbial communities. In this work, we analyzed the bacterial community dynamics of an urban stream to understand how these factors affect the composition of river microbial communities. Samples were taken from a stream situated in Buenos Aires, Argentina, which flows through residential, peri-urban horticultural, and industrial areas. For sampling, two stations were selected: one influenced by a series of industrial waste treatment plants and horticultural farms (PL), and the other influenced by residential areas (R). Microbial communities were analyzed by sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene amplicons along an annual cycle. PL samples showed high nutrient content compared with R samples. The diversity and richness of the R site were more affected by seasonality than those of the PL site. At the amplicon sequence variants level, beta diversity analysis showed a differentiation between cool-season (fall and winter) and warm-season (spring and summer) samples, as well as between PL and R sites. This demonstrated that there is spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the composition of the bacterial community, which should be considered if a bioremediation strategy is applied. The taxonomic composition analysis also revealed a differential seasonal cycle of phototrophs and chemoheterotrophs between the sampling sites, as well as different taxa associated with each sampling site. This analysis, combined with a comparative analysis of global rivers, allowed us to determine the genera Arcobacter, Simplicispira, Vogesella, and Sphingomonas as potential bioindicators of anthropogenic disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico A Vignale
- Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales (IQUIBICEN)-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daissy Bernal Rey
- Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales (IQUIBICEN)-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente Y Energía (INQUIMAE)-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín M Pardo
- Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales (IQUIBICEN)-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Instituto de Cálculo, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Facundo J Almasqué
- Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales (IQUIBICEN)-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José G Ibarra
- Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales (IQUIBICEN)-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Darío Fernández Do Porto
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Instituto de Cálculo, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrián G Turjanski
- Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales (IQUIBICEN)-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nancy I López
- Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales (IQUIBICEN)-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Renata J Menéndez Helman
- Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales (IQUIBICEN)-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura J Raiger Iustman
- Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales (IQUIBICEN)-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Abdelmoneim TK, Mohamed MSM, Abdelhamid IA, Wahdan SFM, Atia MAM. Development of rapid and precise approach for quantification of bacterial taxa correlated with soil health. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1095045. [PMID: 36713193 PMCID: PMC9878287 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1095045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure and dynamic of soil bacterial community play a crucial role in soil health and plant productivity. However, there is a gap in studying the un-/or reclaimed soil bacteriome and its impact on future plant performance. The 16S metagenomic analysis is expensive and utilize sophisticated pipelines, making it unfavorable for researchers. Here, we aim to perform (1) in silico and in vitro validation of taxon-specific qPCR primer-panel in the detection of the beneficial soil bacterial community, to ensure its specificity and precision, and (2) multidimensional analysis of three soils/locations in Egypt ('Q', 'B', and 'G' soils) in terms of their physicochemical properties, bacteriome composition, and wheat productivity as a model crop. The in silico results disclosed that almost all tested primers showed high specificity and precision toward the target taxa. Among 17 measured soil properties, the electrical conductivity (EC) value (up to 5 dS/m) of 'Q' soil provided an efficient indicator for soil health among the tested soils. The 16S NGS analysis showed that the soil bacteriome significantly drives future plant performance, especially the abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria as key indicators. The functional prediction analysis results disclosed a high percentage of N-fixing bacterial taxa in 'Q' soil compared to other soils, which reflects their positive impact on wheat productivity. The taxon-specific qPCR primer-panel results revealed a precise quantification of the targeted taxa compared to the 16S NGS analysis. Moreover, 12 agro-morphological parameters were determined for grown wheat plants, and their results showed a high yield in the 'Q' soil compared to other soils; this could be attributed to the increased abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, high enrichment in nutrients (N and K), or increased EC/nutrient availability. Ultimately, the potential use of a taxon-specific qPCR primer-panel as an alternative approach to NGS provides a cheaper, user-friendly setup with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taghreed Khaled Abdelmoneim
- Genome Mapping Department, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud S. M. Mohamed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mohamed A. M. Atia
- Genome Mapping Department, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt,*Correspondence: Mohamed A. M. Atia, ✉
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Liu H, Jiang S, Ou J, Tang J, Lu Y, Wei Y. Investigation of soil microbiota reveals variable dominant species at different land areas in China. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2022.2071634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Liu
- Criminal technology corps of Henan Provincial Public Security Bureau, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jintao Ou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Tang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Linköping University – Guangzhou University Research Center on Urban Sustainable Development, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Lu
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
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Camacho A, Mora C, Picazo A, Rochera C, Camacho-Santamans A, Morant D, Roca-Pérez L, Ramos-Miras JJ, Rodríguez-Martín JA, Boluda R. Effects of Soil Quality on the Microbial Community Structure of Poorly Evolved Mediterranean Soils. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10010014. [PMID: 35051056 PMCID: PMC8781153 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Physical and chemical alterations may affect the microbiota of soils as much as the specific presence of toxic pollutants. The relationship between the microbial diversity patterns and the soil quality in a Mediterranean context is studied here to test the hypothesis that soil microbiota is strongly affected by the level of anthropogenic soil alteration. Our aim has been to determine the potential effect of organic matter loss and associated changes in soil microbiota of poorly evolved Mediterranean soils (Leptosols and Regosols) suffering anthropogenic stress (i.e., cropping and deforestation). The studied soils correspond to nine different sites which differed in some features, such as the parent material, vegetation cover, or soil use and types. A methodological approach has been used that combines the classical physical and chemical study of soils with molecular characterization of the microbial assemblages using specific primers for Bacteria, Archaea and ectomycorrhizal Fungi. In agreement with previous studies within the region, physical, chemical and biological characteristics of soils varied notably depending on these factors. Microbial biomass, soil organic matter, and moisture, decreased in soils as deforestation increased, even in those partially degraded to substitution shrubland. Major differences were observed in the microbial community structure between the mollic and rendzic Leptosols found in forest soils, and the skeletic and dolomitic Leptosols in substitute shrublands, as well as with the skeletic and dolomitic Leptosols and calcaric Regosols in dry croplands. Forest soils displayed a higher microbial richness (OTU’s number) and biomass, as well as more stable and connected ecological networks. Here, we point out how human activities such as agriculture and other effects of deforestation led to changes in soil properties, thus affecting its quality driving changes in their microbial diversity and biomass patterns. Our findings demonstrate the potential risk that the replacement of forest areas may have in the conservation of the soil’s microbiota pool, both active and passive, which are basic for the maintenance of biogeochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Camacho
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary, Universitat de València, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain; (C.M.); (A.P.); (C.R.); (A.C.-S.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-3543935
| | - César Mora
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary, Universitat de València, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain; (C.M.); (A.P.); (C.R.); (A.C.-S.); (D.M.)
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain; (L.R.-P.); (R.B.)
| | - Antonio Picazo
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary, Universitat de València, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain; (C.M.); (A.P.); (C.R.); (A.C.-S.); (D.M.)
| | - Carlos Rochera
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary, Universitat de València, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain; (C.M.); (A.P.); (C.R.); (A.C.-S.); (D.M.)
| | - Alba Camacho-Santamans
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary, Universitat de València, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain; (C.M.); (A.P.); (C.R.); (A.C.-S.); (D.M.)
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain; (L.R.-P.); (R.B.)
| | - Daniel Morant
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary, Universitat de València, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain; (C.M.); (A.P.); (C.R.); (A.C.-S.); (D.M.)
| | - Luis Roca-Pérez
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain; (L.R.-P.); (R.B.)
| | - José Joaquín Ramos-Miras
- Departamento de Didáctica de las Ciencias Sociales y Experimentales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - José A. Rodríguez-Martín
- Department of Environment, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), E-28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rafael Boluda
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain; (L.R.-P.); (R.B.)
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