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de Oliveira Silva JV, Meneguello JE, Formagio MD, de Freitas CF, Malacarne LC, Marchiosi R, de Mendonça PDSB, Zanetti Campanerut-Sá PA, Graton Mikcha JM. Multi-targets of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy mediated by erythrosine against Staphylococcus aureus identified by proteomic approach. Photochem Photobiol 2024. [PMID: 38594817 DOI: 10.1111/php.13944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a global challenge to the clinical field and food industry. Therefore, the development of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has become one of the valuable methods to control this pathogen. The antibacterial activity of photoinactivation by erythrosine (Ery) against S. aureus has been reported, but its modes of action are unclear. This study aimed to employ a proteomic approach to analyze modes of action of Ery-aPDT against S. aureus. We determined the antibacterial effect by Ery-aPDT assays, quantified reactive oxygen species (ROS) and injury to the cell membrane, and determined protein expression using a proteomic approach combined with bioinformatic tools. Ery-aPDT was effective in reducing S. aureus to undetectable levels. In addition, the increment of ROS accompanied the increase in the reduction of cell viability, and damage to cellular membranes was shown by sublethal injury. In proteomic analysis, we found 17 differentially expressed proteins. These proteins revealed changes mainly associated with defense to oxidative stress, energy metabolism, translation, and protein biosynthesis. Thus, these results suggest that the effectiveness of Ery-aPDT is due to multi-targets in the bacterial cell that cause the death of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Eduardo Meneguello
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maíra Dante Formagio
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rogério Marchiosi
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Shirdel Z, Fekrirad Z. Efflux Pump Inhibitor Potentiates the Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation of Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 2024; 42:314-320. [PMID: 38536111 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2023.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Acinetobacter baumannii, a nosocomial pathogen, poses a major public health problem due to generating resistance to several antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (APDI) employs a nontoxic dye as a photosensitizer (PS) and light to produce reactive oxygen species that destroy bacterial cells. The intracellular concentration of PS could be affected by factors such as the function of efflux pumps to emit PS from the cytosol. Objective: To evaluate the augmentation effect of an efflux pump inhibitor, verapamil, three multidrug-resistant A. baumannii were subjected to APDI by erythrosine B (EB). Methods and results: The combination of EB and verapamil along with irradiation at 530 nm induced a lethal effect and more than 3 log colony-forming unit reduction to all A. baumannii strains in planktonic state. In contrast, EB and irradiation alone could produce only a sublethal effect on two of the strains. Conclusions: These data suggest that verapamil increases the intracellular concentration of EB, which potentiates the lethal efficacy of APDI. Verapamil could be applied with EB and green light to improve their antimicrobial efficacy against A. baumannii-localized infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shirdel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Fekrirad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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Bustamante V, Palavecino CE. Effect of photodynamic therapy on multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: A scoping review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 43:103709. [PMID: 37459942 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative, non-fermenting coccobacillus of the Moraxellaceae family. It is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for several hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) associated with skin and tissue infections at surgical sites, catheter-associated urinary tract infections, and central line catheters. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) A. baumannii has caused hospital outbreaks that are difficult to eradicate and represent one of the leading producers of HAIs. MDR-A. baumannii presents a broad range of resistance to different antimicrobials, including carbapenems. Due to the low sensitivity to conventional antibiotic therapies, it is necessary to identify other therapeutic options. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising alternative and complementary approach to address the shortage of antimicrobials in MDR-A. baumannii. APDT combines a photosensitizer agent, light, and oxygen to achieve a bactericidal/bacteriostatic effect. The effect is given by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that produce photooxidative stress over bacterial structures, such as the envelope and the DNA. METHODS This study aims to systematically collect bibliographic information from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and google scholar to analyze the relevant articles critically. RESULTS An increasing body of evidence demonstrates the efficacy of photodynamic inactivation in eliminating A. baumannii strains, both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The evidence supports that photodynamic inactivation is an alternative capable of eliminating strains of Acinetobacter baumannii and may considerably improve the treatment of MDR strains. Although they do exist, aPDT studies on MDR strains of A. baumannii are scarce and should increase since it is on these strains that photodynamic therapy becomes attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Bustamante
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Celular, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Lord Cochrane 418, 8330546 Santiago. Chile
| | - Christian Erick Palavecino
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Celular, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Lord Cochrane 418, 8330546 Santiago. Chile.
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Maliszewska I, Goldeman W. Increasing photoeradication's efficiency of Acinetobacter baumannii by polyphosphonic chelating agents. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 43:103672. [PMID: 37364665 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid (EDTMP), nitrilotri(methylphosphonic acid (ATMP) and zoledronic acid were studied to enhance the methylene blue-mediated photodynamic inactivation of Acinetobacter baumannii. Laser light (wavelength 638 nm; standard light output 40 mW) was used in all experiment. Planktonic cultures were irradiated for 10, 20 and 30 min which corresponded to the light dose of 63 Jcm‒ 2, 126 Jcm‒2 and 189 Jcm‒2. Biocidal effect depended on the exposure time and it was shown that MB alone caused the highest reduction in the number of viable cells by 3.10 ± 0.2 log10 units after 30 min of irradiation. A significantly more effective killing effect was achieved when the bacteria were pre-treated with zoledronate, ATMP, or EDTMP (prior to photosensitisation) as the number of viable bacteria was reduced by 4.04±0.2 log10, 3.95±0.2 log10 and 4.01 ± 0.2 log10, respectively. The photo-killing effect caused by MB against biofilm pre-incubated with zoledronate, ATMP, or EDTMP and the number of viable bacteria was reduced by 0.80±0.1 log10, 1.25±0.05 log10 and 0.65±0.05 log10, respectively. Polyphosphonic chelating agents increased the efficiency of photo-destruction of A. baumannii by increasing the amount of bound photosensitizer by planktonic cells and biofilm, and increasing the detachment of live planktonic cells from the biofilm. The presence of glucose in the photosensitizing system significantly affected the bacterial photo-elimination. Pre-incubation of planktonic bacteria with the studied polyphosphonic chelating agents in the presence of glucose, and then exposure to light (with MB) for 30 min caused the lethal effect. This photo-eradication protocol (in the case of biofilms) reduced the number of viable bacteria by 2.05±0.2 log10, 3.2±0.2 log10 and 2.02±0.2 log10 for zoledronic acid, ATMP and EDTMP, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Maliszewska
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 Wrocław 50-370, Poland.
| | - Waldemar Goldeman
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 Wrocław 50-370, Poland
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da Silva Canielles Caprara C, da Silva Freitas L, Iglesias BA, Ferreira LB, Ramos DF. Charge effect of water-soluble porphyrin derivatives as a prototype to fight infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii by aPDT approaches. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:605-613. [PMID: 35875928 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2103804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a pathogen associated with infections in intensive care units worldwide, especially due to its ability to resist an extensive list of antibiotics. In this context, porphyrins have emerged as an important strategy in photodynamic therapy, since they are a group of tetrapyrrolic compounds with important photochemical and photobiological activities. In this study, the antimicrobial photodynamic activity of meso-tetra(4-N-methyl-pyridyl)porphyrin (H2TMePyP+) and meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (H2TPPS‒) was evaluated against A. baumannii by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), anti-biofilm activity, and the interaction with antibiotics after exposure to white-light LED irradiation. The cationic derivative H2TMePyP+ was more potent (MIC = 0.61 µM) than H2TPPS‒, with anti-biofilm activity and increased the antimicrobial activity of ciprofloxacin and amikacin. Given these findings, the tetra-cationic porphyrins can be assumed as prototypes to optimize and develop new agents by promoting oxidative stress and inducing free radical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina da Silva Canielles Caprara
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Novos Fármacos, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG) - Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Livia da Silva Freitas
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Novos Fármacos, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG) - Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Almeida Iglesias
- Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Bioinorgânica e Materiais Porfirínicos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Lara Beatriz Ferreira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Novos Fármacos, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG) - Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Daniela Fernandes Ramos
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Novos Fármacos, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG) - Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
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Figueiredo-Godoi LMA, Garcia MT, Pinto JG, Ferreira-Strixino J, Faustino EG, Pedroso LLC, Junqueira JC. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Mediated by Fotenticine and Methylene Blue on Planktonic Growth, Biofilms, and Burn Infections of Acinetobacter baumannii. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050619. [PMID: 35625263 PMCID: PMC9137570 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is considered a promising alternative strategy to control Acinetobacter baumannii infections. In this study, we evaluated the action of aPDT mediated by a new photosensitizer derivative from chlorin e-6 (Fotoenticine—FTC) on A. baumannii, comparing its effects with methylene blue (MB). For this, aPDT was applied on A. baumannii in planktonic growth, biofilms, and burn infections in Galleria mellonella. The absorption of FTC and MB by bacterial cells was also evaluated using microscopic and spectrophotometric analysis. The results of planktonic cultures showed that aPDT reduced the number of viable cells compared to the non-treated group for the reference and multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains. These reductions varied from 1.4 to 2 log10 CFU for FTC and from 2 log10 CFU to total inhibition for MB. In biofilms, aPDT with MB reduced 3.9 log10 CFU of A. baumannii, whereas FTC had no effect on the cell counts. In G. mellonella, only MB-mediated aPDT had antimicrobial activity on burn injuries, increasing the larvae survival by 35%. Both photosensitizers were internalized by bacterial cells, but MB showed a higher absorption compared to FTC. In conclusion, MB had greater efficacy than FTC as a photosensitizer in aPDT against A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia M. A. Figueiredo-Godoi
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil; (M.T.G.); (E.G.F.); (L.L.C.P.); (J.C.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maíra T. Garcia
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil; (M.T.G.); (E.G.F.); (L.L.C.P.); (J.C.J.)
| | - Juliana G. Pinto
- Photobiology Applied to Health (Photobios), University of Vale of Paraiba/UNIVAP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12244-000, Brazil; (J.G.P.); (J.F.-S.)
| | - Juliana Ferreira-Strixino
- Photobiology Applied to Health (Photobios), University of Vale of Paraiba/UNIVAP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12244-000, Brazil; (J.G.P.); (J.F.-S.)
| | - Eliseu Gabriel Faustino
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil; (M.T.G.); (E.G.F.); (L.L.C.P.); (J.C.J.)
| | - Lara Luise Castro Pedroso
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil; (M.T.G.); (E.G.F.); (L.L.C.P.); (J.C.J.)
| | - Juliana C. Junqueira
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil; (M.T.G.); (E.G.F.); (L.L.C.P.); (J.C.J.)
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Roy S, Chowdhury G, Mukhopadhyay AK, Dutta S, Basu S. Convergence of Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii Infection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:793615. [PMID: 35402433 PMCID: PMC8987773 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.793615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is a leading cause of nosocomial infections as this pathogen has certain attributes that facilitate the subversion of natural defenses of the human body. A. baumannii acquires antibiotic resistance determinants easily and can thrive on both biotic and abiotic surfaces. Different resistance mechanisms or determinants, both transmissible and non-transmissible, have aided in this victory over antibiotics. In addition, the propensity to form biofilms (communities of organism attached to a surface) allows the organism to persist in hospitals on various medical surfaces (cardiac valves, artificial joints, catheters, endotracheal tubes, and ventilators) and also evade antibiotics simply by shielding the bacteria and increasing its ability to acquire foreign genetic material through lateral gene transfer. The biofilm formation rate in A. baumannii is higher than in other species. Recent research has shown how A. baumannii biofilm-forming capacity exerts its effect on resistance phenotypes, development of resistome, and dissemination of resistance genes within biofilms by conjugation or transformation, thereby making biofilm a hotspot for genetic exchange. Various genes control the formation of A. baumannii biofilms and a beneficial relationship between biofilm formation and "antimicrobial resistance" (AMR) exists in the organism. This review discusses these various attributes of the organism that act independently or synergistically to cause hospital infections. Evolution of AMR in A. baumannii, resistance mechanisms including both transmissible (hydrolyzing enzymes) and non-transmissible (efflux pumps and chromosomal mutations) are presented. Intrinsic factors [biofilm-associated protein, outer membrane protein A, chaperon-usher pilus, iron uptake mechanism, poly-β-(1, 6)-N-acetyl glucosamine, BfmS/BfmR two-component system, PER-1, quorum sensing] involved in biofilm production, extrinsic factors (surface property, growth temperature, growth medium) associated with the process, the impact of biofilms on high antimicrobial tolerance and regulation of the process, gene transfer within the biofilm, are elaborated. The infections associated with colonization of A. baumannii on medical devices are discussed. Each important device-related infection is dealt with and both adult and pediatric studies are separately mentioned. Furthermore, the strategies of preventing A. baumannii biofilms with antibiotic combinations, quorum sensing quenchers, natural products, efflux pump inhibitors, antimicrobial peptides, nanoparticles, and phage therapy are enumerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasree Roy
- Division of Bacteriology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Asish K. Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Sulagna Basu
- Division of Bacteriology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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Inactivation of Opportunistic Pathogens Acinetobacter baumannii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia by Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030506. [PMID: 35336082 PMCID: PMC8948924 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia are opportunistic pathogens causing hospital infections with limited treatment options due to bacterial multidrug resistance. Here, we report that antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) based on the natural photosensitizers riboflavin and chlorophyllin inactivates A. baumannii and S. maltophilia. The riboflavin and chlorophyllin photostability experiments assessed the photomodifications of photosensitizers under the conditions subsequently used to inactivate A. baumannii and S. maltophilia. A. baumannii planktonic cells were more sensitive to riboflavin-aPDT, while biofilm bacteria were more efficiently inactivated by chlorophyllin-aPDT. S. maltophilia planktonic and biofilm cells were more susceptible to chlorophyllin-aPDT compared to riboflavin-aPDT. The results suggest that riboflavin- and chlorophyllin-aPDT can be considered as a potential antimicrobial treatment for A. baumannii and S. maltophilia inactivation.
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Upmanyu K, Haq QMR, Singh R. Factors mediating Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formation: Opportunities for developing therapeutics. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2022; 3:100131. [PMID: 35909621 PMCID: PMC9325880 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A. baumannii rapidly acquires antimicrobial resistance and causes biofilm associated infections. Strategies to target intrinsic factors mediating A. baumannii biofilm formation offer therapeutic prospects. Antimicrobial polymers and coating medical devices with antibiofilm agents may prevent biofilm associated infections. Biofilm matrix or regulatory mechanisms such as quorum sensing are potential targets for treating chronic infections. Phage therapy, photodynamic therapy and nanoparticle therapy are novel promising approaches for treating biofilm associated infections.
Acinetobacter baumannii has notably become a superbug due to its mounting risk of infection and escalating rates of antimicrobial resistance, including colistin, the last-resort antibiotic. Its propensity to form biofilm on biotic and abiotic surfaces has contributed to the majority of nosocomial infections. Bacterial cells in biofilms are resistant to antibiotics and host immune response, and pose challenges in treatment. Therefore current scenario urgently requires the development of novel therapeutic strategies for successful treatment outcomes. This article provides a holistic understanding of sequential events and regulatory mechanisms directing A. baumannii biofilm formation. Understanding the key factors functioning and regulating the biofilm machinery of A. baumannii will provide us insight to develop novel approaches to combat A. baumannii infections. Further, the review article deliberates promising strategies for the prevention of biofilm formation on medically relevant substances and potential therapeutic strategies for the eradication of preformed biofilms which can help tackle biofilm-associated A. baumannii infections. Advances in emerging therapeutic opportunities such as phage therapy, nanoparticle therapy and photodynamic therapy are also discussed to comprehend the current scenario and future outlook for the development of successful treatment against biofilm-associated A. baumannii infections.
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Maldonado-Carmona N, Ouk TS, Leroy-Lhez S. Latest trends on photodynamic disinfection of Gram-negative bacteria: photosensitizer's structure and delivery systems. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 21:113-145. [PMID: 34784052 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is threatening to overshadow last century's medical advances. Etiological agents of previously eradicated infectious diseases are now resurgent as multidrug-resistant strains, especially for Gram-negative strains. Finding new therapeutic solutions is a real challenge for our society. In this framework, Photodynamic Antimicrobial ChemoTherapy relies on the generation of toxic reactive oxygen species in the presence of light, oxygen, and a photosensitizer molecule. The use of reactive oxygen species is common for disinfection processes, using chemical agents, such as chlorine and hydrogen peroxide, and as they do not have a specific molecular target, it decreases the potential of tolerance to the antimicrobial treatment. However, light-driven generated reactive species result in an interesting alternative, as reactive species generation can be easily tuned with light irradiation and several PSs are known for their low environmental impact. Over the past few years, this topic has been thoroughly studied, exploring strategies based on single-molecule PSs (tetrapyrrolic compounds, dipyrrinate derivatives, metal complexes, etc.) or on conjunction with delivery systems. The present work describes some of the most relevant advances of the last 6 years, focusing on photosensitizers design, formulation, and potentiation, aiming for the disinfection of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidia Maldonado-Carmona
- PEIRENE Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Limoges, 87060, Limoges, France.,Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Center, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tan-Sothea Ouk
- PEIRENE Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Limoges, 87060, Limoges, France
| | - Stéphanie Leroy-Lhez
- PEIRENE Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Limoges, 87060, Limoges, France.
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Mušković M, Ćavar I, Lesar A, Lončarić M, Malatesti N, Gobin I. Photodynamic Inactivation of Legionella pneumophila Biofilm Formation by Cationic Tetra- and Tripyridylporphyrins in Waters of Different Hardness. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169095. [PMID: 34445798 PMCID: PMC8396483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Legionella pneumophila is still one of the probable causes of waterborne diseases, causing serious respiratory illnesses. In the aquatic systems, L. pneumophila exists inside free-living amoebae or can form biofilms. Currently developed disinfection methods are not sufficient for complete eradication of L. pneumophila biofilms in water systems of interest. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a method that results in an antimicrobial effect by using a combination of light and a photosensitizer (PS). In this work, the effect of PDI in waters of natural origin and of different hardness, as a treatment against L. pneumophila biofilm, was investigated. Three cationic tripyridylporphyrins, which were previously described as efficient agents against L. pneumophila alone, were used as PSs. We studied how differences in water hardness affect the PSs’ stability, the production of singlet oxygen, and the PDI activity on L. pneumophila adhesion and biofilm formation and in biofilm destruction. Amphiphilic porphyrin showed a stronger tendency for aggregation in hard and soft water, but its production of singlet oxygen was higher in comparison to tri- and tetracationic hydrophilic porphyrins that were stable in all water samples. All three studied porphyrins were shown to be effective as PDI agents against the adhesion of the L. pneumophila to polystyrene, against biofilm formation, and in the destruction of the formed biofilm, in their micromolar concentrations. However, a higher number of dissolved ions, i.e., water hardness, generally reduced somewhat the PDI activity of all the porphyrins at all tested biofilm growth stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Mušković
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (M.M.); (I.Ć.)
| | - Iva Ćavar
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (M.M.); (I.Ć.)
| | - Andrija Lesar
- Bioinstitut d.o.o., R. Steinera 7, 40000 Čakovec, Croatia;
| | - Martin Lončarić
- Photonics and Quantum Optics Unit, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Nela Malatesti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (M.M.); (I.Ć.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-51-584-585; Fax: +385-51-584-599
| | - Ivana Gobin
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
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Lazar V, Holban AM, Curutiu C, Chifiriuc MC. Modulation of Quorum Sensing and Biofilms in Less Investigated Gram-Negative ESKAPE Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:676510. [PMID: 34394026 PMCID: PMC8359898 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.676510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria have the ability to sense their versatile environment and adapt by behavioral changes both to the external reservoirs and the infected host, which, in response to microbial colonization, mobilizes equally sophisticated anti-infectious strategies. One of the most important adaptive processes is the ability of pathogenic bacteria to turn from the free, floating, or planktonic state to the adherent one and to develop biofilms on alive and inert substrata; this social lifestyle, based on very complex communication networks, namely, the quorum sensing (QS) and response system, confers them an increased phenotypic or behavioral resistance to different stress factors, including host defense mechanisms and antibiotics. As a consequence, biofilm infections can be difficult to diagnose and treat, requiring complex multidrug therapeutic regimens, which often fail to resolve the infection. One of the most promising avenues for discovering novel and efficient antibiofilm strategies is targeting individual cells and their QS mechanisms. A huge amount of data related to the inhibition of QS and biofilm formation in pathogenic bacteria have been obtained using the well-established gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa models. The purpose of this paper was to revise the progress on the development of antibiofilm and anti-QS strategies in the less investigated gram-negative ESKAPE pathogens Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Enterobacter sp. and identify promising leads for the therapeutic management of these clinically significant and highly resistant opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Lazar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina Maria Holban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Curutiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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da Fonseca ADS, Mencalha AL, de Paoli F. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against Acinetobacter baumannii. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 35:102430. [PMID: 34233224 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) has emerged as a pathogen of global importance able to cause opportunistic infections on the skin, urinary tract, lungs, and bloodstream, being frequently involved in hospital outbreaks. Such bacterium can resist a variety of environmental conditions and develop resistance to different classes of antibiotics. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been considered a promising approach to overcome bacterial resistance once it does not cause selective environmental pressure on bacteria. In this review, studies on aPDT were accessed on PubMed, and their findings were summarized regarding its efficacy against A. baumannii. The data obtained from the literature show that exogenous photosensitizers belonging to different chemical classes are effective against multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains. However, most of such data is from in vitro studies, and additional studies are necessary to evaluate if the exogenous photosensitizers may induce selective pressure on A. baumannii and the effectiveness of such photosensitizers in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adenilson de Souza da Fonseca
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida 28 de Setembro, 87, fundos, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, 20551030, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Frei Caneca, 94, Rio de Janeiro, 20211040, Brazil; Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos, Avenida Alberto Torres, 111, Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, 25964004, Brazil.
| | - Andre Luiz Mencalha
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida 28 de Setembro, 87, fundos, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, 20551030, Brazil
| | - Flavia de Paoli
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Khelmer - s/n, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36036900, Brazil
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14
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Pompilio A, Scribano D, Sarshar M, Di Bonaventura G, Palamara AT, Ambrosi C. Gram-Negative Bacteria Holding Together in a Biofilm: The Acinetobacter baumannii Way. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071353. [PMID: 34206680 PMCID: PMC8304980 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are a serious public-health problem worldwide. In recent years, the rates of antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria associated with biofilm-forming activity have increased worrisomely, particularly among healthcare-associated pathogens. Acinetobacter baumannii is a critically opportunistic pathogen, due to the high rates of antibiotic resistant strains causing healthcare-acquired infections (HAIs). The clinical isolates of A. baumannii can form biofilms on both biotic and abiotic surfaces; hospital settings and medical devices are the ideal environments for A. baumannii biofilms, thereby representing the main source of patient infections. However, the paucity of therapeutic options poses major concerns for human health infections caused by A. baumannii strains. The increasing number of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii biofilm-forming isolates in association with the limited number of biofilm-eradicating treatments intensify the need for effective antibiofilm approaches. This review discusses the mechanisms used by this opportunistic pathogen to form biofilms, describes their clinical impact, and summarizes the current and emerging treatment options available, both to prevent their formation and to disrupt preformed A. baumannii biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Pompilio
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Service of Clinical Microbiology, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.P.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Daniela Scribano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Dani Di Giò Foundation-Onlus, 00193 Rome, Italy
| | - Meysam Sarshar
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Di Bonaventura
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Service of Clinical Microbiology, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.P.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
- Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Ambrosi
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, IRCCS, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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